Mechanism of blood-activating and mass-dissipating Chinese patent medicine against hyperplasia of mammary glands and use with other medicine: a review / 中国中药杂志

Caused by endocrine disorder, hyperplasia of mammary glands(HMG) tends to occur in the young with increasing incidence, putting patients at the risk of cancer and threatening the health of women. Therefore, the prevention and treatment of HMG is attracting more and more attention. Amid the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), many scholars have found that Chinese patent medicine has unique advantages and huge potential in treatment of endocrine disorder. Particularly, Chinese patent medicine with the function of blood-activating and mass-dissipating, such as Xiaojin Pills and Xiaozheng Pills, has been commonly used in clinical treatment of HMG, which features multiple targets, obvious efficacy, small side effect, and ease of taking and carrying around. Clinical studies have found that the combination of Chinese patent medicine with other medicine can not only improve the efficacy and relieve symptoms such as hyperplasia and pain but also reduce the toxic and side effects of western medicine. Therefore, based on precious pharmacological research and clinical research, this study reviewed the mechanisms of blood-activating mass-dissipating Chinese patent medicine alone and in combination with other medicine, such as regulating levels of in vivo hormones and receptors, promoting apoptosis, inhibiting angiogenesis, improving hemorheology indexes, enhancing immunity, and boosting antioxidant ability. In addition, limitations and problems were summarized. Thereby, this study is expected to lay a theoretical basis for the further study and clinical application of blood-activating mass-dissipating Chinese patent medicine alone or in combination with other medicine against HMG.

Immunohaematological and rheological parameters in canine visceral leishmaniasis / Parâmetros reológicos e imunohematológicos na leishmaniose visceral canina

Abstract The aim of this study was to find correlations between haematological and rheological parameters in canine visceral leishmaniasis (CLV). Enrolled dogs with CVL (n=31) had a confirmed diagnosis using the rapid test Dual Path Platform (TR DPP®) kit and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay. A control group (n=31) comprised healthy dogs with negative results for the TR DPP® kit and PCR assay. Haematological parameters and total protein, albumin, globulin, and antibody were assessed. The rheological properties of the blood samples were also determined. Erythrocytes, haematocrit and platelet values of dogs in the CVL group were found to be lower than those of the control group. The total protein, globulin and IgG concentrations were higher in serum samples from the CVL group. The blood flow curve demonstrated increased shear rates in the CVL group. The viscosity of the blood from the infected animals was lower than in the healthy dogs. A positive correlation was found between erythrocyte numbers and blood viscosity. These data suggest that changes in the flow curve and viscosity of blood as well as the erythrocyte values may be a viable low-cost alternative for the monitoring of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi encontrar correlações entre parâmetros hematológicos e reológicos na leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC). Cães com LVC (n=31) tiveram diagnóstico confirmado de LVC pelo teste rápido imunocromatográfico (TR DPP®) e o ensaio de Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR). Cães saudáveis ​​ negativos para o TR DPP® e PCR foram alocados no grupo controle (n=31). Foram avaliados parâmetros hematológicos, proteínas totais, albumina, globulina, anticorpos e as propriedades reológicas do sangue. Os valores de eritrócitos, hematócrito e plaquetas de cães do grupo LVC foram menores do que os encontrados no grupo controle. As concentrações de proteína total, globulina e imunoglobulina G (IgG) foram maiores em amostras de soro do grupo LVC. A curva do fluxo sanguíneo apresentou maior taxa de cisalhamento no grupo LVC. A viscosidade sanguínea dos animais infectados foi menor do que a viscosidade do sangue dos animais do grupo controle. Uma correlação positiva foi encontrada entre o número de eritrócitos e a viscosidade do sangue. Esses dados sugerem que as mudanças na curva de fluxo e viscosidade do sangue, bem como os valores de eritrócitos, podem ser uma alternativa viável e de baixo custo para o monitoramento de cães com leishmaniose visceral.

Hemorheologic Alterations in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Presented with an Acute Myocardial Infarction

BACKGROUND: Hemorheologic indices are known to be related to vascular complications in variable clinical settings. However, little is known about the associations between hemorheologic parameters and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the changes of hemorheologic environment inside of blood using hemorheologic parameters, especially the elongation index (EI) and critical shear stress (CSS) in diabetics with versus without AMI. METHODS: A total of 195 patients with T2DM were enrolled. Patients were divided into the study group with AMI (AMI+, n = 77) and control group (AMI−, n = 118) who had no history of coronary artery disease. Hemorheologic parameters such as EI and CSS were measured and compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The EI was lower (30.44%±1.77% in AMI+ and 31.47%±1.48% in AMI−, P < 0.001) but the level of CSS was higher (316.13±108.20 mPa in AMI+ and 286.80±85.34 mPa in AMI−, P = 0.040) in the AMI+. The CSS was significantly related to the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (R² = 0.497, P < 0.001) and use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (R² = 0.574, P = 0.048). CONCLUSION: Diabetics with AMI resulted in adverse hemorheologic changes with lower EI and higher CSS compared to diabetic subjects without AMI. Evaluation of the hemorheologic parameters may provide valuable supplementary information for managing patients with AMI and T2DM.

Hemorheological and Glycemic Parameters and HDL Cholesterol for the Prediction of Cardiovascular Events / Parâmetros Hemorreológicos e Glicêmicos e HDL- Colesterol para a Predição de Eventos Cardiovasculares

Abstract Background: Hemorheological and glycemic parameters and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are used as biomarkers of atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Objective: To investigate the association and clinical relevance of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), fibrinogen, fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and HDL cholesterol in the prediction of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and coronary heart disease (CHD) in an outpatient population. Methods: 708 stable patients who visited the outpatient department were enrolled and followed for a mean period of 28.5 months. Patients were divided into two groups, patients without MACE and patients with MACE, which included cardiac death, acute myocardial infarction, newly diagnosed CHD, and cerebral vascular accident. We compared hemorheological and glycemic parameters and lipid profiles between the groups. Results: Patients with MACE had significantly higher ESR, fibrinogen, fasting glucose, and HbA1c, while lower HDL cholesterol compared with patients without MACE. High ESR and fibrinogen and low HDL cholesterol significantly increased the risk of MACE in multivariate regression analysis. In patients with MACE, high fibrinogen and HbA1c levels increased the risk of multivessel CHD. Furthermore, ESR and fibrinogen were significantly positively correlated with HbA1c and negatively correlated with HDL cholesterol, however not correlated with fasting glucose. Conclusion: Hemorheological abnormalities, poor glycemic control, and low HDL cholesterol are correlated with each other and could serve as simple and useful surrogate markers and predictors for MACE and CHD in outpatients.

Resumo Fundamento: Parâmetros hemorreológicos e glicêmicos e o HDL-colesterol são utilizados como biomarcadores da aterosclerose e trombose. Objetivo: Investigar a associação e a relevância clínica da velocidade de hemossedimentação (VHS), fibrinogênio, glicose de jejum, hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c) e HDL-colesterol na predição de eventos adversos cardiovasculares (EAC) importantes em pacientes ambulatoriais. Métodos: 708 pacientes estáveis ambulatoriais foram incluídos no estudo e acompanhados por um período médio de 28,5 meses. Os pacientes foram subdivididos em pacientes sem EAC e pacientes com EAC, que incluíram morte súbita cardíaca, infarto agudo do miocárdio, doença coronariana recém-diagnosticada, e acidente vascular cerebral. Comparamos os parâmetros hemorreológicos, glicêmicos, e perfis lipídicos entre os grupos. Resultados: Pacientes com EAC apresentaram níveis significativamente mais elevados de VHS, fibrinogênio, glicose de jejum, e HbA1c, e níveis mais baixos de HDL-colesterol em comparação a pacientes sem EAC. VHS e níveis de fibrinogênio elevados, e baixos níveis de HDL-colesterol aumentaram significativamente o risco de EAC em análise de regressão multivariada. Além disso, VHS e fibrinogênio correlacionaram-se positivamente com HbA1c e negativamente com HDL-colesterol, mas não se correlacionaram com glicose de jejum. Conclusão: Distúrbios hemorreológicos, baixo controle glicêmico e baixo nível de HDL-colesterol correlacionam-se entre si e podem ser usados como marcadores substitutos simples, úteis, e como preditores de EAC e doença coronariana em pacientes ambulatoriais.

Effect of ear-acupoint pressing and Ear Apex (HX6,7) bloodletting on haemorheology in chloasma patients with Gan depression pattern / 中国结合医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the therapeutical effect of ear-acupoint pressing combined with Ear Apex (HX6,7) bloodletting on haemorheology in chloasma patients with Gan (Liver) depression pattern.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 180 chloasma patients were randomly assigned to three groups, 60 cases in each. Patients in the earacupuncture (EA) group were treated with ear-acupoint pressing combined with Ear Apex (HX6,7) bloodletting; vitamins C and E were put into practice in the Western medicine (WM) group together with 0.025% tretinoin cream for local external application; patients in the placebo group were treated with urea-cream by external use, while 30 healthy volunteers were in the control group. After a treatment course of 2 months, the changes of haemorheology, injury skin area, colour score and symptom score before and after the treatment were observed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There was no significant difference on whole blood reduced viscosity (high shear, medium shear, and low shear), erythrocyte aggregation index, hematocrit, plasma viscosity among the four groups (F =2.65, P>0.05). Compared with those before treatment, the whole blood viscosity (high shear) and whole blood reduced viscosity (high shear) after treatment in the EA group, the WM group and the placebo group were with no statistical significance (P>0.05). The injury skin area and colour score after treatment were significantly lower than those before treatment in the EA group and the WM group (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in placebo group (P>0.05). Clinical symptoms of the EA group were obviously improved after the 2-month treatment, which was significantly different compared with those before treatment (P<0.05), there was significant difference compared with those of WM group and placebo group (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There was no significant difference on haemorheology index between healthy people and chloasma patients without angionosis, cerebrovascular disease, hematopathy, metabolic disease or any other organic disease. Ear-acupoint pressing combined with Ear Apex (HX6,7) bloodletting can effectively improve concurrent symptoms, lighten chloasma and lower chloasma area in patients accompanied by Gan depression.</p>

Metabolomic profiling reveals distinct patterns of tricarboxylic acid disorders in blood stasis syndrome associated with coronary heart disease / 中国结合医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the underlying metabolomic profifiling of coronary heart disease (CHD) with blood stasis syndrome (BSS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>CHD model was induced by a nameroid constrictor in Chinese miniature swine. Fifteen miniature swine were randomly divided into a model group (n=9) and a control group (n=6), respectively according to arandom number table. After 4 weeks, plasma hemorheology was detected by automatic hemorheological analyzer, indices including hematocrit, plasma viscosity, blood viscosity, rigidity index and erythrocyte sedimentation rate; cardiac function was assessed by echocardiograph to detect left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVED), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDd), ejection fraction (EF), fractional shortening (FS) and other indicators. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and bioinformatics were applied to analyze spectra of CHD plasma with BSS.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The results of hemorheology analysis showed signifificant changes in viscosity, with low shear whole blood viscosity being lower and plasma viscosity higher in the model group compared with the control group. Moreover, whole blood reduction viscosity at high shear rate and whole blood reduction viscosity at low shear rate increased signifificantly (P <0.05). The echocardiograph results demonstrated that cardiac EF and FS showed signifificant difference (P <0.05), with EF values being decreased to 50% or less. The GC-MS data showed that principal component analysis can clearly separate the animals with BSS from those in the control group. The enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes biological pathways results suggested that the patterns involved were associated with dysfunction of energy metabolism including glucose and lipid disorders, especially in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, galactose metabolism and adenosine-triphosphate-binding cassette transporters.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism disorders were the major contributors to the syndrome classifification of CHD with BSS.</p>

Hemorheological Alteration in Patients Clinically Diagnosed with Chronic Liver Diseases

Since liver function is changed by chronic liver diseases, chronic liver disease can lead to different hemorheological alterations during the course of the progression. This study aims to compare alterations in whole blood viscosity in patients with chronic liver disease, focusing on the gender effect. Chronic liver diseases were classified into three categories by patient’s history, serologic markers, and radiologic findings: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (n = 63), chronic viral hepatitis B and C (n = 50), and liver cirrhosis (LC) (n = 35). Whole blood viscosity was measured by automated scanning capillary tube viscometer, while liver stiffness was measured by transient elastography using FibroScan®. Both systolic and diastolic whole blood viscosities were significantly lower in patients with LC than NAFLD and chronic viral hepatitis (P < 0.001) in male patients, but not in female patients. In correlation analysis, there were inverse relationships between both systolic and diastolic whole blood viscosity and liver stiffness (systolic: r = −0.25, diastolic: r = −0.22). Whole blood viscosity was significantly lower in male patients with LC than NAFLD or chronic viral hepatitis. Our data suggest that whole blood viscosity test can become a useful tool for classifying chronic liver disease and determining the prognosis for different types of chronic liver diseases.

Rheological variations among Nigerians with different hemoglobin genotypes

A total of one hundred and Forty-five (145) subjects comprising of 50 homozygous Hemoglobin A subjects (HbAA); 50 heterozygous hemoglobin AS (HbAS) subjects and 45 homozygous hemoglobin S (HbSS) subjects were recruited for this study with a view to ascertain variations in the Hemorheological values possibly associated with the inherited hemoglobin genotype. Some Hemorheological determinants such as whole blood viscosity (WBV) and plasma viscosity (PV) and Plasma Fibrinogen Concentration (PFC) were measured with standard methods. We recorded a relatively unchanged whole blood viscosities in subjects with various hemoglobin genotypes (AA; AS and SS; P0.05; respectively). Also; there were no significant differences in PV values of HbAA and HbAS while there were significant increases in PV and PFC of HbSS compared with others (P0.05; respectively). However; relative erythrocyte viscosity (REV) of HbSS became significantly reduced when repeated with saline after replacing plasma with saline (P0.05; respectively); to ascertain the erythrocytic cellular viscosity. We conclude that increased plasma viscosity coupled with that of PFC in HBSS could be due to plasmatic components and that cellular rheologic properties of the erythrocytes may be dependent on its content of hemoglobin while whole blood viscosities are stable in native blood irrespective of haemoglobin genotypes

Intra and postoperative evaluations of microcirculation and micro-rheological parameters in a rat model of musculocutaneous flap ischemia-reperfusion

PURPOSE:To examine how the ischemia-reperfusion injury of latissimus dorsi-cutaneous maximus (LDCM) musculocutaneous flap affects the microcirculatory (flap's skin surface) and hemorheological parameters, and whether an intraoperative deterioration would predictively suggest flap failure in the postoperative period.METHODS: Ten healthy male rats were subjected to the study. In Group I the left flap was sutured back after 2-hour, while the contralateral side was right after its elevation. In Group II the same technique was applied, but the pedicle of the left flap was atraumatically clamped for 2-hour. The contralateral side was left intact. On the flap skin surface laser Doppler tissue flowmetry measurements were done before and after and during the protocols applied in the groups. Microcirculatory and hemorheological examinations were done postoperatively.RESULTS: The microcirculatory parameters significantly decreased during immobilization and ischemia. Afterwards, all the regions showed normalization. In the retrospective analysis there was a prominent difference between the microcirculatory parameters of necrotic and survived flap during the early postoperative days (1-3) in Group II. Erythrocyte aggregation and deformability showed only slight differences.CONCLUSIONS: Two-hour ischemia and reperfusion caused deterioration in latissimus dorsi-cutaneous maximus flap microcirculation. Predicting the possible postoperative complication, the intraoperative laser Doppler measurement can be informative.

Research on Hemorheology in Rats with Acute Hyperuricemia / 生物医学工程学杂志

Hyperuricemia is a risk factor for various diseases, but knowledge on acute hyperuricemia is still not sufficient. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of acute hyperuricemia on red blood cells from hemorheological point of view, and to provide the reference for clinical treatment. The rats were gavaged with 500 mg/kg hypoxanthine and intraperitoneally injected with 100 mg/kg oxonate to induce the model of acute hyperuricemia. The same volume of blood samples were drawn within time period of 0, 1, 2, 3 and 6 h, respectively, from the inner canthus of rats to measure the serum uric acid, hemorheological parameters and the malondialdehyde level. It was found that in each period of 1, 2 and 3 h, the rats had significantly higher levels of uric acid. The integrated deformation index and relax index were increased. The hemolysis rate was significantly reduced. The plasma malondialdehyde level was obviously decreased at the end of 2 h. The results suggested that short-term elevated uric acid could improve the hemorheological parameters and the lipid oxidative level in red blood cells.

Effect of Magnesium Sulfate, Nifedipine Tablet Combined Salvia Injection on ET-1/NO, TXA2/PGI2 and Hemorheology of Preeclampsia Patients / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effect of magnesium sulfate, Nifedipine Tablet (NT) combined Salvia Injection (SI) on endothelin-1 (ET-1), nitric oxide (NO), thromboxane A2(TXA2), prostacyclin I2(PG2), and hemorheology of preeclampsia patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Totally 704 preeclampsia patients were randomly assigned to the treatment group and the control group, 352 cases in each group. All patients were treated with magnesium sulfate combined NT (on the first day: slow intravenous injection of magnesium sulfate 5 g + intravenous dripping of magnesium sulfate injection 10 g + oral administration of NT 30 mg; on the second and third day, intravenous dripping of magnesium sulfate injection 10 g + oral administration of NT 30 mg), while those in the treatment group were dripped with SI additionally at 20 mL per day for 3 consecutive days. Before and after treatment plasma levels of endothelin-1 (ET-1), nitric oxide (NO), TXA2, PGi2, and hemorheology indicators [such as high blood viscosity (HBV), low blood viscosity (LBV), plasma viscosity (PV), erythrocyte rigidity index (ERI), fibrinogen (FIB)] of two groups were detected.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the same group before treatment, serum levels of ET-1, TXA2, HBV, LBV, PV, ERI, and FIB decreased in the two groups after treatment (P <0. 05), but levels of NO and PG2 increased (P <0. 05). Compared with the control group in the same period, levels of ET-1, TXA2, HBV, LBV, PV, ERI, and FIB decreased in the treatment group after treatment (P <0. 05), but levels of NO and PGI2 increased (P <0. 05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Magnesium sulfate, NT combined SI could effectively regulate the balance of ET-1/NO and TXA2/PGI2, and improve hemorheology of preeclampsia patients.</p>

Investigation of Evolution Rules of Phlegm and Blood Stasis Syndrome in Hyperlipidemia and Ath- erosclerosis by NMR-based Metabolic Profiling and Metabonomic Approaches / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore evolution rules of phlegm and blood stasis syndrome ( PBSS) in hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis (AS) using NMR-based metabolic profiling and metabonomic approaches based on formulas corresponding to syndrome.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Totally 150 SD rats were divided into the normal group, the model group, the Erchen Decoction (ED) group, the Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction (XZD) group, the Lipitor group, 30 in each group. The hyperlipidemia and AS rat model was duplicated by suturing carotid artery, injecting vitamin D3, and feeding with high fat diet. ED and XZD were used as drug probes. Blood samples were withdrawn at week 2, 4, and 8 after modeling. Blood lipids, blood rheology, histopathology and metabolomics were detected and analyzed. Results Results of blood lipids and pathology showed hyperlipidemia and early AS rat models were successfully established. At week 2 after modeling, levels of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) significantly increased, which reached the peak at week 4 and maintained at higher levels at week 8. ED exerted obvious effect in improving TC and LDL-C levels of early models, while XZD could greatly improve levels of TC and LDL-C of late models. Rheological results showed at week 2, there was no significant difference in whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, or hematocrit between the model group and the normal group (P > 0.05). At week 4 partial hemorheological indicators (such as plasma viscosity) were abnormal. Till week 8 whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, and hematocrit were significantly abnormal (P <0. 05, P < 0.01). As time went by, whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, and hematocrit showed gradual increasing tendency in the ED group, while they showed gradual decreasing tendency in the XZD group. Results of metabonomics showed significant difference in spectra of metabolites between the normal group and the model group. As modeling time was prolonged, contents of acetyl glucoprotein and glucose in the model group increased in late stage, which was in. line with results of blood lipids and hemorheology. ED showed more obvious effect in early and mid-term modeling (at week 2 and 4), and increased contents of partial metabolites (such as choline, phosphatidyl choline, glycerophosphocholine), but these changes in the XZD group were consistent with those of the model group. In late modeling (at week 8) XZD showed more obvious effect in improving contents of lactic acid, acetyl glycoprotein, LDL, creatine, choline, and glucose.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>ED and XZD not only showed regulatory effects on lipid disorders, but also could improve dysbolism of Chos. In formulas corresponding to syndrome, damp-phlegm was main pathogenesis of hyperlipidema and AS in early and mid stages. Blood stasis syndrome began to occur along with it progressed. Phlegm can result in blood stasis and intermingles with stasis. Phlegm turbidity runs through the whole process.</p>

Effect of Combination Therapy of Tetramethylpyrazine with Methotrexate on Inflammatory Reac- tions and Hemorheology in Collagen-induced Arthritis Rats / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the effect of combination therapy of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) with methotrexate (MTX) on collagen induced arthritis (CIA) rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Totally 55 male SD rats were stratified by body weight. Nine of them were randomly recruited as the normal control group. The rest 46 were immunized with type II bovine collagen (C II) for establishing rheumatoid arthritis (RA) model. Forty successfully modeled rats were randomly divided into 4 groups according to swollen toe degree, i.e., the CIA group, the TMP group, the MTX group, and the TMP plus MTX group, 10 in each group. Rats in the MTX group were administered with MTX (1. 2 mg/kg) , once per week for 4 continuous weeks. Those in the TMP group were administered with 40 mg/kg TMP, once per day for 10 continuous days, and then discontinued for 7 successive days, and continued for another 10 successive days. Rats in the TMP plus MTX group were administered with a mixture of equal dose MTX and TMP, and when MTX was discontinue, TMP was administered according to the way in the TMP group. Equal volume of saline solution was given to rats in the normal control group and the CIA group. Clinical parameters including ankle width (mediolateral diameter) and hindpaw swelling were measured at day 0, 4, 11, 18, and 26 after treatment. Rats were sacrificed 28 days after treatment, their knee joints and ankle joints were collected for pathological analyses. Serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17A were detected by ELISA. Changes of fibrinogen (FIB) and platelet aggregation rate (PAg) were detected.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the normal control group, the ankle width and hindpaw swelling increased significantly (P < 0.01), contents of FIB and PAg increased obviously (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17 increased remarkably (P <0. 01) in the CIA group. Obvious cell proliferation, inflammatory cell infiltration, hyperemia and edema of synovial tissues could be seen. Pannus formed and immerged in cartilages, resulting in necrosis. Compared with the model group, changes of ankle width and hindpaw swelling were all alleviated in each medicated group (P <0. 05, P <0. 01). Of them, the effect was superior in the MTX group to that of the TMP group and the MTX plus TMP group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Contents of FIB, serum levels of IL-1β and IL-6 decreased significantly in the MTX group (P < 0.05). Contents of FIB, serum levels of IL-1β and IL-6 decreased significantly in the TMP group and the MTX plus TMP group (P < 0.05). Besides, serum levels of FIB and IL-6 were obviously lower in the MTX plus TMP group than in the TMP group and the MTX group (P < 0.01). Levels of PAg and IL-17A were more significantly lowered in the TMP group than in the MTX plus TMP group and the MTX group. Pathological changes could be alleviated in each medicated group, with the optimal effect obtained in the MTX plus TMP group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Combination of TMP with MTX could significantly ameliorate inflammatory reactions and FIB contents of CIA rats.</p>

Doppler flowmetry of ophthalmic arteries for prediction of pre-eclampsia / Dopplerfluxometria de artérias oftálmicas para predição de pré-eclâmpsia

Background: central nervous system (CNS) hyperperfusion is one of the events that constitute the pathophysiological basis for the clinical manifestations and complications of pre-eclampsia (PE). Detecting the increased flow in the CNS through Doppler flowmetry of the ophthalmic artery might precede the clinical onset of PE and could be used as a marker for subsequent development of PE. Objective: to evaluate the ophthalmic artery resistive index (OARI) values in the second trimester of pregnancy for prediction of the clinical manifestations of PE. Objective: to evaluate the ophthalmic artery resistive index (OARI) values in the second trimester of pregnancy for prediction of the clinical manifestations of PE. Methods: a total of 73 patients with risk factors for the development of PE were selected from the prenatal service at the HC-UFMG. They were submitted to ophthalmic artery Doppler flowmetry between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy and monitored until the end of the pregnancy to verify the occurrence of PE. ROC curves were created to determine the predictive characteristics of the OARI. Results: fourteen of the patients selected developed PE and 59 remained normotensive until the postpartum period. Patients with subsequent development of PE presented OARI values lower than patients that remained normotensive (0.682±0.028 X 0.700±0.029, p=0.044). Considering the development of PE as an outcome, the area under the OARI curve was 0.694 (CI 0.543 to 0.845), with no points obtaining good values of sensitivity or specificity. Conclusion: Doppler flowmetry of ophthalmic arteries between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy did not present itself as a good exam for predicting PE. .

Introdução: a hiperperfusão do sistema nervoso central (SNC) é um dos eventos que constitui substrato fisiopatológico para as manifestações clínicas e complicações da pré-eclâmpsia (PE). O fluxo aumentado no SNC, detectado por meio da dopplerfluxometria de artérias oftálmicas, poderia anteceder as manifestações clínicas da PE e, consequentemente, ser utilizado como marcador de subsequente desenvolvimento de PE. Objectivo: avaliar os valores do índice de resistência das artérias oftálmicas (Irao) no segundo trimestre gestacional para a predição das manifestações clínicas da PE. Métodos: pacientes com fatores de risco para desenvolvimento de PE foram selecionadas no serviço de pré-natal do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (HC-UFMG). Elas foram submetidas à dopplerfluxometria de artérias oftálmicas entre 24 e 28 semanas de gestação e acompanhadas até o final da gestação para averiguar a ocorrência de PE. Curvas ROC foram criadas para determinar as características preditivas do Irao. Resultados: das pacientes selecionadas, 14 desenvolveram PE e 59 mantiveram-se normotensas até o puerpério. Pacientes com subsequente desenvolvimento de PE apresentaram valores de Irao menores do que pacientes que se mantiveram normotensas (0,682±0,028 vs. 0,700±0,029, p=0,044). Ao considerar o desenvolvimento de PE como desfecho, a área sobre a curva do Irao foi de 0,694 (IC 0,543-0,845), sem pontos com bons valores de sensibilidade ou especificidade. Conclusão: a dopplerfluxometria de artérias oftálmicas entre 24 e 28 semanas de gestação não se demonstrou um bom exame para a predição de PE. .

Comparative analysis of the promoting blood effects of the combination of different proportions of danggui and honghua by the principal component analysis and multi-attribute comprehensive index methods / 药学学报

The combination of Danggui and Honghua (GH) is a popular herb pair commonly used in clinic for the treatment of blood stasis syndrome in China. To evaluate the activating blood circulation and dissipating blood stasis effects of the combination of different proportions of Danggui and Honghua on acute blood stasis rats, and optimize the proportion of GH to have the best activating blood circulation and dissipating blood stasis effect. Acute blood stasis rat model was induced by subcutaneous injection of adrenaline and ice water bath. The blood stasis rats were administrated intragastrically with GH (1 : 0, 4 : 1, 2 : 1, 3 : 2, 1 : 1, 2 : 3, 1: 2, 1 : 4 and 0 : 1) extracts. The whole blood viscosity (WBV), plasma viscosity (PV), and high shear whole blood relative index (HSWBRI), low shear whole blood relative index (LSWBRI), and erythrocyte aggregation index (EAI) were tested to observe the effects of GH on hemorheology of blood stasis rats. And the maximum aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was tested to observe the effect of GH on platelet aggregation index of blood stasis rats. In addition, the prothrombin time (PT), thrombin time (TT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and plasma fibrinogen (FIB) were tested to observe the effects of GH on blood coagulation function of blood stasis rats. Then principal component analysis and multi-attribute comprehensive index methods were both used to comprehensively evaluate the total activating blood circulation and dissipating blood stasis effects of GH. The results showed that the hemorheological indexes and coagulation parameters of model group both had significant differences with normal group. Compared with model group, GH (1 : 0, 4 : 1, 2: 1, 3 : 2, 1 : 1, 2 : 3, 1 : 2, 1 : 4 and 0 : 1) could improve all the blood hemorheology indexes and regulate part indexes of blood coagulation function and platelet aggregation in acute blood stasis rats. Based on principal component analysis and multi-attribute comprehensive index methods, GH 1 : 1 and GH 3 : 2 both had the best effect of blood circulation and dissipating blood stasis, and the effect of GH 1 : 1 was slightly better than GH 3 : 2. These results suggest that GH could obviously ameliorate the abnormality of hemorheology and blood coagulation function in acute blood stasis rats. The optimized proportion of GH was consistent with regulations of medicine usage that GH 1 : 1 had the highest frequency used in traditional Chinese formulae. It could provide scientific basis for more effective application of the compatibility between Danggui and Honghua in modern clinic medicine.

Blood stasis syndrome in Japan and its molecular biological analysis / 中国结合医学杂志

Blood stasis syndrome is one of the pathological concepts of Oriental traditional medicine. In Oriental traditional medicine, blood is thought of as not only blood but also as a living component of the body. In fact, blood stasis syndrome is related to not just circulation disorders but dermatological and gynecological and other diseases. In Japan, the concept of blood stasis syndrome is based on the past literature, for instance, Synopsis of Golden Chamber (Jin Kui Yao Lue), etc. There are many signs of this syndrome, such as a dry mouth, fullness of the abdomen and rough skin. However, the levels of importance of these signs had been unclear. Therefore, in order to determine the levels of seriousness, a scoring system of blood stasis syndrome was made based on multivariate analysis by Dr. Terasawa (Terasawa's Blood Stasis Score). Using the scoring system, we have studied blood stasis syndrome mainly related to blood circulation using modern techniques of analysis. From the results, we found that patients with blood stasis syndrome showed hemorheological abnormalities, and an improvement in these abnormalities was shown after administration of removing-blood stasis formulae. Furthermore, we have studied blood stasis syndrome from the point of view of molecular biology. We searched for the specific protein expression in blood stasis syndrome by proteomic analysis, and found no specific protein expression. However, there may be a possibility of developing a diagnostic algorithm for blood stasis by construction of a decision tree. During the past few years, as one of the molecular biological factors affecting blood stasis syndrome, we have been studying hypoxia inducible factor, which is located in the upstream of many genes. Above all, blood stasis syndrome is more than just circulatory deficit but encompasses the pathological concept of constant multilateral change in the living body.

Effect of formula of removing both phlegm and blood stasis in improving hemorheology and blood fat of mini-swine with coronary heart disease of phlegm-stasis cementation syndrome / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe effect of formula of removing both phlegm and blood stasis (TYTZ) in improving hemorheology and blood fat of mini-swine with coronary heart disease of phlegm-stasis cementation syndrome.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Thirty-six Chinese mini-swine were randomly divided to six groups: the normal control group, the model group, the Shujiangzhi group and TYTZ groups with doses of 2.0, 1.0 and 0.5 g x kg(-1), with six mice in each group. Except for the normal control group, all of other groups were fed with high-fat diet for 2 weeks. Interventional balloons are adopted to injure their left anterior descending artery endothelium. After the operation, they were fed with high-fat diet for 8 weeks to prepare the coronary heart disease model of phlegm-stasis cementation syndrome. In the 8th week after the operation and administration, the changes in hemorheological parameters, serum lipid level, myocardial ischemia level and range were observed.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Compared with the normal control group, the model group showed significant increase in serum TC, TG, LDL-C and VLDL-C levels (P < 0.01), whole blood viscosity under the shear rate of 5 s (-1) and 60 s (-1) (P < 0.01), and myocardial ischemia degree and range (P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, TYTZ groups revealed significant decrease in myocardial ischemia degree and range (P < 0.01), serum TC, TG, LDL-C and VLDL-C levels (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) and whole blood viscosity under the shear rate of 5 s(-1) and 60 s(-1) (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>TYTZ could improve the abnormal hemorheology in Chinese mini-swine with coronary heart disease of phlegm-stasis cementation syndrome, and regulate serum lipid, with a certain efficacy for coronary heart disease of phlegm-stasis cementation syndrome.</p>

Effect of acupuncture on inflammatory cytokines expression of spastic cerebral palsy rats

OBJECTIVE@#To To investigate the effect of acupuncture on the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) content and muscular tension of spasticity cerebral palsy rat model.@*METHODS@#The rats with spastic cerebral palsy were randomly divided into the control group, model group and acupuncture group. After successful modeling, the muscular tension and the content of TNF-α, IL-6, CRP, NOS were measured.@*RESULTS@#The serum TNF-α, IL-6, CRP, NOS content were significantly decreased in the acupuncture group (P<0.05). The low and high shear viscosity of whole blood of the acupuncture group were significantly lower than the control group and the model group (P<0.05). The erythrocyte electrophoresis indexes in the acupuncture group were significantly lower than that in the model group and the control group (P<0.05). Acupuncture significantly reduced the muscular tension of spastic cerebral palsy rat and increased the active extent in the paralytic extremity (P<0.05), but it could not be restored to normal level. Compared with the control group, the difference had significant (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Acupuncture treatment can inhibit the release of inflammatory cells after brain injury, then reduce immune injury, relieve muscle spasms and reduce muscular tension.

Effect of hemorheology on ultrasonic doppler blood flow spectrum diagram / 生物医学工程学杂志

The present research aims to point out the long-existing defect of analyzing the spectrum diagram only from the perspective of haemodynamics instead of haemorheology. In the light of the theories of haemodynamics and haemorheology, the causes of spectrum diagram formation of carotid artery blood at the rapid and slow flow can be clarified completely and accurately. Four conclusions have been drawn in the end. As long as the velocity gradient is large enough, obvious red blood cells concentrate to the shaft even in the big or bigger blood vessels; the spectrum diagram is the powerful proof of the two phase flow model of blood; the spectrum diagram can be completely and accurately analyzed only by combining haemodynamics with haemorheology; and only when the red blood cells concentrate to the shaft, the big or bigger blood vessels can be regarded as haemogeneous fluid.

Hemorheology visualization clinical research in elderly hypertension patients of different Chinese medical syndrome types / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe blood flow features in elderly hypertension patients of different Chinese medical syndrome types and to test their correlation with rheological properties of red blood cells (RBCs) by applying micro-channel array flow analyzer (MC-FAN).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Recruited were 109 elderly hypertension patients were assigned to phlegm-stasis blocking collateral group (35 cases), yin deficiency yang hyperactivity group (42 cases), Shen deficiency group (32 cases) according to Chinese medical syndrome typing. Besides, another 21 elderly healthy subjects were recruited as the control group. The hemorheology visualization testing of elderly hypertension patients was detected using MC-FAN. The erythrocyte deformation index (DI), erythrocyte aggregation index (EAI), and erythrocyte related plasma ATPase activity were observed. The correlation between the transiting time (TT) of blood hemorheology visualization and rheological indicators of RBCs were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The hemorheology visualization TT was significantly prolonged more in the phlegm-stasis blocking collateral group than in the yin deficiency yang hyperactivity group, the Shen deficiency group, and the control group (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the DI was significantly lower in the phlegm-stasis blocking collateral group than in the yin deficiency yang hyperactivity group, the Shen deficiency group, and the control group (P < 0.05) when the shear rate was 100 s(-1). Compared with the control group, the plasma Na+ -K(+) -ATPase activity and the plasma Ca2+ -Mg2+ -ATPase activity were significantly lower in elderly hypertension patients (P < 0.01). Among the three groups, plasma Ca2+ -Mg2+ -ATPase activity was significantly lower in the phlegm stasis blocking collateral group than in the Shen deficiency group (P < 0. 05). The hemorheology visualization TT (10, 30, 60, and 100 microL) was negatively correlated with DI. The hemorheology visualization TT at 100 microL was positively correlated with EAI.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Changes of hemorheology visualization TT of elderly hypertension patients were significant and correlated with traditional EAI.</p>