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OBJECTIVES@#To understand the growth and development status and differences between small for gestational age (SGA) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) preterm infants during corrected ages 0-24 months, and to provide a basis for early health interventions for preterm infants.@*METHODS@#A retrospective study was conducted, selecting 824 preterm infants who received regular health care at the Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center from July 2019 to July 2022, including 144 SGA and 680 AGA infants. The growth data of SGA and AGA groups at birth and corrected ages 0-24 months were analyzed and compared.@*RESULTS@#The SGA group had significantly lower weight and length than the AGA group at corrected ages 0-18 months (P<0.05), while there were no significant differences between the two groups at corrected age 24 months (P>0.05). At corrected age 24 months, 85% (34/40) of SGA and 79% (74/94) of AGA preterm infants achieved catch-up growth. Stratified analysis by gestational age showed that there were significant differences in weight and length at corrected ages 0-9 months between the SGA subgroup with gestational age <34 weeks and the AGA subgroups with gestational age <34 weeks and 34 weeks (P<0.05). In addition, the weight and length of the SGA subgroup with gestational age 34 weeks showed significant differences compared to the AGA subgroups with gestational age <34 weeks and 34 weeks at corrected ages 0-18 months and corrected ages 0-12 months, respectively (P<0.05). Catch-up growth for SGA infants with gestational age <34 weeks and 34 weeks mainly occurred at corrected ages 0-12 months and corrected ages 0-18 months, respectively.@*CONCLUSIONS@#SGA infants exhibit delayed early-life physical growth compared to AGA infants, but can achieve a higher proportion of catch-up growth by corrected age 24 months than AGA infants. Catch-up growth can be achieved earlier in SGA infants with a gestational age of <34 weeks compared to those with 34 weeks.
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Infant, Newborn , Child , Infant , Female , Humans , Child, Preschool , Infant, Premature , Gestational Age , Longitudinal Studies , Retrospective Studies , Infant, Small for Gestational AgeABSTRACT
【Objective】 To analyze the contributing factors of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and the correlation between bone mineral density and physical growth, in order to provide new clues for the prevention and early intervention of ADHD. 【Methods】 A total of 116 children with ADHD were included into the observation group from June 2020 to June 2022, while another 80 healthy children in the same period were included as the control group.Clinical data of the two groups were compared, and the factors influencing ADHD in children were analyzed using multivariate Logistic regression. Children with ADHD were further divided into boys group and girls group based on gender. Bone mineral density (BMD) and physical growth (height and body weight) of the two groups were measured, and the correlation between the two was analyzed. 【Results】 In the observation group, the proportion of boys, maternal bad behaviors during pregnancy, their educational level below high school, critical parenting, and parental stress index were significantly higher compared to the control group (χ2=14.430, 5.689, 5.630, 6.738, t=6.936, P<0.05). Additionally, family environment score was significantly lower than that in the control group (t=6.328, P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that factors including boys (OR=3.298, 95%CI: 1.759 - 6.184), maternal bad behaviors during pregnancy (OR=2.730, 95%CI: 1.169 - 6.375), maternal education level of senior high school or below (OR=2.032, 95%CI: 1.127 - 3.663), critical parenting (OR=2.349, 95%CI: 1.223 - 4.513), and parental stress index (OR=1.089, 95%CI: 1.055 - 1.124) were positively correlated with ADHD in children (P<0.05), while family environment score was negatively related to ADHD (OR=0.868, 95%CI: 0.820 - 0.919, P<0.05). There were no significant differences in BMD, height and body weight between boys and girls in ADHD group (P>0.05). Pearson correlation analysis indicated a positive correlation of BMD with height and body weight (r=0.409, 0.317, P<0.05). 【Conclusions】 The development of ADHD in children is associated with gender, maternal bad behavior during pregnancy, family parental style and so on. Bone mineral density is closely related to physical growth in children with ADHD, clinical interventions can be implemented to prevent or early intervene ADHD.
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【Objective】 To investigate the physical and neuropsychological development of the offspring born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) at 2 years of age, and to provide evidence to enhance the physical and neuropsychological development of GDM offspring. 【Methods】 A retrospective analysis was conducted on neonates born in the Department of Obstetrics at Qinzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital from January 2018 to December 2018 and regularly followed at the outpatient service. The neonates were categorized into two groups based on whether their mothers were diagnosed with GDM during pregnancy: the GDM group (n=243) and the control group (n=362). The general clinical data, follow-up information on physical development and neuropsychological development at 1 year and 2 years of age for all children were collected. Their height, head circumference, body weight, BMI, and Gesell developmental quotients (DQs) at 1 year and 2 years of age for both groups were analyzed. 【Results】 1) There were no significant differences in height, head circumference, body weight, and body mass index (BMI) between the two groups at 1 year and 2 years of age during the follow-up period (P>0.05). 2) At 1 year of age, the GDM group exhibited higher rates of abnormal language development (8.6% vs. 3.3%, χ2=7.854), adaptive behavior(11.4% vs. 5.0%,χ2=8.605), and personal social behavior(8.2% vs. 3.0%, χ2=8.062) compared to the control group (P<0.05), and lower DQs for these Gesell subscales (language development 87.6±7.7 vs. 89.4±9.2, t=2.591; adaptive behavior: 88.4±7.8 vs. 90.5±8.9, t=2.957; personal social behavior: 89.1±7.0 vs. 91.2±7.5, t=3.495, P<0.05). 3) At 2 year of age, the GDM group also showed higher rates of adaptive behavior (8.2% vs. 4.1%, χ2=3.927) and personal social behavior (7.3% vs. 3.0%, χ2=4.093) compared to the control group (P<0.05), and lower DQs for these Gesell subscales (adaptive behavior: 89.5±6.5 vs. 91.9±6.9, t=3.878; personal social behavior: 89.9±7.1 vs. 92.1±6.9, t=3.311, P<0.05). 【Conclusions】 The development of adaptive behavior and personal social behavior in offspring born to mothers with GDM remains delayed. Follow-up for GDM offspring should prioritize achieving a balanced development of adaptive behavior and personal social behavior.
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Introducción: El crecimiento de los niños es un fenómeno complejo determinado genéticamente y modulado por un conjunto de factores ambientales interrelacionados. Objetivo: Analizar el crecimiento y estado nutricional de escolares. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal, descriptivo (marzo a mayo 2019), 3802 escolares (5 a 12 años) Caracas, Miranda y Bolívar, instituciones privadas vulnerables. Variables, peso, talla y circunferencia cintura. Se analizó, crecimiento con referencias internacional (OMS) y nacional (Proyecto Venezuela). Estado nutricional con el patrón de referencia OMS, talla-edad, Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC). Resultados: Escolares de Bolívar más altos que Caracas-Miranda. Los caraqueños-mirandinos presentaron mayor IMC que los de Bolívar, significativas para p>0.05 en algunas edades. Los escolares de Caracas-Miranda y Bolívar resultaron más altos y pesados- IMC que la referencia nacional y las niñas hasta los 8 años. Los de Bolívar presentaron talla e IMC menor que la referencia internacional. Los escolares de Caracas-Miranda resultaron con menor talla y un IMC mayor que la OMS. La talla baja y muy baja, en los niños de Bolívar, varió entre 5,8% y 7,4% y en Caracas-Miranda entre 4,5% y 10,8%. El peso bajo y muy bajo en Bolívar varió entre 1,4% y 9,7% y en Caracas- Miranda 1,5% a 5,8%. Conclusión: Las diferencias en el crecimiento y estado nutricional entre los escolares, refleja desigualdades en las condiciones de vida y en el bienestar, que deberían ser tomadas en cuenta en el diseño de políticas públicas, orientadas a superar los factores ambientales desfavorables que limitan el crecimiento y desarrollo integral(AU)
Children's growth is a complex phenomenon genetically determined and modulated by a set of interrelated environmental factors. Objective: Analyze the growth and nutritional status of schoolchildren. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive study (March to May 2019), 3802 schoolchildren (5 to 12 years) in Caracas, Miranda, and Bolívar, vulnerable private institutions. Variables, weight, height, and waist circumference. Growth was analyzed with international (WHO) and national (Venezuela Project) references. Nutritional status with the WHO reference standard, height- age, and Body Mass Index (BMI). Results: Bolívar schoolchildren are taller than Caracas-Miranda. Those from Caracas-Miranda had a higher BMI than those from Bolívar, significant at p>0.05 at some ages. The schoolchildren from Caracas-Miranda and Bolívar were taller and heavier - BMI than the national reference and girls up to 8 years old. Those from Bolívar had a BMI higher than the national reference but had a height and BMI lower than the international reference. The schoolchildren from Caracas- Miranda were smaller in height and had a BMI higher than the WHO. Short and very short stature, in the children of Bolívar, varied between 5.8% and 7.4%, and in Caracas-Miranda between 4.5% and 10.8%. The low and very low weight in Bolívar varied between 1.4% and 9.7% and in Caracas-Miranda 1.5% to 5.8%. Conclusion: The differences in growth and nutritional status among schoolchildren reflect inequalities in living conditions and well-being, which should be considered in the design of public policies, aimed at overcoming unfavorable environmental factors that limit growth and development. comprehensive(AU)
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Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Students , Body Mass Index , Nutritional Status , Weight by Height , Body Composition , Anthropometry , Growth and Development , Waist-Height RatioABSTRACT
Background Children and adolescents drink sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) frequently. Research has confirmed that SSBs associate with weight gain and overweight or obesity. However, it is unclear whether high SSBs intake associates with abnormal changes in physical growth and glucolipid metabolism before causing adverse health outcomes such as overweight and obesity. Early identification of associated health risks of overconsumption of SSBs have important public health implications. Objective To investigate the differences in physical growth and glucolipid metabolism between different SSBs intake frequency groups in normal weight children and adolescents aged 6-17 years, and to evaluate the early effects of SSBs intake on physical growth and glycolipid metabolism before causing overweight and obesity, aiming to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of childhood overweight and obesity and related chronic diseases, and for the formulation of policies on the control of SSBs consumption. Methods Data were from the Shanghai Diet and Health Survey (SDHS) among primary and secondary school students. The participants were normal weight children and adolescents aged 6-17 years. Propensity scores were calculated according to energy intake and physical activity factors, after stratifying by age and gender. Participants were 1:1 matched with the closest propensity scores in the high-frequency (≥1 time·d−1) and the low-frequency (≤1 time·week−1) SSBs intake groups. The outcome indicators were physical measurements such as height, weight, percent of body fat, and waist circumference, and metabolic indicators such as fasting blood glucose, total triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Food frequency questionnaire was used to collect SSBs consumption in the past three months through face-to-face interview. A paired t-test was used to compare the differences in physical and glycolipid metabolic indicators between the high-frequency intake group and the low-frequency intake group of SSBs. Results A total of 431 pairs were obtained. For children and adolescents in grades 6-9, overall height (difference=2.92 cm, P=0.002), weight (difference=2.53 kg, P=0.003), and waist circumference (difference=1.34 cm, P=0.035) were higher in those who consumed SSBs ≥1 time·d−1 than in those who consumed ≤1 time·week−1. For children and adolescents in grades 10-12, overall weight (difference=2.27 kg, P=0.041) was higher in those who consumed SSBs ≥1 time·d−1 than in those who consumed ≤1 time·week−1. Over 95% of the study subjects reported blood glucose and lipid test results within the normal range; but girls in grades 1-5 who consumed SSBs ≥1 time·d−1 had a higher total cholesterol (difference=0.20 mmol·L−1, P=0.027) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (difference=0.19 mmol·L−1, P=0.010) than those who consumed ≤1 time·week−1; boys in grades 6-9 who consumed SSBs ≥1 time·d−1 had a lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (difference=-0.10 mmol·L−1, P=0.039) than those who consumed ≤1 time·week−1. Conclusion High-frequency intake of SSBs may be associated with higher total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in normal weight children and adolescents in grades 1-5, and higher weight in normal weight children and adolescents in grades 6-12. There is an urgent need to educate children and adolescents about nutritional health, enhance their ability to make healthy food and beverage choices, and take early interventions to control the intake of SSBs in children.
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ObjectiveTo analyze the effects of different feeding patterns on the physical and nutritional status of children aged 6‒12 months, so as to provide reference for promoting scientific feeding and health development of infants and young children. MethodsChildren born between December 2019 and February 2020 and who had completed three follow-up visits at 6‒, 9‒ (8‒10 months) and 12‒ (11‒14 months) months old in all of the 13 communities of Minhang, Shanghai were selected. The subjects’ basic information was investigated by questionnaires. The indicators including feeding pattern, physical development (body weight, body length, head circumference) and nutritional status (the detection rate of overweight, obesity, low body weight, growth retardation, emaciation and iron deficiency anemia) were followed up in the outpatient department, with iron deficiency anemia only monitored at the 6‒ and 12‒ months old. According to different feeding patterns, the groups of 6‒ months old were divided into three groups of exclusive breast feeding (EBF), mixed feeding (MF) and artificial feeding (AF), while 9‒ and 12‒ months old were divided into MF and AF groups. The differences of basic information and follow-up results among the groups were analyzed. ResultsA total of 470 children were included, including 130 (27.66%), 288 (61.28%) and 52 (11.06%) respectively in EBF, MF and AF groups at the 6‒ months old,and 319 (67.87%) and 196 (41.70%) in MF group at the 9‒ and 12‒ months old. There was no significant difference in the other follow-up results among the groups. The detection rate of iron deficiency anemia in 6‒ months old EBF (13.08%) was higher than that in MF group (5.90%) and AF group (1.92%) (χ2=8.40, P=0.010), while it was still higher in 12‒ months old MF group (9.69%) than in AF group (2.92%) (χ2=9.68, P=0.002). ConclusionThere is no significant difference in body weight,body length, head circumference, and the detection rates of overweight, obesity, low body weight, growth retardation and emaciation among the groups of different feeding patterns in the children aged 6‒12 months. The detection rate of iron deficiency anemia in the EBF and MF groups is significantly higher than that in the AF groups of children aged 6‒ and 12‒ months old.
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OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the levels of physical growth and neurodevelopment in preterm infants at the corrected age of 18-24 months.@*METHODS@#The physical growth data and neurodevelopment data of 484 preterm infants at corrected age of 18-24 months were prospectively collected by a post-discharge follow-up system for preterm infants. The infants were regularly followed up in Shenzhen Bao'an Maternal and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University from April 2018 to December 2021. The neurodevelopment was evaluated by the Children Neuropsychological and Behavioral Scale-Revision 2016. A total of 219 full-term infants served as controls. The infants were divided into groups (extremely preterm, very preterm, moderate late preterm, and full-term) based on gestational age, and the groups were compared in the levels of physical growth and neurodevelopment.@*RESULTS@#Except that the moderate preterm group had a higher length-for-age Z-score than the full-term group (P=0.038), there was no significant difference in physical growth indicators between the preterm groups and the full-term group (P>0.05). Each preterm group had a significantly lower total developmental quotient (DQ) than the full-term group (P<0.05). Except for the social behavior domain, the DQ of other domains in the extremely preterm and very preterm groups was significantly lower than that in the full-term group (P<0.05). The <32 weeks preterm group had a significantly higher incidence rate of global developmental delay than the full-term group (16.7% vs 6.4%, P=0.012), and the incidence rate of global developmental delay tended to increase with the reduction in gestational age (P=0.026).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Preterm infants can catch up with full-term infants in terms of physical growth at the corrected age of 18-24 months, but with a lower neurodevelopmental level than full-term infants. Neurodevelopment monitoring and early intervention should be taken seriously for preterm infants with a gestational age of <32 weeks.
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Infant , Child , Infant, Newborn , Humans , Child, Preschool , Infant, Premature , Aftercare , Patient Discharge , Gestational AgeABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES@#To study the effects of infantile positional plagiocephaly on the growth and neural development.@*METHODS@#A retrospective study was conducted on the medical data of 467 children who underwent craniographic examination and were followed up to 3 years of age in Peking University Third Hospital from June 2018 to May 2022. They were divided into four groups: mild positional plagiocephaly (n=108), moderate positional plagiocephaly (n=49), severe positional plagiocephaly (n=12), and normal cranial shape (n=298). The general information of the four groups and the weight, length, head circumference, visual acuity screening results, hearing test results, and the scores of Pediatric Neuropsychological Developmental Scales/Gesell Developmental Schedules of the four groups from 6 to 36 months old were compared.@*RESULTS@#The rates of adverse perinatal factors, congenital muscular torticollis, and supine fixed sleeping posture in the mild, moderate, and severe positional plagiocephaly groups were higher than the normal cranial group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in weight, length, and head circumference among the four groups at 6, 12, 24 and 36 months of age (P>0.05). The incidence rate of abnormal vision in the severe positional plagiocephaly group was higher than that in the mild positional plagiocephaly, moderate positional plagiocephaly and normal cranial shape groups at 24 and 36 months of age (P<0.05). The scores of the Pediatric Neuropsychological Developmental Scales at 12 and 24 months of age and the scores of the Gesell Developmental Schedules at 36 months of age in the severe positional plagiocephaly group were lower than those in the mild positional plagiocephaly, moderate positional plagiocephaly and normal cranial shape groups, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Adverse perinatal factors, congenital muscular torticollis, and supine fixed sleeping position may be associated with infantile positional plagiocephaly. Mild or moderate positional plagiocephaly has no significant impact on the growth and neural development of children. Severe positional plagiocephaly have adverse effects on the visual acuity. However, it is not considered that severe positional plagiocephaly can affect the neurological development.
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Child , Humans , Infant , Child, Preschool , Plagiocephaly, Nonsynostotic/therapy , Follow-Up Studies , Prognosis , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the physical growth and dietary characteristics of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and to analyze their relationship with core symptoms of ADHD.@*METHODS@#A total of 268 children who were newly diagnosed with ADHD in Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from June to December 2020 were included in the ADHD group, and 102 healthy children who underwent physical examination during the same period were selected as the control group. Physical evaluations and dietary surveys were conducted for both groups. ADHD diagnosis and scoring were performed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition). Factor analysis, Spearman correlation analysis, and mediation analysis were used to study the relationship between core symptoms of ADHD, dietary patterns, and physical growth.@*RESULTS@#The rate of overweight/obesity in the ADHD group was significantly higher than that in the control group (35.8% vs 21.6%, P<0.05). Three dietary patterns were extracted from the food frequency questionnaire: vegetarian dietary pattern, traditional dietary pattern, and snack/fast food pattern. The factor score for the snack/fast food pattern in the ADHD group was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between ADHD symptom scores, snack/fast food pattern factor scores, and body fat percentage (P<0.05). The mediation analysis showed that the snack/fast food pattern played a partial mediating role in the relationship between ADHD symptom scores and body fat percentage, with a mediation proportion of 26.66%.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The rate of overweight/obesity in children with ADHD is higher than that in non-ADHD children. Core symptoms of ADHD are related to dietary patterns and physical growth, with the snack/fast food pattern playing a partial mediating role in the relationship between core symptoms of ADHD and physical growth.
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Humans , Child , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Overweight , Pediatric Obesity , DietABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES@#To systematically evaluate the effect of prophylactic use of hydrolyzed protein formula on gastrointestinal diseases and physical development in preterm infants.@*METHODS@#A computerized search was performed in the databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, Weipu, PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library to identify randomized controlled trials of the effect of prophylactic use of hydrolyzed protein formula on gastrointestinal diseases and physical growth in preterm infants. RevMan 5.3 software was used to perform a Meta analysis for the included studies.@*RESULTS@#A total of 7 randomized controlled studies were included. The results of Meta analysis showed that compared with the whole protein formula, the prophylactic use of hydrolyzed protein formula could reduce the risk of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (RR=0.40, P=0.04) and feeding intolerance (RR=0.40, P=0.005), and had no significant effect on the growth of weight, length and head circumference (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Compared with the whole protein formula, the prophylactic use of hydrolyzed protein formula in preterm infants may reduce the occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis and feeding intolerance, and can meet the nutrient requirement of physical development. However, the evidence is limited, and the results of this study cannot support the routine prophylactic use of hydrolyzed protein formula in preterm infants.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/prevention & control , Gastrointestinal Diseases/prevention & control , Infant Formula/chemistry , Infant, Low Birth Weight , Infant, Premature , Randomized Controlled Trials as TopicABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate thyroid function, physical growth, and psychological and behavioral development in children with congenital hypothyroidism.Methods:Thirty-two children with congenital hypothyroidism who were born in Yuyao People's Hospital from January 2014 to December 2018 were included in the observation group. Thirty healthy neonates who were born in the same period were included in the control group. Thyroid function index changes at the age of 1 year relative to at birth, physical, intellectual, and neuropsychological development and bone age at the age of 1 year were compared between the observation and control groups.Results:Thyroid-stimulating hormone level at birth was significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group [(18.23 ± 2.71) mU/L vs. (2.85 ± 0.34) mU/L, t = 30.84, P < 0.001]. Free thyroxine level at birth was significantly lower in the observation group than in the control group [(6.76 ± 1.54) pmol/L vs. (17.91 ± 2.04) pmol/L, t = 24.39, P < 0.001]. In the observation group, thyroid-stimulating hormone and free thyroxine levels at the age of 1 year were (2.68 ± 0.78) mU/L and (17.26 ± 2.11) pmol/L, respectively, which were not significantly different from those in the control group [(2.77 ± 0.63) mU/L and (17.54 ± 2.20) pmol/L, t = 0.50, 0.51, both P > 0.05]. Body weight, body length, head circumference, and bone age at the age of 1 year were (9.21 ± 1.20) kg, (79.84 ± 3.05) cm, (43.73 ± 1.42) cm, (1.01 ± 0.15) years old, respectively in the observation group, which were significantly lower than those in the control group [(10.12 ± 1.32) kg, (84.54 ± 3.41) cm, (45.85 ± 2.04) cm, (1.14 ± 0.28) years old, t = 2.84, 5.73, 4.77, 2.30, P < 0.05]. The proportion of children patients with bone age lag was significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group [21.88% (7/32) vs. 3.33% (1/30), χ2 = 4.74, P < 0.05]. There was a significant difference in intellectual development at the age of 1 year between the two groups ( χ2 = 7.05, P < 0.05). Gross movement, fine movement, adaptability, language ability, and social ability in the observation group were scored (90.43 ± 6.96) points, (92.03 ± 6.03) points, (88.45 ± 4.85) points, (84.04 ± 5.71) points, and (85.05 ± 6.17) points, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the control group [(99.47 ± 5.40) points, (104.12 ± 5.71) points, (98.47 ± 5.22) points, (94.16 ± 4.98) points, and (104.34 ± 5.70) points ( t = 5.69, 8.09, 7.84, 7.42, 12.76, all P < 0.001]. Conclusion:Neonate patients with congenital hypothyroidism have obvious physical growth and psychological and behavioral development disorders. Early screening and treatment of neonatal congenital hypothyroidism should be strengthened to improve the prognosis.
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Objective@#To examine the effect of early comprehensive interventions on the physical growth and nerve development among premature infants, so as to provide insights into the follow-up management of premature infants after discharge from hospital.@*Methods@#A total of 130 premature infants delivered in Shaoxing Municipal Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital from 2019 to 2021 were selected and divided into high- and low-risk groups according to gestational age and birth weight, while 306 full-term normal infants in the same hospital during the study period served as controls. All premature infants were given early comprehensive interventions until age of 12 months, including nutritional support and parental guidance of children's feeding and development, and all normal infants received periodical health checkup according to the basic public health service program. All infants received periodical measurements of height, weight and head circumference, and the 12-month intellectual and motor development ability was measured using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development revised in Chinese cities was used to assess. Infants' physical growth, mental development index (MDI) and motor development index (PDI) were compared among groups.@*Results@#There were 130 premature infants with gestational ages of 28 to 36 weeks and birth weight of 1 200 to 3 440 g, including 79 male infants, and there were 80 infants in the low-risk group and 50 infants in the high-risk group. The full-term infants had a gestational age of 37 to 42 weeks, and birth weights of 2 500 to 4 000 g, including 162 male infants. There were significant differences in height (Wald χ2=28.664, P<0.001) and head circumference growth (Wald χ2=19.312, P=0.013) among the three groups as revealed by the generalized estimating equation; however, no significant differences were seen in the 12-month weight (F=0.639, P=0.528), height (F=1.051, P=0.350) or head circumference (F=0.318, P=0.728) among the three groups. The percentages of abnormal MDI were 2.00%, 0 and 1.31% among the high-risk premature infants, low-risk premature infants and full-term infants at ages of 12 months (χ2=1.319, P=0.517), while the percentages of abnormal PDI were 20.00%, 7.50% and 5.56% among the three groups at ages of 12 months (χ2=12.818, P=0.002).@*Conclusions@#Following implementation of early comprehensive interventions, the premature infants have favorable physical growth and comparable MDI with full-term infants; however, a high percentage of abnormal PDI is seen in high-risk premature infants. An improvement in the motor development among high-risk premature infants is recommended to be emphasized during the management of premature infants.
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Objective To analyze the nutritional status and growth and development of children aged 1 to 12 years old, and to provide guidance for subsequent child health care work. Methods A total of 514 children aged 1 to 12 years old underwent physical examination in our hospital were enrolled, data including weight, height, bone mineral density, serum vitamin A, vitamin D and blood trace elements were detected, thereafter, Pearson correlation analysis was used to discuss the correlation between children's growth and development and serum trace elements. Results Among the 514 children in this study, there were 224 boys and 290 girls, including 86 children in early childhood group, 165 children in preschool age group and 263 children in school age group. The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency was 7.98% (41/514), with a significant difference among the different age groups, including 22.09% (19/86) in early childhood group, 7.88% (13/165) in preschool age group, and 4.56% (12/263) in school age group. The height and weight of children with vitamin A deficiency were lower than those of children in the same age group, and there was a positive correlation between serum vitamin A concentration and height and weight of children (P<0.05). The detection rate of vitamin D deficiency was 12.06% (62/514), with 16.07% (36/224) in girls, higher than 8.97% (26/290) in boys. The height of children with vitamin D deficiency was significantly lower than that of children with normal vitamin D levels (P<0.05), and the incidence of bone mineral deficiency was significantly higher than that of that with normal vitamin D levels. Serum vitamin D concentration was positively correlated with height in children (P<0.05) and negatively correlated with bone mineral deficiency (P<0.05). In addition, there were 51 children (9.92%) with hypocalcemia. Serum calcium levels were significantly lower in boys than in girls (P<0.05), and the incidence of hypocalcemia was significantly higher in boys than in girls (P<0.05).Serum calcium level was positively correlated with height (P<0.05), and negatively correlated with bone mineral deficiency (P<0.05). There were 35 cases (6.81%) of children with hypoglycemic zinc and 32 cases (6.23%) of children with hypoglycemic iron, and there was a positive correlation between serum zinc and iron levels and children's height and weight (P<0.05). Conclusions Vitamin A deficiency is more serious in younger children than in older children, and vitamin A deficiency affects children's height and weight; vitamin D deficiency is more serious in girls than in boys, and vitamin D deficiency affects children's bone density. Vitamin D supplementation and outdoor activities for girls are recommended. In addition, deficiencies in trace vitamins, including blood calcium, zinc and iron, will also affect children's height and weight, and a proper diet is recommended to supplement the body with essential elements.
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OBJECTIVES@#To assess the growth of preterm infants up to a corrected age of 24 months, and to understand the growth trend and pattern of preterm infants.@*METHODS@#A preterm infant follow-up database was established based on the Internet Plus follow-up system. A total of 3 188 preterm infants who were born from April 2018 to April 2021 were enrolled. Their length, weight, and head circumference were recorded at birth and at the corrected ages of 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. The preterm infants were grouped by perinatal factors. The growth curves of these infants were plotted and compared with the International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium for the 21st Century (INTERGROWTH-21st) standard and World Health Organization (WHO) standard.@*RESULTS@#The weight, length, and head circumference curves of each group of preterm infants grouped by various perinatal factors all rose rapidly within the corrected age of 6 months, but the growth rate slowed down after the corrected age of 6 months. Based on the actual age for the groups of preterm infants with different gestational ages (<28 weeks, 28-31@*CONCLUSIONS@#The physical growth rate of preterm infants is faster within the corrected age of 6 months, and the growth rate slows down after the corrected age of 6 months. Preterm infants with a smaller gestational age need longer time to catch up in weight and head circumference. More attention should be paid to the physical growth of extremely preterm infants, extremely low birth weight infants, and small-for-gestational-age infants.
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Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Pregnancy , Cephalometry , Gestational Age , Infant, Extremely Low Birth Weight , Infant, Premature , Infant, Small for Gestational AgeABSTRACT
Objective • To evaluate the physical and neurocognitive development of infants conceived from frozen embryo transfer (FET). Methods • Two hundred and forty-eight infants (1.5-4 years old) conceived from FET and natural conception (NC) were recruited as the follow-up cohort of FET offspring, and their physical and neurocognitive development were followed up and evaluated. Multiple Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the potential risk of cognitive retardation in FET offspring. Results • There was no significant difference in composition ratio of Z score for height, weight and body mass index between the FET group and the NC control group. Multiple Logistic regression analysis showed that compared with the NC control group, the risk of neurocognitive development abnormalities and retardation was higher in the FET group, especially in fine motor (OR=3.01, 95%CI 1.48-6.11) and social development domains (OR=3.76, 95%CI 1.63-8.69); and in the FET group, the social development risk of female infants was higher than that of male infants. Conclusion • FET may exert a negative impact on the early neurocognitive development of infants.
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OBJECTIVE: To study the physical growth characteristics of birthweight discordant twins(BDT)under 4 years old. METHODS: The physical growth characteristics of BDT under 4 years old born from September 2010 to December 2017 in child health care system of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University were analyzed retrospectively. R 3.5.3 was used to clean up the database,analyze the distribution of different degree of birthweight discordance,and draw the fitting curves. More than 20% of birth weight difference was taken as inclusive criteria of BDT. BDT were divided into preterm or full-term groups,and low birthweight or normal birthweight groups respectively. SPSS 19.0 software was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: A total of 141 pairs of BDT were included,accounting for 15.4%(141/916). The degree of birthweight difference in premature BDT was higher than that of full-term BDT(t=3.820,P<0.001). The growth discordance of preterm BDT lasted longer. Physical growth of low/very low birthweight BDT was slower than that of normal birthweight BDT under 4 years old. The growth status of BDT didn't reach the average level of WHO growth chart by the time of the last follow-up. CONCLUSION: Birthweight discordance of twins could have longlasting effects on further growth and development. Preterm twins have higher degree of birthweight discordance,and the growth discordance lasts longer. Low birthweight is an important reason for growth retardation of the lighter BDT.Growth of BDT should be monitored regularly to increase follow-up compliance.
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PURPOSE: Augmentation cystoplasty (AC) is a surgical procedure used in adults and children with refractory bladder dysfunction, including a small bladder capacity and inadequate bladder compliance, and in whom conservative and medical treatment has failed. This study was aimed to determine the long-term outcomes of AC in children. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted of 42 patients (31 males; mean age, 14.2±6.2 years) who underwent AC for neurogenic and nonneurogenic bladder dysfunction, with a median 12.0±1.5 years of follow-up. All patients underwent AC using the ileum with or without continent reconstruction. Pre-AC, concurrent, and post-AC procedures and complications were analyzed. Patients who underwent ureterocystoplasty, were lost to follow-up, or had less than 10 years of follow-up were excluded. The primary outcomes were the complication and continence rates, the post-AC linear rate of height and weight gain, and renal function. The Student t-test was used to evaluate between-group differences and the paired t-test was used to evaluate longitudinal changes in measured variables. RESULTS: Renal function was stable or improved in 32 of 42 patients (76.2%), with a post-AC continence rate of 88.1%. Thirty patients (71.4%) required 72 procedures post-AC. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean percentile of height (P=0. 212) or weight (P=0.142) of patients in the pre- and post-AC periods. No cases of bladder perforation or malignancy were detected. CONCLUSIONS: We consider AC to be a safe and effective procedure that does not negatively affect future physical growth, while achieving a good rate of stable renal function. Patients need long-term follow-up to address long-term complications.
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Adult , Child , Humans , Male , Compliance , Follow-Up Studies , Ileum , Lost to Follow-Up , Retrospective Studies , Urinary Bladder Calculi , Urinary Bladder , Weight GainABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effects of three different ways of feeding on the physical growth of low birth weight premature infants discharged from hospital.Methods 90 premature infants were selected.According to the different feeding methods,the infants were divided into A,B,C groups.Premature infants of A group were fed with preterm infants formula milk after discharge.B group received breast feeding.C group was fed with term infants formula milk.The physical growth at postnatal 30d,60d and 90d of three groups were observed and compared.Results The weight,length and head circumference of premature infants at postnatal 30d,90d in A group were better than those of B group and C group,the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05).The weight,length and head circumference of premature infants at postnatal 60d in A group were similar to those in B group,the differences were not statistically significant (all P > 0.05).The weight,length and head circumference of premature infants at postnatal 60d in A group and B group were better than those in C group,the differences were statistically significant (all P <0.05).Conclusion Compared with the breast feeding and traditional formula milk,formula milk for preterm infants is more conducive to the growth of premature infants to obtain nutrients,effectively promote the growth of premature infants,improve the prognosis and quality of life in preterm infants.
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RESUMEN Introducción: el fallo de medro es identificado cuando un niño presenta un crecimiento significativamente menor que sus semejantes, y está asociado frecuentemente con pobre desarrollo mental y psicoemocional. Objetivo: analizar y sintetizar, a través de la producción científica, las características del fallo de medro de un modo integrador, que facilite su abordaje desde la atención ambulatoria. Métodos: se realizó una revisión integrativa, conducida de acuerdo con las siguientes etapas: identificación del tema y elaboración de la pregunta de investigación, establecimiento de los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, definición de las informaciones que serían extraídas de los estudios seleccionados, selección de banco y bases de datos para consulta, evaluación de los estudios incluidos en la revisión, interpretación de los resultados y presentación de la síntesis del conocimiento. Conclusiones: el fallo de medro tiene una etiología multifactorial, siendo su prevalencia variable. Se han identificado factores de riesgo biológicos, socioculturales y ambientales. Existe discrepancia entre los autores sobre los elementos diagnósticos para su identificación, constituyendo los criterios estáticos y dinámicos los de mayor aceptación. La clave del éxito radica en la prevención(AU)
ABSTRACT Introduction: Failure to thrive is identified when a child has a significantly lower growth than its peers and is often associated with poor mental and psycho-emotional development. Objective: Analyze and synthesize, through scientific production, the characteristics of failure to thrive in an integrated way that facilitates its approach from outpatient care. Methods: an integrative review, conducted in accordance with the following steps are performed: identification of the subject and development of the research question, establishing the criteria for inclusion and exclusion definition of the information that would be extracted from the selected studies, selection of bank and databases for consultation, evaluation studies included in the review, interpretation of results and presentation of the synthesis of knowledge. Conclusions: The failure to thrive has a multifactorial etiology, with its variable prevalence. Factors have been identified biological, sociocultural and environmental risk. There is a discrepancy between the authors on diagnostic elements for identification, constituting the static and dynamic criteria the most widely accepted. The key to success lies in prevention(AU)
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Humans , Child , Environmental Hazards , Failure to Thrive/epidemiology , Ambulatory Care/methods , Growth/physiology , Review Literature as Topic , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Objective To explore the physical growth in infants with eczema who treated with regular use of glucocorticoid.Methods A total of 115 full-term infants newly diagnosed with eczema were included in this study and treated with topical glucocorticoids regularly.The severity of eczema was assessed and anthropometric indices were measured regularly.Results Both weight for age (WAZ) and length for age (LAZ) at birth and 6-month-old were higher than those of World Health Organization (WHO) child growth standards.However,the LAZ at diagnosis and 3 months after treatment were lower than that of WHO child growth standards.The weight,length,and the growth rate from birth to the time of diagnosis were all lower than those of WHO child growth standards.While the growth rate after treatment for 3 to 6 months was higher than that of WHO child growth standards.The increases of WAZ and LAZ were significantly different among three periods:at birth to diagnose,at diagnosis to 3 months after treatment,and 3 months to 6 months after treatment (P<0.001).Conclusion In the early stage of eczema,the growth rate was decreased when the symptoms were not controlled.However,after treatment,the growth rate was increased.It is suggested that treatment of regular topical glucocorticoids has no adverse effects on growth of eczema infants,and also is beneficial to the catch-up growth of infants.