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Severe acute malnutrition serves a high risk of mortality among children aged 6-59 months. At a community level anganwadi centers play a vital role in identifying malnutrition among children and enabling resources for growth and development. The aim of this study was to develop a nutrient dense mix using pearl millet and pigeon pea and evaluate its sensory, physicochemical and proximate properties. The nutrient dense mix was formulated using pearl millet and pigeon pea in several variations and the best accepted variation was selected through sensory evaluation and analyzed for its physiochemical and proximate composition. Variation 3 of the nutrient dense mix prepared by balancing pearl millet with rice had the highest acceptability in all sensory parameters. It had favorable physicochemical properties including water solubility index (20.1%), swelling power (3.7%) and low moisture content (3.7%). The proximate analysis revealed high energy (347.10±0.85 kcals), protein (14.28±0.04 g), fat (19.53±0.03) and calcium content (154.63±2.2 mg). The percentage adequacy of the nutrients from the nutrient dense mix showed that 31.27% of energy as per the estimated average requirements was met for 1-3 year olds and 25.5% for 4-6 year olds. The high sensory acceptability, low cost and good micro and macronutrient profile encourages further exploration for the product in curbing malnutrition.
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This study was designed to evaluate the effect of germination time on the proximate composition, functional and pasting properties of flours from red and brown varieties of pigeon pea seeds. The red and brown pigeon pea seeds were cleaned and germinated for 48, 72 and 96 h, respectively and processed into flours, while the flours produced from the ungerminated red and brown pigeon pea seeds served as control samples. The flours obtained were analyzed for proximate, functional and pasting properties using standard methods. The proximate composition of the samples showed that the flours produced from the red pigeon pea seeds had a range of 6.24 � 9.34% moisture, 10.37 � 20.95% crude protein, 1.21 � 1.12% fat, 2.32 � 3.32% ash, 3.14 � 4.23% crude fibre, 76.75-61.07% carbohydrate and 329.29 � 338.10KJ/100g energy, while that of the brown pigeon pea flours had a range of 6.44-9.77% moisture, 10.47-23.69% crude protein, 1.23-1.13% fat, 2.42-3.13% ash, 3.18-4.31% crude fibre, 76.26-57.99% carbohydrate and 358.18-336.83KJ/100g energy. The functional properties of the red pigeon pea flours revealed that the bulk density, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, swelling capacity, gelation capacity and foam capacity ranged from 0.58-022 ml/g, 1.36-1.58 %, 1.40-1.61 %, 2.13-2.38 ml/g, 8.24-11.13 ml/g and 12.28-12.01 %, while that of the brown variety ranged from 0.63-0.36 ml/g, 1.47-1.69 %, 1.46-1.67 %, 1.67-2.46 ml/g, 8.88-11.41 ml/g and 13.33-13.06 %, respectively. The pasting properties of the red pigeon pea flours also showed that the peak, trough, breakdown, set back and final viscosities as well as the peak time and pasting temperature ranged from 3.10 � 5.556cP, 3.35 � 4.86cP, 2.65 � 4.57cP, 5.23 � 7.75cP, 8.82 -10.02cP, 6.79 � 7.34min and 69.79 � 92.710C, while that of the brown variety ranged from 3.59 � 6.21cP, 4.19 � 5.61cP, 3.77 � 5.23cP, 5.59 � 8.25cP, 9.60 � 11.08cP, 7.07 � 7.99min and 80.11 � 99.21oC, respectively. The study, however, revealed that the flours produced from both the red and brown pigeon pea seeds could be generally used as nutrient dense and functional ingredients in the preparation of a wide range of food products especially in Nigeria and other developing countries of the world where there is acute shortage of protein in order to ensure food and nutritional security.
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This study is based on "An economic analysis of pigeon pea production in districts of Maharashtra state”. The study was conducted in districts were highest area under pigeon pea cultivation in Maharashtra of India. The present study was based on primary data collected from 120 farmers in districts of Maharashtra, during the agricultural year 2021-22. The cost concepts approach to farm costing is widely used in India. To work out the cost of cultivation standard method of cost of cultivation employed by commission on Agricultural Costs and Price (CACP) Ministry of Agriculture (GOI). The directorate of economics and statistics, Government of India estimated different costs as (Cost A1, Cost A2, Cost B1, Cost B2, Cost C1, Cost C2, and Cost C3) The total cost of cultivation of pigeon pea came to ?. 50548.17 per hectare in which the share of Cost-B2 was Rs.44708.43 (88.45 %) followed by Cost-A2 was ?. 30053.85 (59.46 %). Per quintal average price of pigeon pea was ?. 6198.58. Gross returns were ?. 84345.37 in which main produce was of ?.79465.90 and by produce ?. 4919.02. The per hectare net profit from pigeon pea cultivation crop was gained ?.33797.20. Hence, the cost benefit ratio was highest i.e. 1.67.
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A field experiment was conducted on experimental farm of Dept. of Agricultural Meteorology, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, Maharasthra, India during the during kharif season 2015 under rainfed condition to find the relationship of pheno thermal and heat use efficiency indices with yield. The field experiment was laid out in factorial randomized bock design with five sowing dates (i.e. 25th, 26th, 27th, 28th and 29th SMW) and three varieties (viz., BDN-711, BSMR-736 and BSMR-853) with three replications. The sowing dates significantly influenced on the phenology, growth, development and yield attributes. The dry spell experienced during sowing to emergence period in first sowing date (25th SMW sowing) and thereafter no rainfall condition during remaining period of sowings viz., 26th, 27th, 28th and 29th SMW, therefore, emergence and final plant count was observed lowest in 25th SMW (30 and 29 %) and highest in 27th SMW sowing (92 %). Hence, significantly highest dry matter plant-1, no. of pods plant-1, seed weight and seed yield plant-1 was observed in 25th SMW sowing; seed yield (417.7 kg ha-1), seed yield heat use efficiency (0.20 kg ha-1 0C day-1) was recorded highest in 27th SMW sowing and lowest in 25th SMW sowing. Significantly highest no. of pods plant-1, seed weight and seed yield plant-1, seed yield heat use efficiency, pheno thermal index was observed in BDN-711 variety and significantly lowest in BSMR-853 variety. The significantly highest total dry matter plant-1 was observed in BSMR-853 and lowest in BDN-711 variety. Significantly highest GDD, HTU and PTU required for completion of different phenophases were recorded in BSMR-736 variety and significantly lowest in BDN-711 variety. Weather indices viz., GDD, HTU, PTU, PTI showed non-significant correlation at all the phenophases with seed yield of pigeonpea. The yield prediction model based on thermal indices and seed yield heat use efficiency at floral bud initiation to 50 % flowering and at 50 % flowering to 50 % pod formation phenophases was found useful in assessing the crop yield one and half to one month in advance.
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Aims: The area and production of pigeon pea in Bhadohi are still significantly lower than in other districts of other states. There is a significant yield gap between the potential output and the yield under current farming conditions. To study the impact of technological interventions on the pigeon pea crop for increasing income through Cluster Front Line Demonstrations was the goal of the current study.Place and Duration of Study: Cluster front line demonstrations on improved pigeon pea technologies were carried out by ICAR-IIVR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bhadohi, at farmers' fields from 2015–16 to 2019–20.Methodology: A total of 155 pigeon pea cluster front line demonstrations on improved pigeon pea technologies covering a 45.70 hectare area were held in one hundred eighteen localities. Field days, training and group meetings were also organized to provide opportunities for other farmers to witness the benefits of demonstrated technologies. The output data were collected from CFLD plots as well as control plots (farmers practice) by random crop cutting method and analyzed using simple statistical tools such as per cent change in yield, cost of cultivation, net income, and benefit cost ratio etc. Results: In the experimental plots, the mean yield over five years was 15.44 q/ha, while it was only 11.21 q/ha in the control plots. Over the course of the five years of the study, the yield development varied, though on average, it was measured at 42.49 percent. When compared to the farmer's practice (28,463/ha), the average net return for the demonstration plots at the farmer's field over the investigation period was greater at 56,611/ha. Additionally, the demonstration plots' benefit-cost ratio was larger (2.32) than the farmer's practice's (1.69).Conclusion: From the aforementioned findings, it can be concluded that using modern technologies for pigeon pea cultivation may significantly close the extension and technology gap, increasing pigeon pea yield in the area. It requires collaborative extension efforts to enhance the adoption of location and crop specific technologies among the farmers to bridge these gaps.
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The field experiment was conducted at the Crop Research Centre, Chiraodi farm of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut (U.P.) in order to study the effect of different natural farming treatments on growth, yield and quality of pigeon pea in inter-cropping system in western U.P. during the year 2018. The experiment was laid out in Randomized complete block design with 16 treatments comprising of different combinations of natural farming components (Beejamrutha, Jeevamrutha, Mulching and Green manure) which were replicated thrice. The results revealed that application of Beejamrutha + Jeevamrutha + Mulching + Green manure recorded significantly higher growth parameters viz., higher plant height (165.70 cm), No. of primary branches per plant (25.81), no. of secondary branches per plant (30.81) and leaf area index (2.40) and yield attributing characters namely number of pods/plant (468.60), number of grains/pod (6.62), Pod weight per plant (277.68) and 100 seed weight (12.88) as compared to other treatment combinations. Application of Beejamrutha + Jeevamrutha + Mulching + Green manure recorded significantly higher grain yield (2286 kg ha-1) as compared to rest of the treatments. However, treatments with Beejamrutha + Mulching + Green manure and Jeevamrutha Jeevamrutha + Mulching + Green manure recorded similar growth, yield parameters and yield.
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The present study aims to formulate and develop functional breads from wheat and pigeon pea flour and evaluate their nutritional and sensory qualities. Indeed, different composite bread formulations have been made by partial substitution of wheat flour with pigeon pea flour in varying proportions (10%, 20% 25% 50%), and the nutritional and sensory characteristics of the different breads produced were evaluated. Results indicated that the protein content of the composite breads significantly increases (p <0.005) according to the pigeon pea flour incorporation rate. However, the evaluation of sensory characteristics indicated that only composite breads result from the incorporation rate of 10% of pigeon pea flours have organoleptic characteristics appreciated by the panel of tasters. These results therefore underline that the perception and opinion of consumers are very important parameters to be taken into account in any innovation process in the field of food technology.
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@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>OBJECTIVE:</strong> This study has been conducted to determine the protein efficiency ratio (PER) of selected indigenous legumes, namely pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), as alternative protein sources.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>METHODS:</strong> Experimental diets (pigeon pea-based and lima bean-based) and control diet (casein-based) were formulated and standardized using proximate analysis to have 10% protein basal diet based on the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) guidelines. Diets were given to corresponding groups (2 experimental, 1 control) using 30 albino Sprague-Dawley weanling rats aged 21 days old, over a 28-day growth assay.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Results showed that the mean final weight and weight gain were significantly higher in rats fed with casein-based diet (p0.05). The PER of the casein (3.37 ± 2.71) is higher than that of the pigeon pea (1.87) and lima bean (1.32). These results can be attributed to the presence of anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) in the seeds of pigeon pea and lima bean. Reduced protein intake (due to bitter taste), toxicity, and interference with protein digestibility (through interaction with digestive enzymes) imparted by these ANFs can explain the weight loss among the experimental groups and consequently the low PER. Heat treatment done in the study were not adequate to remove the ANFs.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> The study shows that pigeon pea and lima bean as protein sources alone are not as adequate and efficient in providing necessary protein requirements for weanling rats. Proper processing and treatment should be done to remove inhibitors of protein digestibility and quality.</p>
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AnimalsABSTRACT
This study was carried out to compare the antioxidant potentials of hydromethanolic extracts of seed of Cajanus cajan and the leaf of Moringa oleifera. These plants have been associated with alleviating oxidative stress related conditions. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta and Covenant University Sango, Ogun state Nigeria, between August 2012 and September, 2012. Methodology: Different analyses for determining antioxidant potentials were used to compare the antioxidant properties of the plants: hydroxyl radical scavenging test, ascorbic acid value, total polyphenols, total flavonoids content, ferric reducing antioxidant power, 2, 2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6- sulphonic acid (ABTS) scavenging test, 2,2-diphenyl- 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and inhibition of lipid peroxidation (lipoprotein). Results: The total phenolic contents of Cajanus cajan and Moringa oleifera were 83.0 ±0.02 and 541.0 ± 0.02 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram dry weight (mg/GAE/g DW) respectively. Also, the results obtained for total flavonoids in Cajanus cajan and Moringa oleifera were 46.0±.01 and 645.0±0.10 mg pyrocatechol equivalent per gram dry weight respectively. It was observed that Moringa oleifera leaf extract has significantly higher antioxidant potentials than the Cajanus cajan seeds extract (p<.05) Conclusion: Data suggest that Moringa oleifera leaf extract had higher antioxdant potentials in comparison with that of Cajanus cajan seeds. Further research in determining the benefits of Moringa Oleifera leaf and Cajanus cajan seed extracts due to their antioxidant potential in animal model is therefore recommended.
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Aim: Optimizing plant growth regulators in the manipulation of growth physiology, development and seed yield of pigeon pea landraces is cardinal, especially as it complements other improvement techniques. The research was aimed at evaluating the effect of IAA, NAA and paclobutrazol singly and in combination, but especially paclobutrazol in reducing plant height. Methods: Thirty (30) seeds each of brown “Fiofio” [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] were soaked in 0, 100, and 150mg/l concentration of IAA, NAA, paclobutrazol, paclobutrazol + IAA and paclobutrazol + NAA, respectively for 48 hours. Results: Results obtained revealed that treating pigeon pea seeds with paclobutrazol caused reduction in plant height and inter-node length, which did not translate to higher yield. However, plants raised from pigeon pea seeds soaked in 100 and 150 mg/l paclobutrazol + NAA did excellently well in both yield and yield – related traits. Conclusion: The implication of these findings is that though treating seeds with paclobutrazol caused significant reduction in plant height and increased branch numbers, it needed to interact with NAA to cause holistic improvement, especially in seed yield.
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Genetic analysis and association studies were conducted in 128 germplasm lines of pigeon pea received from NBPGR for yield and yield attributing characters. Higher amount of variation was observed for seed yield per plant followed by number of pods per plant and plant height. High heritability with high genetic advance as percentage of mean were obtained for seed yield and number of pods per plant indicated the presence of additive gene action influencing the inheritance of these characters. Significant positive correlations were observed for 100 seed weight, number of primary branches per plant, number of pods per plant and plant height on seed yield per plant were high and positive. Selection for higher seed weight, days to maturity, primary branches, pods per plant and plant height would be the best criteria for increasing the seed yield per plant in pigeon pea.
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Un total de 60 cabras adultas alimentadas con dos suplementos (concentrado comercial y concentrado con follaje de quinchoncho) y dos sistemas de amamantamiento (natural: crías sin separación de la madre vs. artificial: suministro de leche de cabra con amamantadores artificiales y crías separadas de la madre) fueron evaluadas para determinar el reinicio de actividad ovárica e intervalo parto-concepción en explotaciones caprinas semi-intensivas, según un arreglo factorial 2 x 2. La suplementación con concentrado y el sistema de crianza representaron los dos factores, cada uno con dos niveles, los cuales fueron analizados a través del procedimiento mixto (Proc Mixed) del paquete estadístico SAS. Las cabras, con el sistema de amamantamiento natural o artificial, mostraron un intervalo parto-concepción de 169,4 vs 132,4 días, respectivamente y el peso de los cabritos con amamantamiento natural fue mayor (P<0,05) con 14,6 vs. 12,8 Kg., respectivamente, independientemente del tipo de alimento consumido. El reinicio de la actividad ovárica ocurrió más temprano (P<0,05) en las cabras alimentadas con concentrado comercial y cuyas crías fueron mantenidas con amamantamiento artificial. El grupo de cabras que consumió concentrado comercial mostró pérdidas de peso total de 1,450 kg, mientras que las que consumieron concentrado con follaje de quinchoncho perdieron 0,150 kg, lo cual se corresponde con una mayor producción diaria de leche (P<0,05) para las cabras que consumieron concentrado comercial (734,5 vs. 656,5 g). El tratamiento con alimento concentrado comercial produjo mayor pérdida de peso de las cabras (P<0,05) con mayor producción diaria de leche, lo cual pudo ser debido a un balance energético negativo. El reinicio de actividad ovárica ocurrió con mayor incidencia (P<0,05) a los 90 días, en las cabras que se mantuvieron con concentrado comercial y amamantamiento artificial con respecto a la que consumieron el mismo alimento, pero sus crías fueron mantenidas con amamantamiento natural (40 vs. 6%). Esta situación nutricional ocasiona mayor intervalo parto concepción y un reinicio más tardío de la actividad ovárica, que probablemente guarda relación con el estímulo negativo de la lactación sobre estos parámetros a través del eje hipotálamo-pituitario-ovárico. En conclusión, el tipo de alimento concentrado y el sistema de amamantamiento afectan el comportamiento reproductivo.
A total of 60 adult female goats fed two supplements (concentrated commercial and concentrated with pigeon pea foliage) and two suckling systems (natural: raised without mother separation and artificial: supply of goat milk with artificial suckling and goat kids separated from the mother) were evaluated to determine resumption of ovarian activity and interval birth-conception in semi-intensive exploitations, according to a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Supplementation with concentrate and the suckling system were the two factors, each with two levels, which were analyzed by mixed procedure (Proc Mixed) of SAS statistical package. Goats, with the natural or artificial suckling system showed a birth-conception interval of 169.4 vs 132.4 days, respectively, and goats kids weight was higher (P<0.05) 14.6 vs 12.8 kg, respectively, regardless of the type of food consumed.The early resumption of ovarian activity occurred earlier (P<0.05) in goats fed with commercial concentrate and whose goats kids were maintained with artificial suckling. The goats group consuming commercial concentrate showed of total weight losses of 1450 kg, while those who consumed concentrated with pigeon pea foliage lost 0150 kg, which corresponds to an increased average daily milk production (P<0.05) for goats consuming commercial concentrate (734.5 vs. 656.5 g). Treatment with commercial concentrated food produced greater weight loss in goats (P<0.05) increased daily milk production, which could be due to a negative energy balance. The resumption of ovarian activity occurred with higher incidence (P<0.05) at 90 days in goats that were maintained with commercial concentrate and artificial suckling with respect to the group consuming the same food but their goats kids were maintained with natural suckling (40 vs. 6%). This situation leads to greater nutritional birth conception interval and a later restart of ovarian activity, which probably related to the negative stimulus of lactation on these parameters through the axis hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian. In conclusion, the type of concentrate and goats kids suckling affect reproductive behavior.
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A globulin protein comparatively rich in sulphur amino acids has been isolated from the seeds of pigeon pea. This protein termed γ-protein has a sedimentation coefficients of 7S and a molecular weight of about 90,000. Antibodies were raised against pure γ-protein. Using rocket immunoelectrophoresis it was observed that γ-protein was synthesised in the developing seeds, 21 days after flowering.