Gnathostomiasis acquired after consumption of raw freshwater fish in the Amazon region: a report of two cases in Brazil

Abstract Gnathostomiasis is a parasitic zoonosis caused by the helminth Gnathostoma spp., acquired through the consumption of raw or undercooked contaminated aquatic animals.The disease is endemic in Southeast Asia and Central America. Two male patients, both middle-aged, presented with single itchy erythemato-edematous plaques on the anterior thorax and left flank. Both had consumed raw fish in the Amazon region. The clinical and epidemiological examinations suggested gnathostomiasis, and treatment with albendazole caused total regression of the lesions. Health teams should be familiar with the disease to provide correct diagnosis. The control strategy should be based on health education for the population.

Vulvitis migratoria causada por gnatostomiasis importada / Migratory vulvitis caused by imported gnathostomiasis

Resumen La gnatostomiasis es una parasitosis emergente en países no endémicos. Este nematodo zoonótico requiere de agua dulce para su ciclo de vida, donde sus larvas se enquistan principalmente en peces. La migración subcutánea de las larvas produce habitualmente una paniculitis eosinofílica de rápido avance. Se describe un caso clínico de un paciente con una lesión migratoria, sin mejoría clínica con terapia antibacteriana. La búsqueda de factores de riesgo, sumado a la evolución y a los hallazgos de laboratorio hizo sospechar el diagnóstico. La gnatostomiasis debe ser sospechado en pacientes con lesiones de piel migratorias, que han consumido pescado crudo durante viajes a países endémicos en Sudamérica o Asia.

Gnathostomiasis is an emerging disease in non-endemic countries. This zoonotic nematode requires aquatic freshwater environments to complete its life cycle where larvae get encrusted in fishes. Typically, the infection manifests as migratory subcutaneous lesion caused by the larvae trak, which produces an eosinophilic panniculitis. Here we describe a patient who presented a migratory lesion with no response to antimicrobial therapy, a careful travel and food history together with specific laboratory tests led to the correct diagnosis. Gnathostomiasis should be suspected in patients with migratory skin lesions who have consumed raw freshwater fish during travel to endemic countries in South America or Asia.

Gnathostomiasis: an emerging infectious disease relevant to all dermatologists

Abstract: Gnathostomiasis is a parasitic infection caused by the third larval stage of nematodes of the genus Gnathostoma. The disease is endemic in some countries around the world. In the American continent, the majority of cases is concentrated in Mexico, Ecuador, and Peru. However, due to increasing traveling either at the intercontinental or intracontinental level, the disease is seen each time more frequently in tourists. Furthermore, countries, such as Brazil, that have never been considered endemic are reporting autochthonous cases. The disease usually presents as a deep-seated or slightly superficial migratory nodule in patients with history of eating raw fish, in the form of ceviche, sushi, or sashimi. Along with the clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria include either blood or tissue eosinophilia. In most instances, these criteria are enough for the attending physician to institute therapy. Chances of finding the parasite are low, unless the biopsy is taken from a very specific area that develops after antiparasitic treatment is started. The potential of other organ involvement with more serious consequences should always be kept in mind.

An Overview of Fish-borne Nematodiases among Returned Travelers for Recent 25 Years– Unexpected Diseases Sometimes Far Away from the Origin

Along with globalization of traveling and trading, fish-borne nematodiases seems to be increasing in number. However, apart from occasional and sporadic case reports or mini-reviews of particular diseases in particular countries, an overview of fish-borne nematodiasis among travelers have never been performed. In this review, we gathered fish-borne nematodiasis among travelers for recent 25 years by an extensive global literature survey using appropriate keywords, e.g. travelers diseases, human infection, anisakiasis, gnathostomiasis, capillariasis, sushi, sashimi, ceviche, Gnathostoma, Pseudoterranova, Anisakis, Capillaria, etc., as well as various combinations of these key words. The Internet search engines PubMed, Medline, Google and Googler Scholar were used as much as possible, and the references of every paper were checked in order to identify useful and reliable publications. The results showed unexpectedly high incidence of gnathostomiasis and low incidence of anisakidosis. The different incidence values of the infection with several fish-borne zoonotic nematode species are discussed, as well as some epidemiological aspects of the infections. The difficulties of differential diagnosis in non-endemic countries are emphasized. It is concluded that travelers must avoid risky behaviors which can lead to infection and that physicians and health authorities must advice travelers on the risks of eating behaviors during travel.

Gnatostomiasis cutánea, primer caso confirmado en Colombia / Cutaneous gnathostomiasis, first confirmed case in Colombia

La gnatostomiasis es una zoonosis parasitaria causada por algunas especies del género de helmintos Gnathostoma . La presentación clínica es muy variada y su diagnóstico constituye un desafío; es endémica en países tropicales y subtropicales, y la transmisión se asocia con el consumo de carne de animales acuáticos, cruda o mal cocida. En las últimas décadas, el creciente turismo internacional y el consumo de alimentos exóticos, han provocado un notable aumento de casos de la enfermedad. En nuestro país no se ha reportado ningún caso confirmado de gnatostomiasis. Se presenta el caso de un hombre colombiano de 63 años de edad, viajero frecuente al exterior, que consultó por presentar síntomas gastrointestinales. Durante la hospitalización desarrolló una lesión cutánea en el flanco abdominal derecho, de la cual se extrajo una larva cuya descripción morfológica permitió clasificarla como Gnathostoma spinigerum . Se trata de la primera confirmación de un caso importado de gnatostomiasis en Colombia. En este artículo se discuten las generalidades, la etiología, la patogenia y el tratamiento de la enfermedad, con especial énfasis en las características particulares de este paciente.

Gnathostomiasis is a parasitic zoonosis caused by some species of helminthes belonging to the genus Gnathostoma . It has a wide clinical presentation and its diagnosis is a challenge. Tropical and subtropical countries are endemic, and its transmission is associated with eating raw or undercooked meat from fresh water animals. Increasing global tourism and consuming exotic foods have produced a noticeable rise in cases of the disease in the last decades. However, in our country, there has not been any confirmed case of gnathostomiasis previously reported. We present the case of a 63-year-old Colombian man with an international travel history, who presented with gastrointestinal symptoms. During the hospital stay, he developed a cutaneous lesion on the upper right abdominal quadrant, where later, a larva was found. A morphological study allowed us to identify it as Gnathostoma spinigerum . As such, this is the first report of an imported case of gnathostomiasis confirmed in Colombia. This article describes the principles, etiology, pathogenic cycle and treatment of this disease with special considerations to our patient´s particular features.

Larval Gnathostoma spinigerum Detected in Asian Swamp Eels, Monopterus albus, Purchased from a Local Market in Yangon, Myanmar

The present study was performed to determine the infection status of swamp eels with Gnathostoma sp. larvae in Myanmar. We purchased total 37 Asian swamp eels, Monopterus albus, from a local market in Yangon in June and December 2013 and 2014. All collected eels were transferred with ice to our laboratory and each of them was examined by the artificial digestion technique. A total of 401 larval gnathostomes (1-96 larvae/eel) were detected in 33 (89.2%) swamp eels. Most of the larvae (n=383; 95.5%) were found in the muscle. The remaining 18 larvae were detected in the viscera. The advanced third-stage larvae (AdL3) were 2.3-4.4 mm long and 0.25-0.425 mm wide. The characteristic head bulb (0.093 x 0.221 mm in average size) with 4 rows of hooklets, muscular long esophagus (1.025 mm), and 2 pairs of cervical sacs (0.574 mm) were observed by light microscopy. The average number of hooklets in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th rows was 41, 45, 48, and 51, respectively. As scanning electron microscopic findings, the characteristic 4-5 rows of hooklets on the head bulb, a cervical papilla, tegumental spines regularly arranged in the transverse striations, and an anus were well observed. Based on these morphological characters, they were identified as the AdL3 of Gnathostoma spinigerum. By the present study, it has been confirmed for the first time that Asian swamp eels, M. albus, from Yangon, Myanmar are heavily infected with G. spinigerum larvae.

Dermatosis de origen alimentario al regreso de un viaje: gnathostomiasis / Foodborne dermatosis after traveling: gnathostomiasis

Se describe el caso de un paciente de 32 años de edad, residente en Buenos Aires, con manifestaciones dermatológicas compatibles con gnathostomiasis. Había realizado un viaje a Colombia en el mes previo a la aparición de la sintomatología. Allí consumió cebiche (pescado crudo marinado en jugo de limón) en reiteradas oportunidades. El cuadro clínico se presentó como paniculitis eritematosa y migratoria acompañada de eosinofilia sanguínea. Se le realizó biopsia cutánea de una lesión y el diagnóstico anatomopatológico fue "paniculitis eosinofílica". La tríada de paniculitis migratoria, eosinofilia sanguínea y el consumo de pescado crudo durante el viaje a Colombia fue sugestiva de gnathostomiasis por lo que se indicó tratamiento con ivermectina con buena evolución inicial y recaída posterior. Se realizó un nuevo tratamiento con la misma droga con buena evolución y sin recaídas durante tres años de seguimiento. La afección dermatológica es un motivo frecuente de consulta al regreso de un viaje, y representa la tercera causa de morbilidad en viajeros. Es muy importante el reconocimiento de las enfermedades que pueden tener manifestación cutánea, ya que muchas de ellas son potencialmente graves y pueden poner en riesgo la vida del paciente si no son oportunamente diagnosticadas y tratadas.

We describe a case of a 32-year-old man, resident in Buenos Aires, with dermatologic manifestations compatible with gnathostomiasis. The patient had traveled to Colombia in the month prior to the onset of symptoms. There, he repeatedly ate ceviche (raw fish marinated in lemon juice). He presented with an erythematous migratory panniculitis accompanied by eosinophilia. He underwent skin biopsy of a lesion and pathological diagnosis was "eosinophilic panniculitis". The triad of migratory panniculitis, eosinophilia and consume of raw fish during the trip to Colombia was suggestive of gnathostomiasis. Ivermectin treatment started out with good initial response but subsequent relapse. We performed a new treatment with the same drug with good results and no relapses during three years of follow up. The dermatological disease is common upon return from a trip, and is the third leading cause of morbidity in travelers. It is very important to recognize cutaneous manifestations of disease as many of them are potentially serious and may compromise the patient's life if not promptly diagnosed and treated.

Detection of Gnathostoma spinigerum Antibodies in Sera of Non-Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Patients in Thailand

Gnathostoma spinigerum can cause subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The detection of specific antibodies in serum against G. spinigerum antigen is helpful for diagnosis of neurognathostomiasis. There is limited data on the frequency of G. spinigerum infection in non-traumatic SAH. A series of patients diagnosed as non-traumatic SAH at the Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen University, Thailand between January 2011 and January 2013 were studied. CT or MR imaging of the brain was used for diagnosis of SAH. Patients were categorized as aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (A-SAH) or non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (NA-SAH) according to the results of cerebral angiograms. The presence of specific antibodies in serum against 21- or 24-kDa G. spinigerum antigen was determined using the immunoblot technique. The detection rate of antibodies was compared between the 2 groups. Of the 118 non-traumatic SAH patients for whom cerebral angiogram and immunoblot data were available, 80 (67.8%) patients had A-SAH, whereas 38 (32.2%) had NA-SAH. Overall, 23.7% were positive for specific antibodies against 21- and/or 24-kDa G. spinigerum antigen. No significant differences were found in the positive rate of specific antibodies against G. spinigerum in both groups (P-value=0.350).

A Recombinant Matrix Metalloproteinase Protein from Gnathostoma spinigerum for Serodiagnosis of Neurognathostomiasis

Neurognathostomiasis is a severe form of human gnathostomiasis which can lead to disease and death. Diagnosis of neurognathostomiasis is made presumptively by using clinical manifestations. Immunoblotting, which recognizes antigenic components of molecular mass 21 kDa and 24 kDa in larval extracts of Gnathostoma spinigerum (Gs 21/24), has high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of neurognathostomiasis. However, only very small amounts of the Gs 21/24 antigens can be prepared from parasites harvested from natural or experimental animals. To overcome this problem, we recently produced a recombinant matrix metalloproteinase (rMMP) protein from G. spinigerum. In this study, we evaluated this rMMP alongside the Gs 21/24 antigens for serodiagnosis of human neurognathostomiasis. We studied sera from 40 patients from Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen University, Thailand, with clinical criteria consistent with those of neurognathostomiasis, and sera from 30 healthy control adults from Thailand. All sera were tested for specific IgG antibodies against both G. spinigerum crude larval extract and rMMP protein using immunoblot analysis. The sensitivity and specificity for both antigenic preparations were all 100%. These results show that G. spinigerum rMMP protein can be used as an alternative diagnostic antigen, in place of larval extract, for serodiagnosis of neurognathostomiasis.

Cutaneous Gnathostomiasis with Recurrent Migratory Nodule and Persistent Eosinophilia: a Case Report from China

The present study reports a human case of cutaneous gnathostomiasis with recurrent migratory nodule and persistent eosinophilia in China. A 52-year-old woman from Henan Province, central China, presented with recurrent migratory reddish swelling and subcutaneous nodule in the left upper arm and on the back for 3 months. Blood examination showed eosinophila (21.2%), and anti-sparganum antibodies were positive. Skin biopsy of the lesion and histopathological examinations revealed dermal infiltrates of eosinophils but did not show any parasites. Thus, the patient was first diagnosed as sparganosis; however, new migratory swellings occurred after treatment with praziquantel for 3 days. On further inquiring, she recalled having eaten undercooked eels and specific antibodies to the larvae of Gnathostoma spinigerum were detected. The patient was definitely diagnosed as cutaneous gnathostomiasis caused by Gnathostoma sp. and treated with albendazole (1,000 mg/day) for 15 days, and the subsequent papule and blister developed after the treatment. After 1 month, laboratory findings indicated a reduced eosinophil count (3.3%). At her final follow-up 18 months later, the patient had no further symptoms and anti-Gnathostoma antibodies became negative. Conclusively, the present study is the first report on a human case of cutaneous gnathostomiasis in Henan Province, China, based on the past history (eating undercooked eels), clinical manifestations (migratory subcutaneous nodule and persistent eosinophilia), and a serological finding (positive for specific anti-Gnathostoma antibodies).

Gnathostoma spinigerum Infection in the Upper Lip of a Korean Woman: An Autochthonous Case in Korea

Autochthonous human gnathostomiasis had never been reported in the Republic of Korea. We report here a case of Gnathostoma spinigerum infection in a 32-year-old Korean woman, presumed to have been infected via an indigenous route. The patient had experienced a painful migratory swelling near the left nasolabial fold area of the face for a year, with movement of the swelling to the mucosal area of the upper lip 2 weeks before surgical removal of the lesion. Histopathological examinations of the extracted tissue revealed inflammation with heavy eosinophilic infiltrations and sections of a nematode suggestive of a Gnathostoma sp. larva. The larva characteristically revealed about 25 intestinal cells with multiple (3-6) nuclei in each intestinal cell consistent with the 3rd-stage larva of G. spinigerum. The patient did not have any special history of travel abroad except a recent trip, 4 months before surgery, to China where she ate only cooked food. The patient is the first recorded autochthonous case of G. spinigerum infection in Korea.

Modulation of Antibody Responses against Gnathostoma spinigerum in Mice Immunized with Crude Antigen Formulated in CpG Oligonucleotide and Montanide ISA720

This study aimed to investigate the antibody responses in mice immunized with Gnathostoma spinigerum crude antigen (GsAg) incorporated with the combined adjuvant, a synthetic oligonucleotide containing unmethylated CpG motif (CpG ODN 1826) and a stable water in oil emulsion (Montanide ISA720). Mice immunized with GsAg and combined adjuvant produced all antibody classes and subclasses to GsAg except IgA. IgG2a/2b/3 but not IgG1 subclasses were enhanced by immunization with CpG ODN 1826 when compared with the control groups immunized with non-CpG ODN and Montanide ISA or only with Montanide ISA, suggesting a biased induction of a Th1-type response by CpG ODN. After challenge infection with live G. spinigerum larvae, the levels of IgG2a/2b/3 antibody subclasses decreased immediately and continuously, while the IgG1 subclass remained at high levels. This also corresponded to a continuous decrease of the IgG2a/IgG1 ratio after infection. Only IgM and IgG1 antibodies, but not IgG2a/2b/3, were significantly produced in adjuvant control groups after infection. These findings suggest that G. spinigerum infection potently induces a Th2-type biased response.

Positivity and Intensity of Gnathostoma spinigerum Infective Larvae in Farmed and Wild-Caught Swamp Eels in Thailand

From July 2008 to June 2009, livers of the swamp eels (Monopterus alba) were investigated for advanced third-stage larvae (AL3) of Gnathostoma spinigerum. Results revealed that 10.2% (106/1,037) and 20.4% (78/383) of farmed eels from Aranyaprathet District, Sa Kaeo Province and those of wild-caught eels obtained from a market in Min Buri District of Bangkok, Thailand were infected, respectively. The prevalence was high during the rainy and winter seasons. The infection rate abruptly decreased in the beginning of summer. The highest infection rate (13.7%) was observed in September and absence of infection (0%) in March-April in the farmed eels. Whereas, in the wild-caught eels, the highest rate (30.7%) was observed in November, and the rate decreased to the lowest at 6.3% in March. The average no. (mean+/-SE) of AL3 per investigated liver in farmed eels (1.1+/-0.2) was significantly lower (P=0.040) than those in the caught eels (0.2+/-0.03). In addition, the intensity of AL3 recovered from each infected liver varied from 1 to 18 (2.3+/-0.3) in the farmed eels and from 1 to 47 (6.3+/-1.2) in the caught eels, respectively. The AL3 intensity showed significant difference (P=0.011) between these 2 different sources of eels. This is the first observation that farmed eels showed positive findings of G. spinigerum infective larvae. This may affect the standard farming of the culture farm and also present a risk of consuming undercooked eels from the wild-caught and farmed eels.

Imported Intraocular Gnathostomiasis with Subretinal Tracks Confirmed by Western Blot Assay

We report a case of intraocular gnathostomiasis diagnosed by western blot assay in a patient with subretinal tracks. A 15-year-old male patient complained of blurred vision in the right eye, lasting for 2 weeks. Eight months earlier, he had traveled to Vietnam for 1 week and ate raw wild boar meat and lobster. His best-corrected visual acuity was 20/20 in both eyes and anterior chamber examination revealed no abnormalities. Fundus examination showed subretinal tracks in the right eye. Fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography showed linear hyperfluorescence of the subretinal lesion observed on fundus in the right eye. Ultrasound examination revealed no abnormalities. Blood tests indicated mild eosinophilia (7.5%), and there was no abnormality found by systemic examinations. Two years later, the patient visited our department again for ophthalmologic evaluation. Visual acuity remained 20/20 in both eyes and the subretinal tracks in the right eye had not changed since the previous examination. Serologic examination was performed to provide a more accurate diagnosis, and the patient's serum reacted strongly to the Gnathostoma nipponicum antigen by western blot assay, which led to a diagnosis of intraocular gnathostomiasis. This is the first reported case of intraocular gnathostomiasis with subretinal tracks confirmed serologically using western blot in Korea.

The Jeju Weasel, Mustela sibilica quelpartis, A New Definitive Host for Gnathostoma nipponicum Yamaguti, 1941

Adult gnathostomes were discovered in the stomach of the Jeju weasel, Mustela sibilica quelpartis, road-killed in Jeju-do (Province). Their morphological characters were examined to identify the species. Total 50 gnathostome adults were collected from 6 out of 10 weasels examined. In infected weasels, 4-6 worms were grouped and embedded in each granulomatous gastric tumor, except 1 weasel. Male worms were 25.0x1.4 mm in average size, and had a tail with pedunculate papillae, a spicule, and minute tegumental spines. Females were 40.0x2.5 mm in average size, and had a tail without tegumental spines. Pointed and posteriorly curved hooklets were arranged in 8-10 rows on the head bulb. Tegumental spines were distributed from behind the head bulb to the middle portion of the body. The spines were different in size and shape by the distribution level of the body surface. Fertilized eggs were 65.5x38.9 microm in average size, and had a mucoid plug at 1 pole. These gnathostomes from Jeju weasels were identified as Gnathostoma nipponicum Yamaguti, 1941. By the present study, it was confirmed for the first time that G. nipponicum is distributed in Jeju-do, the Republic of Korea, and the Jeju weasel, M. sibilica quelpartis, plays a crucial role for its definitive host.

Discovery of Larval Gnathostoma nipponicum in Frogs and Snakes from Jeju-do (Province), Republic of Korea

A survey was performed to find out the intermediate hosts of Gnathostoma nipponicum in Jeju-do (Province), the Republic of Korea. In August 2009 and 2010, a total of 82 tadpoles, 23 black-spotted pond frogs (Rana nigromaculata), 7 tiger keelback snakes (Rhabdophis tigrinus tigrinus), 6 red-tongue viper snakes (Agkistrodon ussuriensis), and 2 cat snakes (Elaphe dione) were collected in Jeju-do and examined by the pepsin-HCl digestion method. Total 5 gnathostome larvae were detected in 3 (50%) of 6 A. ussuriensis, 70 larvae in 3 of 7 (42.9%) R. tigrinus tigrinus, and 2 larvae in 2 of 82 (8.7%) frogs. No gnathostome larvae were detected in tadpoles and cat snakes. The larvae detected were a single species, and 2.17x0.22 mm in average size. They had characteristic head bulbs, muscular esophagus, and 4 cervical sacs. Three rows of hooklets were arranged in the head bulbs, and the number of hooklets in each row was 29, 33, and 36 posteriorly. All these characters were consistent with the advanced third-stage larvae of G. nipponicum. It has been first confirmed in Jeju-do that R. nigromaculata, A. ussuriensis, and R. tigrinus tigrinus play a role for intermediate and/or paratenic hosts for G. nipponicum.

Gnathostoma hispidum Infection in a Korean Man Returning from China

Human Gnathostoma hispidum infection is extremely rare in the world literature and has never been reported in the Republic of Korea. A 74-year-old Korean man who returned from China complained of an erythematous papule on his back and admitted to our hospital. Surgical extraction of the lesion and histopathological examination revealed sections of a nematode larva in the deep dermis. The sectioned larva had 1 nucleus in each intestinal cell and was identified as G. hispidum. The patient recalled having eaten freshwater fish when he lived in China. We designated our patient as an imported G. hispidum case from China.

Infección por Gnathostoma (Spirurida: Gnathostomatidae) en Hoplias microlepis: prevalencia, correlación con la talla del pez, huéspedes e implicaciones para salud pública en Ecuador / Gnathostoma (Spirurida: Gnathostomatidae) infection in the tigerfish Hoplias microlepis: prevalence, correlation with fish size, hosts, and public health implications

Introducción. La gnathostomiasis humana fue reportada en Ecuador en 1981 a partir del hallazgo del tercer estadio larvario de Gnathostoma en Hoplias microlepis. Debido a que esta zoonosis es transmisible a humanos, su vigilancia y estudio ecoepidemiológico en sus huéspedes silvestres son de particular importancia en salud pública y control sanitario en Ecuador. Objetivo. Contribuir con la evidencia más reciente de infección natural por Gnathostoma en el pez dulceacuícola Hoplias microlepis y su ciclo biológico en sistemas acuáticos de la provincia del Guayas, Ecuador. Materiales y métodos. Se examinaron 74 peces obtenidos en dos localidades (campo de arrozales y mercado de peces) del Cantón Samborondón, provincia del Guayas. La presencia de Gnathostoma fue investigada en músculos de Hoplias microlepis. Se estimaron la abundancia y la prevalencia parasitarias, así como la comparación estadística de la intensidad parasitaria en los dos sitios estudiados y correlaciones de la carga parasitaria versus la talla de los peces. Resultados. La prevalencia total de Gnathostoma fue de 69%, con una abundancia media de 1,70 larvas por pez. La prevalencia parasitaria fue relativamente mayor en los campos de cultivo de arroz (77%) en relación con el mercado local (62%). No se observaron diferencias significativas en las abundancias media de larvas y en las prevalencia entre los dos sitios de estudios (p>0,05). Se encontró una relación directa y significativa entre la carga parasitaria y la longitud del pez (Spearman p<0,05). Conclusiones. La gnathostomiasis sigue siendo prevalente en la zona costera de Ecuador y el agente patógeno es aún encontrado en el huésped intermediario. Diversos mamíferos neotropicales estarían actuando como huésped reservorio definitivo en el ciclo biológico de Gnathostoma en Ecuador.

Introduction. Human gnathostomiasis has been reported in Ecuador since the early 1980s, when natural infections by Gnathostoma third larval stages were found in muscles of the second intermediary host, Hoplias microlepis (tigerfish). In Ecuador, this zoonotic disease is occasionally detected in humans, and its monitoring and eco-epidemiological assessment is of particular interest for its detection and control. Objective. The most recent evidence is provided with respect to natural infections by Gnathostoma as it occurs in the tigerfish (Hoplias microlepis), including insights into its biological cycle. Materials and methods. A total of 74 fish were collected from two localities (rice fields-wetlands and local fish market) of Samborondón County (Guayas Province). Each was examined for the presence of Gnathostoma in muscle of Hoplias microlepis. The abundance intensity and prevalence of parasites was estimated. Statistical comparisons between the two sites and correlations of parasite load versus fish size were conducted. Results. The infection prevalence by Gnathostoma was 69% (95% CI: 57-78%). The overall abundance intensity of parasites averaging the 2 sites was 1.7 larvae per fish. The proportion of infected fish was higher in rice fields (77%) when compared to those from the local fish market (62%). No statistically significant differences between the abundance intensity and prevalence were found between the sites (p>0.05). Parasite load and fish length were significantly correlated (Spearman p<0.05). Conclusions. Gnathostomiasis is a prevalent zoonosis in coastal Ecuador, and its etiologic agent is commonly found in the second intermediary host. Several Neotropical mammals are candidates as definitive reservoir hosts in the Gnathostoma biological cycle.

Gnatostomíase no Brasil: relato de caso / Gnathostomiasis in Brazil: case report

A gnatostomíase é parasitose endêmica em alguns países asiáticos, causada pela ingestão da larva do nematódio Gnathostoma sp, que pode ocorrer no consumo de carne crua de peixes de água doce. Atinge vários órgãos, entre eles a pele, manifestando-se frequentemente como lesão subcutânea migratória. Países da América Central e do Sul como México e Peru vêm apresentando número crescente de casos da doença desde 1970. Este trabalho registra o primeiro caso notificado e publicado no Brasil e alerta para o surgimento dessa doença em áreas anteriormente não endêmicas. Relata-se caso de paciente, com história de viagem ao Peru, que evoluiu com quadro cutâneo compatível com gnatostomíase.

Gnathostomiasis is an endemic disease in Asian countries caused by the ingestion of larval stage of Gnathostoma sp roundworms that may be acquired by eating raw fresh-water fish. It can reach many organs and the skin is one of them, characterized by creeping eruptions and/or migrating erythema. Since 1970 the number of patients affected seems to be increasing in Central and South America countries like Mexico and Peru. This is the first notification and publication of gnathostomiasis in Brazil, and it serves as an alert to the possibility of the emergence of this disease in non-endemic areas. We report a case of a man who traveled to Peru and developed cutaneous features accordant with gnathostomiasis.

Hypereosinophilia and abdominopulmonary gnathostomiasis.

A 16-year-old Thai male presented with sudden onset severe epigastric and right upper quadrant pain, fever (39 degrees C), chills and malaise. He gave no history of underlying disease, migratory swelling or urticarial skin rash. He had a history of frequently eating raw pork. Physical examination revealed a soft abdomen with markedly tender hepatomegaly. His blood count showed extreme leukocytosis with hypereosinophilia. After admission he developed a non-productive cough with left sided chest pain, a chest x-ray showed a left pleural effusion. Serological findings were positive for Gnathostoma larval antigen but not Fasciola antigen. The patient recovered completely after albendazole treatment. His clinical presentation is compatible with abdominopulmonary hypereosinophilic syndrome or visceral larva gnathostomiasis. The presented case is interesting not only for physicians who work in endemic areas of gnathostomiasis but also for clinicians who work in travel medicine clinics in developed countries, to consider abdominopulmonary gnathostomiasis when patients present with the signs and symptoms of visceral larva migrans.