ABSTRACT
Summary: Opportunistic infections are common complications of advanced immuno-deficiency in individuals with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. Following involvement of the lung, the central nervous system (CNS) is the second most commonly affected organ. We report two cases of concurrent cryptococcal meningitis and tuberculosis (TB) in HIV infected persons. A high suspicion of multiple opportunistic infections should be kept in mind in HIV seropositive individuals.
Subject(s)
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/drug therapy , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/microbiology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/physiopathology , Adult , Anti-Retroviral Agents/administration & dosage , Antifungal Agents/administration & dosage , Antitubercular Agents/administration & dosage , Coinfection , Cryptococcus neoformans/isolation & purification , HIV Infections/complications , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Humans , Male , Meningitis, Cryptococcal/complications , Meningitis, Cryptococcal/drug therapy , Meningitis, Cryptococcal/physiopathology , Treatment Outcome , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
The central nervous system (CNS) and the immune system are considered major target organs for HIV infection. The neurological manifestations directly related to HIV are acute viral meningitis, chronic meningitis, HIV associated dementia, vacuolar myelopathy and involvement of the peripheral nervous system. Changes in diagnosis and clinical management have changed the aspect of HIV infection so that it is no longer a fatal disease, and has become a chronic disease requiring sustained medical management. After HAART the incidence of most opportunistic infections, including those affecting the CNS, has dropped markedly. Some studies suggest that neurological involvement of infected patient occur with different frequency, depending on HIV subtype involved in the infection. Subtype C may have reduced neuroinvasive capacity, possibly due to its different primary conformation of HIV transactivating regulatory protein (Tat), involved in monocyte chemotaxis. This review focus on physiopathologic aspects of HIV infection in CNS and its correlation with HIV clades.
O sistema nervoso central (SNC) e o sistema imunológico são considerados os principais órgãos alvo na infecção pelo HIV. As manifestações neurológicas diretamente relacionadas ao HIV são meningites virais aguda e crônica, demência associada ao HIV, mielopatia vacuolar e envolvimento do sistema nervoso periférico. Mudanças no diagnóstico e sobrevida têm mudado o aspecto da infecção pelo HIV, não mais considerada uma doença fatal e sim crônica. Após HAART, a incidência da maioria das doenças oportunistas, incluindo aquelas que afetam o SNC, reduziu-se significativamente. Alguns estudos sugerem que o envolvimento de pacientes infectados ocorre com frequência diferente, dependendo do subtipo de HIV. O subtipo C apresenta uma capacidade reduzida de neuroinvasão, possivelmente devido a conformação primária da sua proteína reguladora da transativação (Tat), que perde sua capacidade quimiotáxica. Esta revisão aborda aspectos fisiopatológicos da infecção do HIV no SNC e subtipos de HIV.
Subject(s)
Humans , AIDS Dementia Complex/virology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/virology , Genetic Variation , HIV-1 , HIV-2 , AIDS Dementia Complex/physiopathology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/physiopathology , Genotype , HIV-1 , HIV-2ABSTRACT
No existen criterios definidos para el tratamiento del sarcoma de Kaposi asociado a infección por VIH en la era de terapia antirretroviral de alta eficacia. Hay evidencias de regresión de lesiones cutáneas solamente con terapia antirretroviral sin quimioterapia; es muy poco probable que lesiones viscerales y mucosas respondan sin administración simultánea de quimioterapia. Estudio prospectivo en pacientes Kaposi de bajo riesgo y alto riesgo, tratando de definir el momento oportuno de quimioterapia simultáneamente con administración de terapia antirretroviral. 66 pacientes 28 (42 por ciento) T0I0S0, 6 (9 por ciento) T0I0S1, 8 (12 por ciento) T0I1S1, 5 (8 por ciento) T1I1S0 y 19 (29 por ciento) T1I1S1. Todos los pacientes T1, T0I1S1 y un tercio de T0I0S1 fueron tratados con quimioterapia (4 a 8 ciclos con doxorrubicina liposomal) ninguno de los pacientes T0I0S0 recibió quimioterapia. Total de 34 respuestas clínicas, 6 (18 por ciento) completas (3 T1I1S1, 2 T1I1S0, y 1 T0I0S1), 23 (68 por ciento) parciales (16 T1I1S1, 3 T1I1S0, 3 T0I1S1 y 1 T0I0S1) y 5 (14 por ciento) estabilizaron enfermedad (T0I1S1). Pacientes con tumor extenso (T1) requieren quimioterapia desde el diagnóstico, y administración de antirretrovirales. Pacientes con tumores localizados, con nivel células CD4 ≤200/μL (II), síntomas sistémicos requieren quimioterapia aproximadamente 2 a 3 meses después del inicio terapia antirretrovitral, ninguno de los pacientes con tumores localizados, sin síntomas sistémicos, y nivel células CD4 > 200/μL (I0) van a requerir quimioterapia, al menos durante un promedio de 20 meses.
At present there are no defined criteria for treating Kaposi´s sarcoma associated with HIV in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Evidence of regression of cutaneous lesions with only retroviral high efficacy therapy without need of chemotherapy; nevertheless, it is very unlikely that visceral or mucous lesions respond to retroviral without simultaneous initiation chemotherapy. Prospective study in low risk and high risk Kaposi patients, trying to define the adequate moment for initiating the chemotherapy simultaneously with retroviral. 66 male Kaposi patients, 28(42 percent) T0I0S0, 6 (9 percent) T0I0S1, 8 (12 percent) T0I1S1, 5 (8 percent) T1I1S0 y 19 (29 percent) T1I1S1. All T1, T0I1S1 and a third of T0I0S1 patients were treated with chemotherapy (4 to 8 cycles with liposomal doxorubicin) but none of the T0I0S0 patients. 34 clinical responses, 6 (18) complete (3 T1I1S1, 2 T1I1S0, and 1 T0I1S1), 23 (68 percent) partial (16 T1I1S1, 3 T1I1S0, 3 T0I1S1, and 1 T0I0S1) and 5 (14 percent) stable disease (T0I1S1). All patients with extensive tumors require chemotherapy administration since the moment of diagnosis, together with retroviral high efficacy agents. Patients with localized tumors, CD4 cell levels ≤ 200/μL), and systemic symptoms will require chemotherapy in approximately 2 to 3 months period after initiation of retroviral, while none of patients with localized tumors, without systemic symptoms, and CD4 cell levels > 200/μL will require chemotherapy, at least in a mean 20 months follow-up period.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , HIV , Doxorubicin/administration & dosage , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/physiopathology , Sarcoma, Kaposi/pathology , Sarcoma, Kaposi/therapy , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/methods , Doxorubicin , Neoplasm Staging/methodsABSTRACT
Background & objectives: Enteric parasites are major cause of diarrhoea in HIV infected individuals. The present study was undertaken to detect enteric parasites in HIV infected patients with diarrhoea at different levels of immunity. Methods: The study was carried out at National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India, between March 2002 and March 2007 among consecutively enrolled 137 HIV infected patients presenting with diarrhoea. Stool samples were collected and examined for enteric parasites by microscopy and special staining methods. CD4 cell counts were estimated using the FACS count system. Results: Intestinal parasitic pathogens were detected in 35 per cent patients, and the major pathogens included Cryptosporidium parvum (12%) the most common followed by Isospora belli (8%), Entamoeba histolytica/Enatmoeba dispar (7%), Microsporidia (1%) and Cyclospora (0.7%). In HIV infected patients with CD4 count < 200 cells/μl, C. parvum was the most commonly observed (54%) pathogen. Proportion of opportunistic pathogens in patients with CD4 count <200 cells/μl was significantly higher as compared with other two groups of patients with CD4 count >200-499 and ≥ 500 cells/μl (P=0.001, P=0.016) respectively. Interpretation & conclusions: Parasitic infections were detected in 35 per cent HIV infected patients and low CD4 count was significantly associated with opportunistic infection. Detection of aetiologic pathogens might help clinicians decide appropriate management strategies.
Subject(s)
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/immunology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/parasitology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/physiopathology , Adult , Diarrhea/etiology , Female , HIV Infections/complications , HIV Infections/immunology , HIV Infections/parasitology , Humans , Immunosuppression Therapy , India , Male , Middle Aged , Young AdultABSTRACT
La reemergencia de la tuberculosis a nivel mundial se vincula a diferentes factores dentro de los cuales está la infección VIH, esto también se ve reflejado en la población pediátrica, planteando dificultades en el diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno, lo que obliga a tratar a nuestros niños por un equipo multidisciplinario.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/etiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/epidemiology , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/therapy , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/epidemiology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/physiopathology , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/physiopathologyABSTRACT
A maioria dos pacientes com Aids apresenta manifestações em região de cabeça e pescoço, que podem inclusive representar sinais iniciais da infecção pelo HIV. O presente artigo descreve as principais manifestações otológicas encontradas nessa população, com seu quadro clínico e propostas de abordagem diagnóstica e terapêutica
Subject(s)
Humans , Ear Diseases , Otitis Media with Effusion/complications , Otitis Media with Effusion/physiopathology , Otitis Externa , Sarcoma, Kaposi , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/physiopathologyABSTRACT
A neurotoxoplasmose se encontra entre as infecções oportunistas mais freqüentemente observadas em pacientes com Aids, sendo superada, no Brasil, apenas pela candidíase e pela pneumocistose. O desenvolvimento de infecção do sistema nervoso central tem sido apontado como um dos fatores que influenciam negativamente o prognóstico dos doentes com Aida. Os autores estudaram retrospectivamente 87 pacientes com o diagnóstico de neurotoxoplasmose (8) hospitalizados entre 1990 e 1995 no Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle, com o objetivo de descrever os pincipais aspectos relacionados a um desfecho clínico desfavorável durante a internação. A média de idade foi de 34,5 anos anos, sendo 67,2 por cento do sexo masculino, 79,3 por cento brancos, 71,3 por cento solteiros e 43,7 por cento homossexuais ou bissexuais masculinos. O valor mediano da contagem de linfócitos em sangue periférico foi de 520/mmü. As infecções oportunistas concomitantes à toxoplasmose mais freqüentemente diagnosticadas foram: candidíase (74,7 por cento), tuberculose (47,1 por cento), herpes simples (24,1 por cento) e criptococose (16,1 por cento). O tempo mediano de internação desses hospitalizados foi de 21,5 dias e a letalidade durante a hospitalização foi de 41,3 por cento. Os pacientes com desfecho fatal eram mais freqüentemente do sexo masculino (Odds Ratio)[OR]=4,7; intervalo com 95 por centro de confiança [IC 95 por centro]=1,2-19,9). Os dados referentes ao não-uso de ácido folínico concomitante ao tratamento específico para toxoplasmose (OR=2,7; IC95 por cento=0,8-8,8) e ao não uso de quimioprofilaxia para a toxoplasmose (OR=1,9; IC 95 por cento=0,6-6,6) apontam para maior risco de evolução para óbito, embora não tenham atingido significância estatística
Subject(s)
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/physiopathology , Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/diagnosis , Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/mortality , Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/therapyABSTRACT
Histoplasmose disseminada progressiva é a forma mais comum da doença em pacientes com Aids e a forma mais comum de manifestação é a febre e perda de peso. O Rx de tórax é normal em 30 por cento - 40 por cento; e o restante dos casos apresenta, geralmente, um ilfiltrado nodular difuso. Relatamos um caso de histoplasmose mesentérica em Aids
Subject(s)
Histoplasmosis , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/etiology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/physiopathology , Mesenteric Lymphadenitis/etiology , Mesenteric Lymphadenitis/physiopathology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/physiopathologyABSTRACT
A pair matched case/control study was conducted from January 1991 to 30 June 1992 in order to define clinical and laboratory findings associated with DMAC infection in AIDS patients. Since DMAC infection is usually associated with advanced immunodeficiency, and therefore also with other opportunistic illnesses, in addition to the number of CD4+ lymphocytes, cases and controls were matched using the following criteria: date of AIDS diagnosis and antiretroviral therapy, number and severity of associated opportunistic infections and, whenever possible, type of Pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis, age and gender, in this order of relevance. Cases (defined as patients presenting at least one positive culture for MAC at a normally sterile site) and controls presented CD4+ lymphocyte counts below 50 cel/mm3. A significantly higher prevalence of general, digestive and respiratory signs, increased LDH levels, low hemoglobin levels and CD4+ cell counts were recorded for cases when compared to controls. Increases in gammaGT and alkaline phosphatase levels seen in cases were also recorded for controls. In conclusion, the strategy we used for selecting controls allowed us to detect laboratory findings associated to DMAC infection not found in other advanced immunossupressed AIDS patients without DMAC
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Adult , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/complications , Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection/complications , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/blood , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/physiopathology , Case-Control Studies , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection/blood , Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection/physiopathology , Time FactorsABSTRACT
A diarréia é um eventos freqüente em pacientes imunodeprimidos. Tem características próprias, diferentes daquelas exibidas em imunocompetentes. Nos pacientes com vírus da imunodeficiência adquirida, diversos agentes etiológicos causam infecção e disfunção do sistema digestivo, de modo semelhantes aos receptores de transplantes, pacientes em uso de drogas imunossupressoras, portadores de doenças crônicas e idosos. O artigo expõe a visão atual sobre etiologia, evolução e terapêutica da diarréia na depressão imunológica
Subject(s)
Humans , Diarrhea/etiology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/physiopathology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Helminthiasis/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Ilustramos el caso de un paciente de 40 años de edad, sexo masculino, homosexual, con sarcoma de kaposi gastrointestinal sin lesiones cutáneas como primera manifestación de SIDA, quien presentaba lesión en el dorso de la lengua de aspecto polipoide y violácea asociada a pólipos rectales. Se realizaron estudios de vías digestivas altas y colon enema de doble contraste los cuales evidenciaron lesiones nodulares son umbilicación central y compresiones extrínsecas en la mayor parte del tracto gastrointestinal. Se confirmó diagnostico de sarcoma de kaposi mediante biopsia de las lesiones.El reporte de este caso único quiere ilustrar la presentación radiológica del sarcoma de Kaposi en el tracto gastrointestinal sin compromiso cutáneo y como primera manifestación de SIDA.
Subject(s)
Humans , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/etiology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/physiopathology , Sarcoma, Kaposi/diagnosis , Sarcoma, Kaposi/etiology , Sarcoma, Kaposi/physiopathology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complicationsABSTRACT
Pneumocystis carinii (PC) es un microorganismo, incluido entre los hongos, que infecta a muchos mamíferos. En el hombre, produce fundamentalmente neumonías intersticiales en sujetos con deterioro de la inmunidad celular. La infección es adquirida en la primera infancia, quizá po vía inhalatoria. La incidencia de neumonia por PC (PCP) era muy baja hasta el advenimiento del SIDA. Desde entonces, aumentó drásticamente. A pesar del manejo adecaudo sigue siendo un grave problema para los pacientes HIV/SIDA. Recientemente se describieron casos de pacientes que presentaron PCP a pesar de haber cumplido con la profilaxis. En esos casos se descubrió la presencia de multaciones en el gen que codifica la enzima dihidropteroato sintetase de PC, que le permite evadir la acción de las sulfas. Desde el advenimiento de la terapia altamente efectiva (HAART) contra el HIV, la incidencia de PCP se redujo notablemente. Algunos autores plantean la suspensión de la profilaxis cuando el recuento de linfocitos CD4 aumenta en respuesta a HAART.
Subject(s)
Humans , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections , Pneumonia, Pneumocystis , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/complications , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/drug therapy , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/physiopathology , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/complications , Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/drug therapy , Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/physiopathology , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Os autores fazem uma revisão de literatura sobre infecções oportunistas na criança HIV positiva, enfocando aspectos clínicos, métodos diagnósticos e tratamento
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/physiopathology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/therapyABSTRACT
El diagnóstico de histoplasmosis diseminada en pacientes con SIDA representa un reto. Cuando la histoplasmosis se manifiesta inicialmente en piel, el diagnóstico conlleva mayor dificultad por presentar un cuadro clínico inespecífico. Presentamos el curso de nueve pacientes con SIDA e histoplasmosis cutánea atendidos de 1987 a 1998. El diagnóstico se estableció por el estudio histopatológico y el asilamiento del hongo de la piel. Las lesiones cutáneas más frecuentes fueron pápulas (6/9) combinadas con nódulos o pústulas en 6/9 casos; (1/9), placas y nódulos (1/9). La dermatosis, pero todos cursaron con fiebre, 7/9 con hepatomegalia y esplenomegalia, y 5/9 con pérdida de peso. La cuenta de linfocitos CD4+ al diagnóstico de histoplasmosis fue baja (media de 47.7 células µL). El tratamiento fue con anfotericina B e intraconazol para manejo supresivo y de mantenimiento. Cinco pacientes murieron. Uno, un día posterior al diagnóstico y cuatro a los 5, 8, 11 y 12 meses del inicio del tratamiento. Cuatro están vivos a los 3, 3, 19 y 26 meses de seguimiento. Conclusiones. La histoplasmosis cutánea en pacientes con SIDA se debe considerar cuando existan pápulas o placas en cara y tronco con fiebre y hepato y esplenomegalia. El estudio histopatológico y el cultivo de piel o de médula ósea fueron procedimientos útiles para el diagnóstico, pero la biopsia de piel permitió un diagnóstico más rápido
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/drug therapy , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/mortality , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/physiopathology , Dermatomycoses/complications , Dermatomycoses/diagnosis , Dermatomycoses/drug therapy , Histoplasmosis/complications , Histoplasmosis/diagnosis , Histoplasmosis/drug therapy , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy , Amphotericin B/therapeutic use , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , Homosexuality, Male , Itraconazole/therapeutic useABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis is endemic in India and its prevalence is reported to be increasing in patients with human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) infection. Several factors, including the level of immune deficiency, influence the clinical presentation of HIV-associated tuberculosis. METHODS: Between April 1994 and April 1996, 1820 patients with confirmed HIV infection were studied for their clinical, radiological and laboratory parameters. Severe weight loss was observed as a frequent presenting complaint. Hence, a case-control analysis was performed using severe weight loss as the presenting criterion among HIV-seropositive patients. RESULTS: Of the 1820 patients with HIV infection, 410 (23%) presented with severe weight loss of > 10% of body weight within the preceding month. Of these 410 patients, 176 (43%) had tuberculosis, 94 (23%) had chronic diarrhoea, and 89 (22%) had recurrent fever. Among 176 patients with tuberculosis, the following types of HIV-associated tuberculosis were seen: 115/176 (66%) had pulmonary, 49/176 (28%) had extrapulmonary tuberculosis; of these 49 cases with extrapulmonary tuberculosis 33 (18%) had disseminated tuberculosis, and 12/176 (7%) had both pulmonary and extrapulmonary involvement. In the group as a whole, 45/176 (25%) cases had disseminated tuberculosis. Clinical features of HIV-associated tuberculosis in decreasing order of frequency were chronic fever, chronic cough, lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. The Mantoux skin test was significantly anergic among patients with extrapulmonary and disseminated tuberculosis (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant correlation between severe weight loss and tuberculosis (RR 17.5), chronic diarrhoea (RR 12.8) and recurrent fever (RR 4.5). The diagnostic value of the Mantoux skin test among HIV-associated tuberculosis is reduced, more so among those with extrapulmonary and disseminated forms.
Subject(s)
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/physiopathology , Adult , Female , Humans , India , Male , Tuberculosis/physiopathology , Weight LossABSTRACT
La tuberculosis (TBC) es una enfermedad infecciosa, crónica, causada por Mycobacterium tuberculosis y M. bovis. Reemerge como enfermedad epidémica en 1986, considerandose la epidemia concomitante de SIDA como factor contributivo importante. En la actualidad ha infectado a 1,7 millores de personas, con 8 millones de casos nuevos y 3 millones de muertes por año, siendo la principal causa de muerte en SIDA (más del 30 porciento). En Colombia, se notifican aproximadamente 10.000 casos nuevos/año, 8-30 porciento relacionados con VIH. El número de personas coinfectadas en toda el mundo se calcula en 5, 6 millones. EL VIH ataca directamente el mecanismo de defenza contra la TBC, lo que favorece la diseminación de la enfermedad. El riesgo de progresar la Tbc activa en los coinfectados es de 8 porciento por año, contra 0.2 porciento/año en los infectados solo por TBC. Este riesgo aumenta en pacientes PPD >5 mm, anérgicos o con CD4+ <200/ul. Las características clínicas de los pacientes coinfectados varía con el grado de inmunosupresión y tiempo de adquisición del M. tuberculosis. La PPD, radiografía de tórax y BK de esputo siguen siendo los pilares diagnosticos. Los pacientes coinfectados deben recibir el mejor tratamiento antituberculoso disponible. El esquema debe ser corto, supervisado estrictamente y basarse en: rinfanpicina, isoniazida, pirazinamida y estreptomicina o ethambutol. Se recomienda la profilaxis en áreas con alta prevalencia de TBC. La coinfección por VIH agrava la situación epidemiológica de la TBC, especialmente en paises en desarrollo. Existen pruebas de que la TBC agrava el curso de la infección por VIH
Subject(s)
Humans , Tuberculosis/diagnosis , Tuberculosis/etiology , Tuberculosis/therapy , Tuberculosis/epidemiology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/etiology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/physiopathology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Based on their own experience on the literature, the authors compare the brain pathology due to HIV+ associated Trypanosoma cruzi reactived infecction to that described for the natural history of the Chagas' disease (CD). The peculiar focal necrotizing chagasic meningoencephalitis (MECNF) which appears only in immunedeficient chagasics, especially when the deficiency is due HIV is a safe criterion for reactivation of CD. MECNF morphologic findings are unlike to those found either for some cases of acute phase CD or for chronic nervous form of CD.
Subject(s)
Humans , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/pathology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/physiopathology , Brain/pathology , Chagas Disease/pathology , Meningoencephalitis/parasitology , Meningoencephalitis/pathology , Acute Disease , Chronic DiseaseABSTRACT
O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a prevalência de determinadas espécies de micoplasmas, tais como, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum e Mycoplasma penetrans, em swabs uretrais de pacientes infectados com HIV-1 comparando com um grupo controle. Micoplasmas foram detectados por técnicas padräo de cultivo e pela reacäo de polimerase em cadeia para a qual foram utilizados "primers" genericos obtidos da regiäo conservada 16sRNA e "primers" nos dois metodos foi comparavel. Contudo, o PCR mostrou ser mais sensivel nas condicöes empregadas enquanto que o cultivo permitiu a quantificacäo dos isolados. Os resultados demonstraram näo haver diferenças significantes (p<0,05) nas taxas de positividade entre os metodos empregados para a detecçäo dos micoplasmas