Potential larvicidal bioefficacy of copper sulfide-based hybrid nanoemulsions of eucalyptus oil against Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus)

Background & objectives: Nanotechnology, an emerging field, has acquired considerable attention for the control of vectors. The present study aimed to synthesize, characterize copper sulfide- and eucalyptus oil-based hybrid nanoemulsions and investigate their larvicidal potential against Aedes aegypti by studying larvicidal bioassay, morphological aberrations, histopathological alterations, biochemical analysis and evaluation of risk assessment in non-target organisms. Methods: Hybrid nanoemulsions were prepared by mixing aqueous copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuSNPs) with non-polar eucalyptus oil in five ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5) by sonication, screened and characterized using Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Larvicidal activity was recorded and toxicity values were calculated by log-probit method. Morphological, histological and biochemical changes were examined in Aedes aegypti larvae after treatment. Nanohybrids were also tested under simulated conditions and against non-target organism. Results: The nanohybrid ratio of 1:5 was found to be stable after thermodynamic stability tests. TEM studies revealed average size of 90±7.90 nm with globular shape. LC50 and LC90 toxicity values of prepared CuSNPs were calculated out to be 5.00 and 5.81ppm after 24 hours treatment. Effective concentration of prepared nanohybrid (6.5ppm) tested under simulated conditions showed maximum larvicidal mortality after 48 hours of exposure. No toxicity towards the Mesocyclops spp. was observed after treatment of these nanohybrids even up to 21 days. Interpretation & conclusion: Copper sulfide based hybrid nanoemulsions were found to show efficient larvicidal property which can be used for the formulation of ecofriendly bio-larvicide against Aedes aegypti.

First record of the freshwater copepod Mesocyclops paranaensis Dussart & Frutos, 1986 (Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Cyclopidae) from Colombia / Primer registro del copépodo de aguadulce Mesocyclops paranaensis Dussart& Frutos, 1986 (Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Cyclopidae) de Colombia

Abstract The Neotropical free-living freshwater cyclopoid copepod Mesocyclops paranaensis Dussart & Frutos, 1986 was found in a small temporal pond in La Guajira, northern Colombia. Hitherto, it has been reported from Argentina, Paraguay, and Brazil. This is the first record of this species in Colombia, its northernmost finding in South America, and the fourth locality in which this species has been recorded from. Mesocyclops paranaensis can be distinguished from its closest congeners by a unique combination of the characters of the female, including: 1) leg 4 intercoxal sclerite with two large, acute projections; 2) P3, P4 intercoxal sclerite caudal surface lightly pilose; 3) seminal receptacle with narrow lateral arms and weakly convex anterior margin; 4) second antennary endopodite with seven setae, and insertion of antennary exopodal seta with adjacent spinules; 5)frontal surface of P1 basipodite ornamented with long spinules; 6) posterior margin of anal somite with continuous row of spinules; and 7) inner margin of caudal ramus hirsute. The Colombian population shows some subtle morphological differences with respect to previous reports.

Resumen El copépodo ciclopoide de agua dulce Mesocyclops paranaensis Dussart & Frutos, 1986 fue encontrado en un pequeño estanque temporal al norte de La Guajira. Hasta ahora, esta especie había sido registrada en Paraguay, Argentina y Brasil. Este es el primer registro de esta especie sudamericana en Colombia, su registro más septentrional en América del Sur, y la cuarta localidad en la que se registra. Mesocyclops paranaensis se puede distinguir de sus congéneres más cercanos por una combinación única de caracteres que incluyen: 1) esclerito intercoxal de la pata 4 con dos grandes proyecciones puntiagudas, 2) esclerito intercoxal de la pata 3 y pata 4 ligeramente piloso, 3) receptáculo seminal con brazos laterales estrechos y margen anterior débilmente convexo, 4)segundo segmento endopodal de la antena con siete setas, inserción de la seta exopodal de la antena con espínulas, 5) superficie frontal del basipodito de la pata 1 ornamentada con largas espínulas, 6) posterior margen del somita anal de la hembra con hileras continuas de espínulas y 7) margen interno de la rama caudal pilosa. Se proporciona una breve descripción de esta especie e ilustraciones de la población colombiana y se compara con su congénere más cercano. Los especímenes de Colombia muestran algunas diferencias morfológicas con respecto a los reportes previos acerca de esta especie.

Actividad depredadora de Mesocyclops aspericornis (Daday, 1906) sobre larvas de Culex quinquefasciatus (Say, 1823) / Depredatory action of Mesocyclops aspericomis (Daday,1906) on Culex quinquefasciatus larvae (Say, 1823)

Objectivo: evaluar si la depredación del copépodo Mesocyclops aspericornis depende de su densidad o la de sus presas, en este caso, larvas de Culex quinquefasciatus. Métodos: se realizaron 2 experimentos de depredación del copépodo Mesocyclops aspericornis, sobre larvas de primer estadio de Culex quinquefasciatus al cabo de 24 h. En el primero se valoró la depredación de diferentes cantidades del copépodo (5, 10, 15, 20 y 25 en 1 L de agua declorada) ante 120 larvas, con 10 réplicas. El segundo evaluó la influencia de la densidad de las larvas sobre la eficiencia del depredador, para ello se varió la cantidad de larvas (40, 60, 80, 100 y 150 en 1 L de agua), con igual número de réplicas ante 10 copépodos. En el procesamiento de los datos se empleó el paquete estadístico STATGRAPHIG versión 5.0. Resultados: la media de las larvas depredadas mostró una fuerte dependencia de la densidad del depredador, se obtuvo diferencias significativas en todos los casos, así para 25 copépodos se alcanzó 87 por ciento de mortalidad larvaria mientras que con 5 copépodos la mortalidad fue de 22,16 por ciento. En el siguiente experimento, la media de larvas depredadas en los 2 primeros tratamientos (40 y 60 larvas) difiere significativamente entre sí y con el resto de los tratamientos, pero a partir de 80 larvas no se encontraron diferencias significativas. Conclusiones: Mesocyclops aspericornis, incrementó la eficiencia depredatoria con su densidad en valores menores e igual que 25 copépodos/L, y que la eficiencia de depredación aumenta hasta una relación de 1 copépodo/8 larvas, que evidencia una respuesta funcional del tipo 2.

Objective: to evaluate whether the predation efficiency of copepods Mesocyclops aspericomis depends on their density or on that of their preys that are Culex quinquefasciatus in this case. Methods: Two experiments about the preying of copepod Mesocyclops aspericomis upon first stage Culex quinquefasciatus larvae were made in a 24h-interval. The first experiment assessed the preying capacity of different numbers of copepods (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 in one liter of unchlorinated water) upon 120 larvae, with 10 replications. The second one evaluated the influence of larval density over the predation efficiency; to this end, the quantity of larvae changed (40, 60, 80,100 and 150 in one liter of water) exposed to 10 copepods, with 10 replications too. Statistical package STATGRAPHIC 5.0 allowed data processing. Results: Killed larva mean showed strong dependence on the density of predators, there were significant differences in all the cases since 25 copepods achieved 87 percent larval mortality whereas for 5 copepods, mortality rate was 22.16 percent. During the second experiment, the killed larva mean after the 2 first treatments (40 and 60 larvae) significantly differed between them and from the rest of treatment, but from 80 larvae on, no significant differences were found. Conclusions: Mesocyclops aspericornis increased their predatory efficiency depending on their density in numbers lower or equal to 25 copepods/L, and the predation efficiency rises to 1 copepod/8 larvae ratio, which evinced a type-2 functional response.

Distribution and role mesocyclops in prevention and control of Dengue/Dengue haemorrhagic fever in 3 communies in Thanh Hoaprovince

Background: Vietnam is one of eight countries with dengue fever / dengue hemorrhagic fever circulating seriously in the region. Some recent studies showed Mesocyclops dropping is one of effectively dengue fever/dengue hemorrhagic fever preventive approaches.\r\n', u'Objectives: To survey the distribution and role of mesocyclops in preventing dengue fever/dengue hemorrhagic fever in three communes in Thanh Hoa province.\r\n', u'Subjects and methods: The study was conducted in Dong Hai, Thanh Hoa, Hai Chau communes of Tinh Gia district, Nga Lien commune of Nga Son district. Research subjects are Mesocyclops collected in the artificial water containers and Adesaegypti mosquito larvae in water containers.\r\n', u'Results: Two species found are M.woutersi mesocyclops and M.thermo. M.woutersi exits in all of three local studied Mesocyclops rate in the water containers is 8.2%. Mesocyclops rate in water containers in Nga Son district is highest (13.26%) and in city is lower (13.26%). Of the experimental five species dropped on field, there are four species survived after a long-term period. Among them, M. Woutersi is highest (65.51%), M.aspericornis (15:52%). They breed and grow very fast, easy to adapt to natural conditions in Thanh Hoa.\r\n', u'Conclusion: The results show that Mesocyclops can be cultured in Thanh Hoa province.\r\n', u'\r\n', u'\r\n', u'

Scanning electron microscopy of damage caused by Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides (Copepoda: Cyclopoidea) on larvae of the Dengue fever vector Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral disease, whose main biological vector is Aedes aegypti. This mosquito colonizes tropical areas where the disease is endemic. The most obvious action against dengue is attacking its vector. Biological control appears to be an alternative approach, using natural enemies of the mosquitoes, such as predatory copepods. Thus, the morphological study of the damage caused by copepods is important to understand its predatory capacity. Twenty-five A. aegypti larvae were exposed to the copepod Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides and the damage caused by the copepods was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. The larvae showed damage mainly at the anal segment, the siphon and the abdomen; only three attacks to the head were observed. The size of the siphon might be of importance in determining whether or not a copepod will attack a mosquito larva.

El dengue es una enfermedad viral transmitida por mosquitos, cuyo principal vector es Aedes aegypti. Este mosquito coloniza muchas áreas tropicales donde la enfermedad es endémica. La acción más obvia contra el dengue es el ataque a su vector. El control biológico parece una buena alternativa, empleando enemigos naturales de los mosquitos, como los copépodos. Por lo tanto, es importante el estudio morfológico del daño causado por los copépodos para comprender su capacidad depredadora. Veinticinco larvas de A. aegypti fueron expuestas a la actividad depredadora del copépodo Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides. Mediante microscopia electrónica de rastreo se evaluó el daño causado por los copépodos. Éstos atacaron principalmente el segmento anal, el sifón y el abdomen de las larvas; sólo vimos tres ataques a la cabeza. El tamaño del sifón podría ser de importancia para predecir si los copépodos pudiesen atacar larvas de determinado mosquito.

Cytogenetics of the freshwater cyclopoid mesocyclops longisetus longisetus (crustacea, copepoda) from São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil

A cytogenetic study was carried out on the early embryonic stages of the cyclopoid species Mesocyclops longisetus longisetus (Crustacea, Copepoda) from freshwater environments of the São Carlos area of south-east Brazil. Chromatin was staining using acetic orcein solution. The species showed 2n = 14 chromosomes and presented chromatin diminution in the 4th embryonic cleavage. The eliminated chromatin was concentrated in the equatorial region of the embryonic cell. The results were compared with data for other cyclopoid species of temperate regions.

Realizou-se estudos citogenéticos das fases iniciais da ovogênese da espécie de Cyclopoida Mesocyclops longisetus longisetus (Crustacea, Copepoda) de corpos de água doce de São Carlos, SP, Brasil. A cromatina foi corada com solução de orceína. A espécie apresentou 2n=14 cromossomos e também foi verificado o fenômeno de diminuição de cromatina na 4a clivagem da ovogenêse. A cromatina eliminada concentrou-se na região equatorial das células. Estes resultados são comparados com outras espécies de Cyclopoida de regiões temperadas e também com a mesma espécie registrada na América do Norte. A importância do estudo citogenético para a taxonomia é discutida.

Occurrence of Mesocyclops ogunnus Onabamiro, 1957 (Copepoda Cyclopoida) in water bodies of São Paulo State, identified as Mesocyclops kieferi Van de Velde, 1984

The aim of this work is clarify the identification of Mesocyclops ogunnus that occur in several reservoirs in the State of São Paulo and that was previously identified as Mesocyclops kieferi. These two species are closely related species with very similar characteristics. The differential characteristics are presented and the distribution of both species in the world is discussed.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo esclarecer a identificação da espécie Mesocyclops ogunnus que ocorre nos reservatórios do Estado de São Paulo e que havia sido identificada por vários autores como Mesocyclops kieferi. Estas duas espécies são muito semelhantes, diferindo-se em algumas características bastante sutis que são apresentadas neste trabalho. As duas espécies foram identificadas pela primeira vez em águas do continente africano, porém somente Mesocyclops ogunnus tem ocorrido na América do Sul e na América Central.