Establishment of Specific Chromatogram and TLC Identification for Qingxin Lianziyin / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo establish the specific chromatogram and thin layer chromatography（TLC） of Qingxin Lianziyin（QXLZY） benchmark samples， in order to clarify the key quality attributes and provide a reference for the quality evaluation of QXLZY. MethodHigh performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） specific chromatogram of QXLZY benchmark samples was developed by using a YMC Hydrosphere C18 column（4.6 mm×250 mm， 5 μm） with the mobile phase of acetonitrile（A）-0.2% formic acid aqueous solution（B） for gradient elution（0-10 min， 5%-20%A； 10-20 min， 20%A； 20-25 min， 20%-24%A； 25-40 min， 24%-30%A； 40-55 min， 30%-50%A； 55-65 min， 50%-100%A； 65-75 min， 100%A； 75-75.1 min， 100%-5%A； 75.1-90 min， 5%A）， and the detection wavelength was 360 nm. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-linear ion trap/orbitrap mass spectrometry（UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS） with electrospray ionization（ESI） was used to identify the components of QXLZY benchmark samples by accurate relative molecular weight and multilevel MS fragment ion information， the detection conditions were positive and negative ion modes and data dependency scanning mode. TLC identification methods for Ophiopogonis Radix， Lycii Cortex， Nelumbinis Semen， Poria， Astragali Radix and Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma in QXLZY were established. ResultA total of 15 characteristic peaks were identified from Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， Plantaginis Semen and Scutellariae Radix， and the relative standard deviations of the retention times of 15 characteristic peaks in 15 batches of QXLZY benchmark samples were≤3% with peak 8（baicalin） as the reference peak. A total of 100 compounds， including flavonoids， organic acids， saponins， amino acids and others， were identified in the benchmark samples by UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS. The established TLC had good separation and was suitable for the identification of Ophiopogonis Radix， Lycii Cortex， Nelumbinis Semen， Poria， Astragali Radix and Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma in QXLZY. ConclusionThe material basis of QXLZY benchmark samples is basically determined by MS designation and source attribution. The established specific chromatogram and TLC of QXLZY are simple， stable and reproducible， which can provide a reference for the development and quality control of QXLZY.

Effect of processing method on chemical constituents of Rehmanniae Radix: based on UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS / 中国中药杂志

This study aims to explore the chemical composition of Rehmanniae Radix braised with mild fire and compare the effect of processing method on the chemical composition of Rehmanniae Radix. To be specific, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with linear ion trap-orbitrap mass spectrometry(UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS) was used to screen the chemical constituents of Rehmanniae Radix. The chemical constituents were identified based on the relative molecular weight and fragment ions, literature information, and Human Metabolome Database(HMDB). The ion peak area ratio of each component before and after processing was used as the index for the variation. SIMCA was employed to establish principal component analysis(PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) models of different processed products. According to the PCA plot, OPLS-DA plot, and VIP value, the differential components before and after the processing were screened out. The changes of the content of differential components with the processing method were analyzed. A total of 66 chemical components were identified: 57 of raw Rehmanniae Radix, 55 of steamed Rehmanniae Radix, 55 of wine-stewed Rehmanniae Radix, 51 of repeatedly steamed and sundried Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata, 62 of traditional bran-braised Rehmanniae Radix, and 63 of electric pot-braised Rehmanniae Radix. Among them, the 9 flavonoids of braised Rehmanniae Radix were from Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium. PCA suggested significant differences in the chemical composition of Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata prepared with different processing methods. OPLS-DA screened out 32 chemical components with VIP value >1 as the main differential components. Among the differential components, 9 were unique to braised Rehmanniae Radix(traditional bran-braised, electric pot-braised) and the degradation rate of the rest in braised(traditional bran-braised, electric pot-braised) or repeatedly steamed and sundried Rehmanniae Radix was higher than that in the steamed or wine-stewed products. The results indicated the chemical species and component content of Rehmanniae Radix changed significantly after the processing. The 32 components, such as rehmapicrogenin, martynoside, jionoside D, aeginetic acid, hesperidin, and naringin, were the most important compounds to distinguish different processed products of Rehmanniae Radix. The flavonoids introduced by Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium as excipient may be the important material basis for the effectiveness of braised Rehmanniae Radix compared with other processed products.

Component profile analysis of Sanhan Huashi Formula based on UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS, GC-MS, and UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS / 中国中药杂志

This study comprehensively analyzed the active components of Sanhan Huashi Formula using qualitative and quantitative mass spectrometry techniques, laying the foundation for understanding its pharmacological substance basis. UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS and GC-MS technologies were used to analyze and identify the volatile and non-volatile components in Sanhan Huashi Formula. UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS technology was used to simultaneously determine the content of 27 major active components in the formula. The results showed that 308 major chemical components were identified in Sanhan Huashi Formula, among which 60 compounds were identified by comparing with reference standards, mainly including alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, triterpenoid saponins, amino acids, and nucleosides. GC-MS technology preliminarily identified 52 volatile compounds, with γ-eudesmol and β-eudesmol as the main components. The quantitative results demonstrated good linearity(r>0.99) for the 27 active components, indicating the stability, simplicity, and reliability of the established method. Among them, amygdalin, nodakenin, arecoline, ephedrine, and pseudoephedrine had relatively high content and were presumably the main pharmacologically active substances. In conclusion, this study systematically and comprehensively characterized the major chemical components and patterns in Sanhan Huashi Formula, providing a basis for understanding its pharmacological mechanisms and clinical applications.

Analysis of flavonoids and phenylethanoid glycosides in the Tibetan herb Lagotis brevituba Maxim based on UHPLC-LTQ-orbitrap-MS / 药学学报

Ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem linear ion trap orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-LTQ-orbitrap-MS) was applied to analyze and identify flavonoids and phenylethanoid glycosides in the Tibetan herb Lagotis brevituba Maxim. A method of data-dependent scan coupling with dynamic exclusion was developed for analyzing flavonoids and phenylethanoid glycosides under positive and negative ion mode of electrospray ionization (ESI). The compounds of Lagotis brevituba Maxim. were systematically identified through exact molecular mass, fragmentation patterns, retention time and reported references. A total of 167 compounds were detected, of which 84 were flavonoids and 83 were phenylethanoid glycosides, which greatly enriched the number and types of flavonoids and phenylethanol glycosides in Lagotis genus medicinal plants. Baohuoside Ⅰ, 4 disaccharide O-glycoside flavonoids (composed of deoxyhexose and glucuronic acid), 9 C-glycoside flavonoids, 15 tetrasaccharide phenylethanoid glycosides and 5 phenylethanoid glycosides with substituents on the β-position of the phenylethyl group were identified in Lagotis genus medicinal plants for the first time. This study provides scientific support for elucidating the material basis and improving the quality control of Lagotis brevituba Maxim.

Analysis and comparison of metabolic processes of salvianolic acid A and salvianolic acid B in rats based on UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS technology / 中国中药杂志

The metabolites of salvianolic acid A and salvianolic acid B in rats were analyzed and compared by ultra-high-perfor-mance liquid chromatography with linear ion trap-orbitrap mass spectrometry(UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS). After the rats were administrated by gavage, plasma at different time points and urine within 24 hours were collected to be treated by solid phase extraction(SPE), then they were gradient eluted by Acquity UPLC BEH C_(18) column(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm) and 0.1% formic acid solution(A)-acetonitrile(B) mobile phase system, and finally all biological samples of rats were analyzed under negative ion scanning mode. By obtaining the accurate relative molecular mass and multi-level mass spectrometry information of metabolites, combined with the characteristic cleavage law of the reference standard and literature reports, a total of 30 metabolites, including salvianolic acid A and B, were identified. Among them, there were 24 metabolites derived from salvianolic acid A, with the main metabolic pathways including ester bond cleavage, dehydroxylation, decarboxylation, hydrogenation, methylation, hydroxylation, sulfonation, glucuronidation, and their multiple reactions. There were 15 metabolites of salvianolic acid B, and the main biotransformation pathways were five-membered ring cracking, ester bond cleavage, decarboxylation, dehydroxylation, hydrogenation, methylation, sulfonation, glucuronidation, and their compound reactions. In this study, the cross-metabolic profile of salvianolic acid A and B was elucidated completely, which would provide reference for further studies on the basis of pharmacodynamic substances and the exploration of pharmacological mechanism.

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of major cholic acids in Suis Fellis Pulvis / 中国中药杂志

This study is to establish a qualitative method for rapid identification of bile acids in Suis Fellis Pulvis based on UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS technology,and an HPLC-ELSD internal standard method for the quantitative determination of two glycine-conjugated BAs in Suis Fellis Pulvis.The chromatographic separation of the UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS qualitative analysis was achieved on a Waters Acquity UPLC HSS T_3column(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8μm),with 0.2%formic acid aqueous solution(A)-acetonitrile(B)as mobile phase ingradient elution.Electrospray ionization(ESI)source was applied and operated in negative ion mode.Quantitative analysis was performed at 30℃on a Diamonsil-C_(18)column(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm).The mobile phase consisted of 0.2%formic acid solution and acetonitrile with gradient elution and the flow rate was 1.0 m L·min~(-1).An ELSD was used with a nitrogen flow-rate of1.4 L·min~(-1)at a drift tube temperature of 60℃and the gain was 1.A total of 14 bile acids in Suis Fellis Pulvis were characterized based on the accurate mass measurements,fragmentation patterns,chromatographic retention times,and reference materials.For the quantitative analysis method,the glycohyodeoxycholic acid and glycochenodeoxycholic acid had good linear relationship in the range of26.52-265.20 mg·L~(-1)(r=0.999 8)and 19.84-198.40 mg·L~(-1)(r=0.999 1),respectively.The average recoveries(n=6)were104.1%and 103.1%,and the RSD were 2.0%and 2.4%.The UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS technology provides a fast and efficient qualitative analysis method for identification of bile acids in Suis Fellis Pulvis.The HPLC-ELSD internal standard method is accurate and reliable,which has reference value for the quality control of Suis Fellis Pulvis.

Rapid analysis of chemical components in Zizyphi Spinosae Semen by UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS / 中国中药杂志

This study aimed to analyze the chemical components of Zizyphi Spinosae Semen by using ultra high performance liquid chromatography-linear ion trap/orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS). The chromatographic separation of the components was achieved on a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH-C₁₈ column (2.1 mm×50 mm, 1.7 μm), with acetonitrile-water (0.1% formic acid) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.3 mL·min⁻¹. Electrospray ionization-(ESI) source was applied and operated in negative ion mode. The parent ion list (PIL)-MS₂ and high energy collision dissociation (HCD) techniques were used to identify triterpene saponins in Zizyphi Spinosae Semen. Through analysis of the mass spectrometry data and literature data, 24 compounds and 4 unknown compounds were identified and inferred, including 21 flavonoids, 5 saponins and 2 triterpenoids. The use of UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS technology provide an efficient and rapid analytical method for the qualitative analysis and quality control of the chemical components in Zizyphi Spinosae Semen. It can also provide reference data for the research on the material basis of pharmacodynamics and the resources development and utilization.

Rapid characterization of chemical constituents in capillary wormwood extract based on UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap / 中国中药杂志

A rapid and sensitive UHPLC-HR-MSn method was developed for the identification of chemical constituents in capillary wormwood extract. ACQUITY UHPLC HSS T3 chromatography column (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm) was used with 0.1% formic acid-acetonitrile solution as the mobile phase in gradient elution. The extract was detected by ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap equipped with an ESI ion source in a negative mode. Based on the accurate mass measurements, retention time, mass fragmentation patterns and literature reports, a total of 50 compounds including 21 flavonoids, 22 phenolic acids, 6 coumarins and 1 other compound were tentatively screened and characterized. These results are helpful for the comprehensive quality control, better comprehension of the metabolism and further study of pharmacodynamic substance from capillary wormwood extract.

Comparative metabolism of three amide alkaloids from Piper longum in five different species of liver microsomes / 中国中药杂志

Piperine, piperlonguminine and pellitorine are three major amide alkaloids from Piper longum, showing a variety of pharmacological activities. In order to investigate the different metabolism pathways of these compounds in five species of liver microsomes in vitro, the data of full mass spectrum, and MS2, MS3 spectra of these three alkaloids were collected and analyzed by using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a LTQ-orbitrap mass spectrometer (UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS); gragment ion information was collected and combined with fragmentation regularities of mass spectra and accurate mass spectrometry data of metabolites, to compare the metabolism difference of three amide alkaloids in liver microsomes of human, rhesus monkey, Beagle dogs, rats and mice. 3 metabolites of piperine, 2 metabolites of piperlonguminine and 1 metabolite of pellitorine were identified quickly. The results showed that the major metabolic pathways of these amide alkaloids in liver microsomes were methylenedioxy group demethylation and oxidation reaction, and metabolic rates were different between species. This study provides basis for further research on in vivo metabolism of piperine analogues from Piper longum.

Analysis of chemical constituents from Citrus aurantium by UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS/MS / 中国中药杂志

In this study, a ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap-Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS/MS) method was developed to analyze the chemical components in Citrus aurantium. C. aurantium were extracted with 75% methanol, and we applied a Thermo Scientific BDS Hypersil C₁₈ column (2.1 mm×150 mm, 2.4 μm) to UHPLC analysis with acetonitrile-water (containing 0.1% formic acid) in gradient as mobile phase. Elutes were then detected by ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS/MS. A total of 27 components were identified, including fourteen flavonoids, seven coumarins, five limonoids and one alkaloid. This study showed an insight into the composition of C. aurantium, which could provide theoretical foundation for further study and utilization of the medicinal resources.

Rapid characterization of constituents absorbed into blood after oral administration of steroidal saponins from Radix Ophiopogonis using UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS coupled with higher energy collision induced dissociation / 药学学报

The method of UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometry coupled with higher energy collision dissociation (HCD) was established to rapidly analyze the constituents absorbed into blood after oral administration of steroidal saponins from Radix Ophiopogonis. A total of 31 constituents, including 13 furostanol steroidal saponins and 18 spirostanol steroidal saponins, were characterized based on the accurate mass measurements, fragmentation patterns, chromatographic retention times, and diagnostic product ions. Among them, 8 compounds were unambiguously identified by comparison with their corresponding standards. The results provide comprehensive insights and guidance for elucidation of material basis of Radix Ophiopogonis activity.