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1.
Bol. latinoam. Caribe plantas med. aromát ; 23(4): 523-533, jul. 2024. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1538056

ABSTRACT

Leaves of Croton stipulaceuswere extracted (EHex, ECHCl3and EEtOH extracts) to assesstheir antioxidant potential, anti-inflammatory activity in murine models and acute toxicity. EEtOH showed the highest effect in DPPH (37.80% inhibition), FRAP (1065.00 ± 55.30 µmolFe2+) and total polyphenols (231.24 ± 9.05 meq AG/gM). EHex was the most active, ~ 50% inhibition of TPA-induced ear edema; while EEtOH (dose of 2 mg/ear) showed the highest inhibition in the chronic model (97% inhibition), and inhibited MPO activity (48%). In carrageenan-induced edema, ECHCl3(dose 500 mg/kg) was the most active. None of the extracts showed acute toxicity (LD50) at 2 g/kg (p.o.). This work is the first report that supports the traditional use of C. stipulaceusas an anti-inflammatory.


De las hojas de Croton stipulaceusse obtuvieron diferentes extractos (EHex, ECHCl3y EEtOH) evaluando el potencial antioxidante y la actividad antiinflamatoria en modelos murinos y la toxicidad aguda. El EEtOH mostró mayor efecto en DPPH (37.80% inhibición), FRAP (1065.00 ± 55.30 µmolFe2+) y polifenolestotales (231.24 ± 9.05 meq AG/gM). El EHex fue el más activo, cercano al 50% de inhibición del edema auricular inducido con TPA; mientras que el EEtOH (dosis de 2 mg/oreja) mostró la mayor inhibición en el modelo crónico (97% inhibición), e inhibió la actividad de la MPO (48%). En el edema inducido con carragenina, el ECHCl3(dosis 500 mg/kg) fue el más activo. Ninguno de los extractos mostró una toxicidad aguda (DL50) mayor a 2 g/kg (p.o). Este trabajo es el primer reporte que sustenta el uso tradicional de C. stipulaceuscomo antiinflamatorio.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Plant Extracts/administration & dosage , Croton/chemistry , Inflammation/drug therapy , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage , Antioxidants/administration & dosage , Phenols/analysis , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Leaves , Disease Models, Animal , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemistry , Antioxidants/chemistry
2.
Int. j. morphol ; 42(3): 638-646, jun. 2024. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1564607

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: As the economy develops and living standards improve, overweight and obesity are increasingly prevalent. Currently, weight-loss medications are primarily administered orally or intravenously, which can result in poor targeting, low bioavailability, frequent administration, and high toxicity and side effects. The study aimed to address these challenges by preparing polylactic acid- polyethylene glycol staple fibers that carry the browning drug pioglitazone hydrochloride using electrostatic spinning and freeze-cutting techniques. Animal experiments were conducted to test the effectiveness of these fibers. Additionally, the study investigated the expression of uncoupling protein genes in rats exposed to different water temperatures by measuring changes in serum urea nitrogen and mRNA expression levels of skeletal muscle uncoupling protein genes. The physiological and genetic effects of low-temperature swimming exercise on changes in energy metabolism in rats were also analyzed at both the individual and molecular levels. The results revealed that serum urea nitrogen remained more stable in hypothermic swimming rats compared to rats in the swimming group. Furthermore, the study observed an induced up-regulation of uncoupling proteins in the skeletal muscle of Wistar rats in response to external temperature stimulation, and the expression of mRNA for skeletal muscle uncoupling proteins significantly increased as the temperature decreased. And the prepared short nanofibers also had a significant promotive effect on uncoupling protein gene, COX7A1, while suppressing the expression of lipogenic gene.


A medida que la economía se desarrolla y los niveles de vida mejoran, el sobrepeso y la obesidad son cada vez más frecuentes. Actualmente, los medicamentos para bajar de peso se administran principalmente por vía oral o intravenosa, lo que puede resultar en una mala focalización, baja biodisponibilidad, administración frecuente y alta toxicidad y efectos secundarios. El estudio tuvo como objetivo abordar estos desafíos mediante la preparación de fibras cortadas de ácido poliláctico y polietilenglicol que transportan el fármaco pardo clorhidrato de pioglitazona mediante técnicas de hilado electrostático y liofilización. Se realizaron experimentos con animales para probar la eficacia de estas fibras. Además, el estudio investigó la expresión de genes de proteínas desacopladoras en ratas expuestas a diferentes temperaturas del agua midiendo los cambios en el nitrógeno ureico sérico y los niveles de expresión de ARNm de genes de proteínas desacopladoras del músculo esquelético. También se analizaron los efectos fisiológicos y genéticos del ejercicio de natación a baja temperatura sobre los cambios en el metabolismo energético en ratas, tanto a nivel individual como molecular. Los resultados revelaron que el nitrógeno ureico sérico permaneció más estable en ratas nadadoras hipotérmicas en comparación con las ratas del grupo de natación. Además, el estudio observó una regulación positiva inducida de las proteínas desacopladoras en el músculo esquelético de ratas Wistar en respuesta a la estimulación de la temperatura externa, y la expresión de ARNm para las proteínas desacopladoras del músculo esquelético aumentó significativamente a medida que disminuía la temperatura. Además, las nanofibras cortas preparadas también tuvieron un efecto promotor significativo sobre el gen de la proteína de desacoplamiento, COX7A1, al tiempo que suprimieron la expresión del gen lipogénico.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Swimming , Cold Temperature , Mitochondrial Uncoupling Proteins/genetics , Pioglitazone/administration & dosage , Blood Urea Nitrogen , Rats, Wistar , Electron Transport Complex IV , Muscle, Skeletal , Electrophoresis , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
3.
Int. j. morphol ; 42(3): 819-825, jun. 2024. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1564599

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic element that accumulates in kidney and liver. L-carnitine(LC) is a natural compound that has been shown to exhibit antioxidant activity. Aim of this study was to investigate the effect of L-carnitine against cadmium-induced changes in liver and kidney tissues in prepubertal female rats. In this study 21-day-old female Wistar Albino rats were used. Control, cadmium (2 mg/kg cadmium intraperitoneally), L-carnitine (300 mg/kg orally) and cadmium+L-carnitine groups were formed. Liver and kidney tissue sections were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin and Masson Trichrome. Histological scoring was performed in liver and kidney. In the liver tissue given Cd, bile duct proliferation, inflammation cells and connective tissue in the portal area were decreased in treatment group. In kidneys, cadmium group treated with L-carnitine, it was observed that the capillary congestion in the kidneys decreased, but tubular dilatation continued in some places. In fibrosis scoring of the liver groups,statistically significant decrease was observed in the Cd+LC group compared to group of cadmium. In the histological scoring results of the kidney groups, statistically significant decrease in congestion and tubular epithelial degeneration was observed in the group treated with L-carnitine compared to group with cadmium. In conclusion medium-dose cadmium has toxic effects in liver and kidney of prepubertal female rats in subacute period,these effects are alleviated with L-carnitine.


El cadmio (Cd) es un elemento tóxico que se acumula en los riñones y el hígado. La L-carnitina (LC) es un compuesto natural que ha demostrado tener actividad antioxidante. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el efecto de la L-carnitina contra los cambios inducidos por el cadmio en los tejidos del hígado y el riñón en ratas hembra prepúberes. En este estudio se utilizaron ratas Wistar Albinas hembra de 21 días de edad. Se formaron grupos control, cadmio (2 mg/kg de cadmio por vía intraperitoneal), L- carnitina (300 mg/kg por vía oral) y cadmio + L-carnitina. Se tiñeron secciones de tejido de hígado y riñón con Hematoxilina-Eosina y tricrómico de Masson. La puntuación histológica se realizó en hígado y riñón. En el tejido hepático que recibió Cd, la proliferación de los conductos biliares, las células inflamatorias y el tejido conectivo en el área portal disminuyeron en el grupo con tratamiento. En los riñones, en el grupo de cadmio tratado con L- carnitina, se observó que la congestión capilar disminuyó, pero la dilatación tubular continuó en algunos sitios. En la puntuación de fibrosis de los grupos de hígado, se observó una disminución estadísticamente significativa en el grupo de Cd+LC en comparación con el grupo de cadmio. Los resultados de puntuación histológica de los grupos de riñón, arrojó una disminución estadísticamente significativa en la congestión y el epitelio tubular Se observó degeneración en el grupo tratado con L-carnitina en comparación con el grupo con cadmio. En conclusión, las dosis medias de cadmio tienen efectos tóxicos en el hígado y los riñones de ratas hembras prepúberes en el período subagudo; estos efectos se alivian con L-carnitina.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Rats , Cadmium/toxicity , Carnitine/pharmacology , Kidney/drug effects , Liver/drug effects , Rats, Wistar
4.
Int. j. morphol ; 42(3): 876-890, jun. 2024. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1564627

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: Stroke is the leading cause of acquired physical disability in adults and second leading cause of mortality throughout the world. Treatment strategies to curb the effects of stroke would be of great benefit. Pongamia pinnata is a recent attraction in medicine, owing to its abundant medicinal benefits with minimal side effects. The present study aimed to examine acute and subacute effect of Pongamia pinnata leaf extract on transient cerebral hypoperfusion and reperfusion (tCHR) in Wistar rats. 24 adult Wistar rats (12 each for acute and subacute study) were divided in to four groups each viz normal control group, tCHR + NS group, tCHR + 200mg/kg bw and tCHR + 400mg/kg bw groups. Cerebral ischemia induction was carried out by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion and reperfusion. Ethanolic extract of Pongamia pinnata leaves were orally administered for 7 days and 21 days after the surgical procedure for acute and subacute study respectively. Behavioural analysis, histological assessment, and estimation of mRNA levels of HIF-1, GDNF, BDNF and NF-kB were performed. In both acute and subacute study, there was significant improvement in the beam walking assay, neuronal count, decreased neuronal damage in histological sections and higher mRNA expression of BDNF and GDNF in the treatment groups. There was no significant difference in the expression of HIF1 and NF-kB. Thus, Pongamia pinnata has excellent neurorestorative property reversing many of the effects of ischemic stroke induced by tCHR in rats with the underlying mechanism being an improvement in the expression of neurotrophic factors GDNF and BDNF.


El ataque cerebrovascular es la principal causa de discapacidad física adquirida en adultos y la segunda causa de mortalidad en todo el mundo. Las estrategias de tratamiento para frenar los efectos del ataque cerebrovascular serían de gran beneficio. Pongamia pinnata es una atracción reciente en la medicina, debido a sus abundantes beneficios medicinales con mínimos efectos secundarios. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar el efecto agudo y subagudo del extracto de hoja de Pongamia pinnata sobre la hipoperfusión y reperfusión cerebral transitoria (tCHR) en ratas Wistar. Se dividieron 24 ratas Wistar adultas (12 cada una para el estudio agudo y subagudo) en cuatro grupos, el grupo control normal, el grupo tCHR + NS, los grupos tCHR + 200 mg/kg de peso corporal y tCHR + 400 mg/kg de peso corporal. La inducción de la isquemia cerebral se llevó a cabo mediante oclusión y reperfusión bilateral de la arteria carótida común. El extracto etanólico de hojas de Pongamia pinnata se administró por vía oral durante 7 días y 21 días después del procedimiento quirúrgico para estudio agudo y subagudo respectivamente. Se realizaron análisis de comportamiento, evaluación histológica y estimación de los niveles de ARNm de HIF-1, GDNF, BDNF y NF-kB. Tanto en el estudio agudo como en el subagudo, hubo una mejora significativa en el ensayo de desplazamiento del haz, el recuento neuronal, una disminución del daño neuronal en las secciones histológicas y una mayor expresión de ARNm de BDNF y GDNF en los grupos con tratamiento. No hubo diferencias significativas en la expresión de HIF1 y NF-kB. Por lo tanto, Pongamia pinnata tiene una excelente propiedad neurorestauradora que revierte muchos de los efectos del ataque cerebrovascular isquémico inducido por tCHR en ratas, siendo el mecanismo subyacente una mejora en la expresión de los factores neurotróficos GDNF y BDNF.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Plant Extracts/administration & dosage , Stroke/drug therapy , Millettia/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Cerebral Cortex/drug effects , Brain Ischemia/drug therapy , Administration, Oral , NF-kappa B , Rats, Wistar , Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/genetics , Disease Models, Animal , Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1/genetics , Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/genetics , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Nerve Growth Factors/administration & dosage
5.
Int. j. morphol ; 42(3): 663-672, jun. 2024. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1564620

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: Etoposide is an effective antimitotic and antineoplastic agent used to treat various human malignancies. In the present study, Etoposide was injected intraperitoneally into the rats at 1 mg/kg/day for 52 days (52 doses). The control animals received physiological saline (0.5 ml) intraperitoneally daily for 52 doses. The body weight of etoposide-treated rats was significantly reduced compared to control rats. Lipid peroxidation demonstrated an insignificant rise in hepatic tissue, a non-significant decline in renal tissue, and a significant reduction in cardiac tissue. The levels of GSH in hepatic and renal tissue were found to be non-significantly increased but significantly increased in cardiac tissue compared to controls. GR activity was found to be considerably decreased in the treated group. G-S-T levels increased significantly in all treated group. Etoposide injections caused a non-significant change in the GPX level of hepatic tissue, whereas renal and cardiac tissues showed a significant increase. The activity of CAT in hepatic tissue was significantly increased, while CAT activity in renal tissue showed a non-significant decrease, whereas in cardiac tissue, significantly lower levels were observed than in control group. The level of CYTp450 in hepatic and cardiac tissues showed a significant increase; however, renal tissue showed non-significant depletion, whereas CYTb5 in hepatic, renal, and cardiac tissues was significantly lower than controls. The protein content in the hepatic tissue was not significantly increased, whereas the total protein in the renal and cardiac tissues was increased significantly. The research finding is indicative of detoxification activity in the etoposide model.


El etopósido es un agente antimitótico y antineoplásico eficaz que se utiliza para tratar diversas neoplasias malignas humanas. En el presente estudio, se inyectó etopósido por vía intraperitoneal a las ratas a razón de 1 mg/kg/día durante 52 días (52 dosis). Los animales control recibieron solución salina fisiológica (0,5 ml) por vía intraperitoneal diariamente por 52 dosis. El peso corporal de las ratas tratadas con etopósido se redujo significativamente en comparación con las ratas del grupo control. La peroxidación lipídica demostró un aumento insignificante del tejido hepático, una disminución no significativa del tejido renal y una reducción significativa del tejido cardíaco. Se encontró que los niveles de GSH en el tejido hepático y renal no aumentaron significativamente, pero sí aumentaron significativamente en el tejido cardíaco en comparación con los controles. Se encontró que la actividad de GR disminuyó considerablemente en el grupo tratado. Los niveles de G-S-T aumentaron significativamente en todos los grupos tratados. Las inyecciones de etopósido provocaron un cambio no significativo en el nivel de GPX del tejido hepático, mientras que los tejidos renal y cardíaco mostraron un aumento significativo. La actividad de CAT en el tejido hepático aumentó significativamente, mientras que la actividad de CAT en el tejido renal mostró una disminución no significativa, mientras que en el tejido cardíaco se observaron niveles significativamente más bajos que en el grupo de control. El nivel de CYTp450 en los tejidos hepático y cardíaco mostró un aumento significativo; sin embargo, el tejido renal mostró un agotamiento no significativo, mientras que CYTb5 en los tejidos hepático, renal y cardíaco fue significativamente menor que los controles. El contenido de proteínas en el tejido hepático no aumentó significativamente, mientras que la proteína total en los tejidos renal y cardíaco aumentó significativamente. El hallazgo de la investigación es indicativo de la actividad de desintoxicación en el modelo de etopósido.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Etoposide/administration & dosage , Heart/drug effects , Kidney/drug effects , Liver/drug effects , Antioxidants/administration & dosage , Organ Size/drug effects , Body Weight/drug effects , Lipid Peroxidation , Cytochromes b5/analysis , Rats, Wistar , Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/analysis , Etoposide/pharmacology , Kidney/ultrastructure , Liver/ultrastructure , Microscopy , Myocardium/ultrastructure , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic , Antioxidants/pharmacology
6.
Int. j. morphol ; 42(3): 647-662, jun. 2024. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1564610

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: The study explores the relationship between chronic exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), sourced from wood smoke, and the histological structure and endocrine function of the uterus in nulliparous adult rats. It assesses potential structural changes in the uterus that could impact reproductive health, viewing PM2.5 exposure as a possible risk factor. A controlled experiment was conducted in a city known for high air pollution levels, exposing rats to filtered and unfiltered air conditions, thus mimicking human PM2.5 exposure. Histological findings indicated a significant increase in collagen density and uterine wall thickness in PM2.5 exposed subjects, suggesting a reproductive function risk. However, no significant differences were observed in progesterone and estradiol hormone levels, pointing to the complex relationship between PM2.5 exposure and its endocrine impact, and emphasizing the need for further studies for a deeper understanding. This work highlights the importance of thoroughly investigating the long-term effects of PM2.5 pollution on reproductive health, underlining the significance of considering environmental exposure as a critical factor in reproductive health research.


El estudio explora la relación entre la exposición crónica a partículas finas (PM2,5), procedentes del humo de leña, y la estructura histológica y la función endocrina del útero en ratas adultas nulíparas. Evalúa posibles cambios estructurales en el útero que podrían afectar la salud reproductiva, considerando la exposición a PM2,5 como un posible factor de riesgo. Se llevó a cabo un experimento controlado en una ciudad conocida por sus altos niveles de contaminación del aire, exponiendo ratas a condiciones de aire filtrado y sin filtrar, imitando así la exposición humana a PM2,5. Los hallazgos histológicos indicaron un aumento significativo en la densidad del colágeno y el grosor de la pared uterina en sujetos expuestos a PM2,5, lo que sugiere un riesgo para la función reproductiva. Sin embargo, no se observaron diferencias significativas en los niveles de las hormonas progesterona y estradiol, lo que apunta a la compleja relación entre la exposición a PM2,5 y su impacto endocrino, y enfatiza la necesidad de realizar más estudios para una comprensión más profunda. Este trabajo destaca la importancia de investigar a fondo los efectos a largo plazo de la contaminación por PM2,5 en la salud reproductiva, subrayando la importancia de considerar la exposición ambiental como un factor crítico en la investigación de la salud reproductiva.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Rats , Smoke/adverse effects , Uterus/drug effects , Wood , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Air Pollutants/toxicity , Air Pollution , Particulate Matter/toxicity , Genitalia, Female/drug effects
7.
J. oral res. (Impresa) ; 13(1): 183-193, mayo 29, 2024. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1566544

ABSTRACT

Background: Bevacizumab together with 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin inhibit microvascular growth of tumor blood vessels and tumor proliferation. Few reports state the effect of these therapeutic schemes on salivary glands. Materials and Methods: Food consumption, body weight and salivary amylase activity were assessed in the submandibular gland of rats. Adult male Wistar rats, of three months old with 350/400 grams body weight, under 12-hour light/dark cycles respectively, were divided into the following experimental groups: G1) Control group, G2) 5-Fluorouracil and leucovorin calcium treated group, G3) Bevacizumab treated group, G4) Oxaliplatin treated group, G5) Bevacizumab, oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin calcium treated group and G6) Drug-free paired feeding treated group. Assessment of treatment effect was performed by one-way ANOVA. A value of p<0.05 was set for statistical significance. Results: Salivary amylase activity in gland homogenate was G1: 137.9 ± 4.64, G2: 60.95±4.64, G3: 120.93 ± 4.96, G4: 26.17 ±4.64, G5: 10.77 ±4.64 and G6: 82.87 ±4.64 U/mg protein (mean ± S.D.) Amylase activity in the G1 group was higher relative to the other experimental groups p<0.0001. Conclusions: The drugs 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin altered salivary amylase activity by serous granules of the submandibular gland interpreted as a mechanism of impaired acinar function. Bevacizumab administered in isolation did not alter salivary amylase activity compared to the control group. While the lower intake of the matched feeding group affected salivary amylase activity compared to the control group, the effect was significantly greater in animals treated with the oncology drugs used in the present animal model.


Antecedentes: Bevacizumab, junto con 5-fluorouracilo y oxaliplatino, inhiben el crecimiento microvascular de los vasos sanguíneos tumorales y la proliferación tumoral. Pocos reportes establecen el efecto de estos esquemas terapéuticos sobre las glándulas salivales. Materiales y Métodos: Se evaluaron el consumo de alimentos, el peso corporal y la actividad de amilasa salival en la glándula submandibular de ratas Wistar macho adultas, de tres meses de edad con 350/400 gramos de peso corporal, bajo ciclos de luz/oscuridad de 12 horas respectivamente, se dividieron en los siguientes grupos experimentales: G1) Grupo control, G2) Grupo tratado con 5-Fluorouracilo y Leucovorina cálcica. , G3) Grupo tratado con bevacizumab, G4) Grupo tratado con oxaliplatino, G5) Grupo tratado con bevacizumab, oxaliplatino, 5-fluorouracilo y leucovorina cálcica y G6) Grupo tratado con alimentación emparejada sin fármacos. La evaluación del efecto del tratamiento se realizó mediante ANOVA unidireccional. Se estableció un valor de p<0,05 para significación estadística. Resultado: La actividad de amilasa salival en homogeneizado de glándula fue G1: 137,9 ± 4,64, G2: 60,95 ± 4,64, G3: 120,93 ± 4,96, G4: 26,17 ± 4,64, G5: 10,77 ± 4,64 y G6: 82,87 ± 4,64 U/mg de proteína (media ± S.E.). La actividad de amilasa en el grupo G1 fue mayor en relación con los otros grupos experimentales p<0,0001. Conclusión: Los fármacos 5-fluorouracilo y oxaliplatino alteraron la actividad de la amilasa salival mediante gránulos serosos de la glándula submandibular interpretados como un mecanismo de deterioro de la función acinar. Bevacizumab administrado de forma aislada no alteró la actividad de la amilasa salival en comparación con el grupo de control. Mientras que la menor ingesta del grupo de alimentación combinada afectó la actividad de la amilasa salival en comparación con el grupo de control, el efecto fue significativamente mayor en los animales tratados con los medicamentos oncológicos utilizados en el grupo. modelo animal actual.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Submandibular Gland/drug effects , Cytostatic Agents/administration & dosage , Bevacizumab/administration & dosage , Fluorouracil/administration & dosage , Oxaliplatin/administration & dosage
8.
Int. j. morphol ; 42(2): 332-340, abr. 2024. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1558131

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a potentially fatal reaction to various forms of tissue damage and infections that cause damage to various organs. Furthermore, the brain is damaged earlier than other organs, resulting in diffuse brain dysfunction. The central clinical symptom of SIRS is delirium and emotional changes are involved in disease development. Although the amygdala is known to play a major role, the mechanisms underlying emotional changes in the early stages of SIRS have not been elucidated. Therefore, changes to dopamine levels in the amygdala were observed using an in vivo model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- induced SIRS to clarify the biochemical mechanisms activated in the early stages of SIRS. Extracellular dopamine was collected from the amygdala of free moving rats via microdialysis and then analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. In addition, emotional changes were assessed with the open field and sucrose preference tests. In the LPS group, dopamine release in the amygdala increased remarkably immediately after LPS administration, peaking at 120 min. Thereafter, dopamine release temporarily decreased, but then significantly increased again after 180 min. The present results suggest that diffuse brain dysfunction in the early stages of SIRS may involve altered dopamine levels in the amygdala.


El síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica (SRIS) es una reacción potencialmente fatal a diversas formas de daño tisular e infecciones que causan injuria a varios órganos. Además, el cerebro se daña antes que otros órganos, lo que provoca una disfunción cerebral difusa. El síntoma clínico central del SIRS es el delirio y los cambios emocionales están involucrados en el desarrollo de la enfermedad. Aunque se sabe que la amígdala desempeña un papel importante, no se han dilucidado los mecanismos que subyacen a los cambios emocionales en las primeras etapas del SRIS. Por lo tanto, en el estudio se provocaron cambios en los niveles de dopamina en la amígdala utilizando un modelo in vivo de SRIS inducido por lipopolisacáridos (LPS) para dilucidar los mecanismos bioquímicos activados en las primeras etapas del SRIS. La dopamina extracelular se recogió de la amígdala de ratas en movimiento libre mediante microdiálisis y luego se analizó mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución. Además, se evaluaron los cambios emocionales con las pruebas de campo abierto y de preferencia de sacarosa. En el grupo de LPS, la liberación de dopamina en la amígdala aumentó de manera notable inmediatamente después de la administración de LPS, alcanzando un máximo a los 120 minutos. A partir de entonces, la liberación de dopamina disminuyó temporalmente, pero luego volvió a aumentar significativamente después de 180 min. Los resultadosactuales sugieren que la disfunción cerebral difusa en las primeras etapas del SIRS puede implicar niveles alterados de dopamina en la amígdala.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Dopamine , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome , Amygdala , Lipopolysaccharides/toxicity , Cytokines , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/chemically induced
9.
Int. j. morphol ; 42(2): 446-451, abr. 2024. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1558137

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: Experimental studies devoted to the study of the mechanisms of the pathogenesis of acute peritonitis and the development of new methods of medical and surgical treatment are becoming increasingly relevant. Today, experimental medicine knows many different ways to modeling septic peritonitis and eliminate it, but the role of the local immune system is underestimated, whereas it takes a direct part in inflammation. The objective of our work to study morphological features of results of experimental modeling of septic peritonitis in white rats. The study included 15 sexually mature white male rats weighing 276.75±6.56 grams. A simulation of septic peritonitis was performed by perforating the upper part of the cecum with four punctures with a G16 injection needle. As a result of the experiment, after examination of the peritoneal cavity, all 15 animals were diagnosed with omentum tamponade of perforated damage to the caecum. In 11 cases, the perforated wall of the caecum was covered by the greater omentum (73.34 %), and in the other 4 animals, tamponade was performed by one of the epididymal omentum (26.66 %). The initial stage of tamponade with the greater or epididymal omentums of a perforated caecum begins on the first day of the experiment and consists of tight interstitial consolidation between them, as well as in the invasion of blood vessels from the omentum side to the focus of infection, which ensure the delivery of the appropriate immunocompetent cells. As a result of this process, intensive lymphoid infiltrates are formed in this area, as well as the growth of adipose tissue, which isolates the inflammatory focus from the peritoneal cavity with a thick layer.


Las investigaciones experimentales dedicadas al estudio de los mecanismos de patogénesis de la peritonitis aguda y el desarrollo de nuevos métodos de tratamiento médico y quirúrgico son cada vez más relevantes. Hoy en día, la medicina experimental conoce muchas formas diferentes de modelar la peritonitis séptica y eliminarla, pero se subestima el papel del sistema inmunológico local, mientras que él participa directamente en la inflamación. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo fue estudiar las características morfológicas de los resultados del modelado experimental de peritonitis séptica en ratas blancas. El estudio incluyó 15 ratas macho blancas, sexualmente maduras que pesaban 276,75 ± 6,56 gramos. Se realizó una simulación de peritonitis séptica perforando la parte superior del ciego con cuatro punciones con una aguja de inyección G16. Como resultado del experimento, después del examen de la cavidad peritoneal, a los 15 animales se les diagnosticó taponamiento del omento o lesión perforada del ciego. En 11 casos, la pared perforada del ciego fue recubierta por el omento mayor (73,34 %), y en los otros 4 animales el taponamiento se realizó por uno de los epidídimos (26,66 %). La etapa inicial del taponamiento con omento mayor o epidídimo de un ciego perforado comienza el primer día del experimento y consiste en una estrecha consolidación intersticial entre ellos, así como en la invasión de los vasos sanguíneos desde el lado del omento hasta el foco de infección, que aseguran la entrega de las células inmunocompetentes apropiadas. Como resultado de este proceso, se forman intensos infiltrados linfoides en esta zona, así como el crecimiento de tejido adiposo, que aísla el foco inflamatorio de la cavidad peritoneal con una gruesa capa.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Peritonitis/pathology , Omentum/pathology , Lymphocytes , Cecum/pathology , Adipocytes , Disease Models, Animal , Duodenum/pathology
10.
Int. j. morphol ; 42(2)abr. 2024.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1558139

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: The response of the immune system to harmful stimuli leads to inflammation, and the adverse effects of the toxic hepatitis chemical, thioacetamide (TAA) on the human body are well documented. This article investigated the degree of protection provided by the combined pleotropic drug, metformin (Met) and the plant polyphenolic and the antiinflammatory compound, resveratrol (Res) on liver tissue exposed to TAA possibly via the inhibition of the inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) / mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) axis-mediated liver fibrosis, as well as amelioration of profibrotic gene and protein expression. Rats were either given TAA (200 mg/kg via intraperitoneal injection) for 8 weeks beginning at the third week (experimental group) or received during the first two weeks of the experiment combined doses of metformin (200 mg/kg) and resveratrol (20 mg/kg) and continued receiving these agents and TAA until experiment completion at week 10 (treated group). A considerable damage to hepatic tissue in the experimental rats was observed as revealed by tissue collagen deposition in the portal area of the liver and a substantial increase (p<0.0001) in hepatic levels of the inflammatory marker, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), as well as blood levels of hepatocellular injury biomarkers, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). TAA also augmented hepatic tissue levels of the signalling molecule that promotes liver fibrosis (mTOR), and profibrogenic markers; alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) protein, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) mRNA, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) mRNA. All these parameters were protected (p≤0.0016) by Met+Res. In addition, a significant correlation was detected between liver fibrosis score and inflammation, liver injury enzymes, mTOR, and profibrogenesis markers. Thus, these findings suggest that Met+Res effectively protect the liver against damage induced by thioacetamide in association with the downregulation of the TNF-α/mTOR/fibrosis axis.


La respuesta del sistema inmunológico a estímulos dañinos conduce a la inflamación y los efectos adversos de la tioacetamida (TAA), una sustancia química tóxica para el hígado, están bien documentadas. Este artículo investigó el grado de protección proporcionado por el fármaco pleotrópico combinado metformina (Met), el polifenólico vegetal y el compuesto antiinflamatorio resveratrol (Res) en el tejido hepático expuesto a TAA, posiblemente a través de la inhibición de la citoquina inflamatoria, factor de necrosis tumoral α (TNF-α)/objetivo de la fibrosis hepática mediada por el eje de rapamicina (mTOR), así como mejora de la expresión de genes y proteínas profibróticas. Las ratas recibieron TAA (200 mg/kg mediante inyección intraperitoneal) durante 8 semanas a partir de la tercera semana (grupo experimental) o recibieron durante las dos primeras semanas del experimento dosis combinadas de metformina (200 mg/kg) y resveratrol (20 mg/kg) y continuaron recibiendo estos agentes y TAA hasta completar el experimento en la semana 10 (grupo tratado). Se observó un daño considerable al tejido hepático en las ratas experimentales, como lo revela el depósito de colágeno tisular en el área portal del hígado y un aumento sustancial (p<0,0001) en los niveles hepáticos del marcador inflamatorio, el factor de necrosis tumoral-α (TNF- α), así como los niveles sanguíneos de biomarcadores de lesión hepatocelular, alanina aminotransferasa (ALT) y aspartato aminotransferasa (AST). TAA también aumentó los niveles en el tejido hepático de la molécula de señalización que promueve la fibrosis hepática (mTOR) y marcadores profibrogénicos; proteína actina del músculo liso alfa (α- SMA), inhibidor tisular de las metaloproteinasas-1 (TIMP-1) mRNA y matriz metaloproteinasa-9 (MMP-9) mRNA. Todos estos parámetros fueron protegidos (p≤0.0016) por Met+Res. Además, se detectó una correlación significativa entre la puntuación de fibrosis hepática y la inflamación, las enzimas de lesión hepática, mTOR y los marcadores de profibrogénesis. Por lo tanto, estos hallazgos sugieren que Met+Res protege eficazmente el hígado contra el daño inducido por la tioacetamida en asociación con la regulación negativa del eje TNF-α/mTOR/fibrosis.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Thioacetamide/toxicity , Resveratrol/pharmacology , Liver Cirrhosis/drug therapy , Metformin/pharmacology , Immunohistochemistry , Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha , Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 , Sirolimus , TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases , Inflammation , Liver/drug effects , Liver Cirrhosis/chemically induced
11.
Int. j. morphol ; 42(2): 452-457, abr. 2024. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1558140

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: Excessive alcohol consumption adversely affects bone metabolism, thus resulting in reduced bone length, density, and strength. Moreover, these deficits in bone density and strength are likely to increase the risk of fragility fractures and the early onset of osteoporosis. While excessive alcohol consumption is an established risk factor for osteoporotic fractures, there remains a dearth of information in literature about bone effects of binge alcohol consumption in adolescents. Therefore, our study aimed to examine the effects of acute binge alcohol consumption on the adolescent bone micro-architecture and tensile strength. Twelve male Sprague Dawley rats aged 7 weeks were randomly placed in 2 groups: alcohol (n =6), receiving alcohol (3g/kg) and pair-fed control (n = 6), receiving an isocaloric equivalent of maltose dextrin via oral gavage for 3 days in one week (on alternative days). The femora were dissected and scanned using a Micro-Focus X-ray Computed Tomography (3D-µCT). Following reconstruction, trabecular morphometry was assessed in both the proximal and distal epiphysis, using a Volume Graphics Studio® software. A three-point bending test was employed to examine the effect of alcohol on the tensile strength of the bone. Results showed trabeculae parameters to be affected in the distal epiphysis of the femur, while in the proximal epiphysis it remained unaffected. Tensile strength parameters were also not affected by the consumption of alcohol. These findings may suggest that acute binge alcohol consumption has detrimental effects on the bone micro-architecture specific to the distal epiphysis.


El consumo excesivo de alcohol afecta negativamente al metabolismo óseo, lo que resulta en una reducción de la longitud, densidad y resistencia de los huesos. Además, es probable que estos déficits en la densidad y la fuerza ósea aumenten el riesgo de fracturas por fragilidad y la aparición temprana de osteoporosis. Si bien el consumo excesivo de alcohol es un factor de riesgo establecido para las fracturas osteoporóticas, existe escasa información en la literatura sobre los efectos óseos del consumo excesivo de alcohol en adolescentes. Por lo tanto, nuestro estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar los efectos del consumo excesivo de alcohol en la microarquitectura ósea y la resistencia a la tracción e n ratas adolescentes. Doce ratas macho Sprague Dawley de 7 semanas de edad se colocaron aleatoriamente en 2 grupos: alcohol (n = 6), que recibieron alcohol (3 g/kg) y control (n = 6), que recibieron un equivalente isocalórico de maltosa dextrina mediante sonda oral, durante 3 días en una semana (en días alternos). Los fémures se diseccionaron y escanearon mediante una tomografía computarizada de rayos X con microenfoque (3D-mCT). Después de la reconstrucción, se evaluó la morfometría trabecular tanto en la epífisis proximal como en la distal, utilizando un software Volume Graphics Studio®. Se empleó una prueba de flexión de tres puntos para examinar el efecto del alcohol sobre la resistencia a la tracción del hueso. Los resultados mostraron que los parámetros de las trabéculas se vieron afectados en la epífisis distal del fémur, mientras que en la epífisis proximal no se observaron afectados. Los parámetros de resistencia a la tracción tampoco se vieron afectados por el consumo de alcohol. Estos hallazgos pueden sugerir que el consumo excesivo de alcohol tiene efectos perjudiciales sobre la microarquitectura ósea específica de la epífisis distal del hueso.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects , Ethanol/toxicity , Femur/drug effects , Cancellous Bone/drug effects , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Ethanol/blood , Blood Alcohol Content
12.
Int. j. morphol ; 42(2): 470-478, abr. 2024. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1558149

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: We evaluated the role and mechanism of acteoside in the regulation of memory impairment induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). CUMS was used to induce depression in rats and the successful establishment of CUMS model were verified by forced swimming test and sucrose preference test. The Y-maze test and novel object recognition test assessed memory functions. The structural changes in the cortex and hippocampus were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Immunofluorescence staining and western blotting determined the protein levels. Y-maze test and novel object recognition test showed that there was memory performance impairment in rats of CUMS group, which was improved by the acteoside treatment. HE staining showed that CUMS exposure damaged the structure in the cortex and hippocampus, while the acteoside treatment alleviated the structural changes. Compared with the control group, the levels of BNDF and CREB in the cortex and hippocampus of the CUMS group were significantly decreased. Acteoside significantly reversed the expressions of these proteins in CUMS rats. Meanwhile, compared with the control group, the levels of p-mTOR and p- P70S6K in the cortex and hippocampus of the CUMS group were significantly increased, and these changes were significantly reversed by acteoside. Nevertheless, the effect of acteoside on mTOR signaling was markedly blocked by rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of mTOR signaling. Acteoside can attenuate memory impairment and ameliorate neuronal damage and synaptic plasticity in depression rats probably via inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway. Acteoside may serve as a novel reagent for the prevention of depression.


Evaluamos el papel y el mecanismo del acteoside en la regulación del deterioro de la memoria inducido por estrés leve crónico impredecible (ELCI). Se utilizó ELCI para inducir depresión en ratas y el establecimiento exitoso del modelo ELCI se verificó mediante una prueba de natación forzada y una prueba de preferencia de sacarosa. La prueba del laberinto en Y y la prueba de reconocimiento de objetos novedosos evaluaron las funciones de la memoria. Los cambios estructurales en la corteza y el hipocampo se observaron mediante tinción con hematoxilina y eosina (HE). La tinción por inmunofluorescencia y la transferencia Western determinaron los niveles de proteína. La prueba del laberinto en Y y la prueba de reconocimiento de objetos novedosos mostraron que había un deterioro del rendimiento de la memoria en ratas del grupo ELCI, que mejoró con el tratamiento con acteósidos. La tinción con HE mostró que la exposición a ELCI dañó la estructura de la corteza y el hipocampo, mientras que el tratamiento con actósidos alivió los cambios estructurales. En comparación con el grupo de control, los niveles de BNDF y CREB en la corteza y el hipocampo del grupo ELCI disminuyeron significativamente. Acteoside revirtió significativamente las expresiones de estas proteínas en ratas ELCI. Mientras tanto, en comparación con el grupo control, los niveles de p-mTOR y p-P70S6K en la corteza y el hipocampo del grupo ELCI aumentaron significativamente, y estos cambios fueron revertidos significativamente ELCI por el acteoside. Sin embargo, el efecto del acteoside sobre la señalización de mTOR fue notablemente bloqueado por la rapamicina, un inhibidor específico de la señalización de mTOR. El acteoside puede atenuar el deterioro de la memoria y mejorar el daño neuronal y la plasticidad sináptica en ratas con depresión, probablemente mediante la inhibición de la vía de señalización mTOR. Acteoside puede servir como un reactivo novedoso para la prevención de la depresión.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Depression/drug therapy , Polyphenols/administration & dosage , Glucosides/administration & dosage , Memory Disorders/drug therapy , Stress, Psychological/complications , Blotting, Western , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Maze Learning , Recognition, Psychology/drug effects , Disease Models, Animal , TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Polyphenols/therapeutic use , Behavior Rating Scale , MTOR Inhibitors , Glucosides/therapeutic use , Neuronal Plasticity/drug effects , Neurons
13.
Int. j. morphol ; 42(1): 205-215, feb. 2024. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1528814

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: This study assessed the effects of Acacia Senegal (AS) combined with insulin on Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) activity and mRNA expression, serum glucose, renal function, and oxidative stress in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Sixty rats were equally divided into six groups: normal control, normal+AS, diabetic (DM), DM+insulin, DM+AS, and DM+insulin+AS groups. Diabetes mellitus (type 1) was induced by a single injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg), and insulin and AS treatments were carried until rats were culled at the end of week 12. Serum glucose and creatinine levels, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were measured. Renal homogenate levels of NKA activity and gene expression, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and reduced glutathione (GSH) were evaluated as well as kidney tissue histology and ultrastructure. Diabetes caused glomerular damage and modulation of blood and tissue levels of creatinine, glucose, HbA1c, malondialdehyde, NKA activity and gene expression, SOD, catalase and GSH, which were significantly (p<0.05) treated with AS, insulin, and insulin plus AS. However, AS+insulin treatments were more effective. In conclusion, combined administration of AS with insulin to rats with DN decreased NKA activity and gene expression as well as oxidative stress, and improved glycemic state and renal structure and function.


Este estudio evaluó los efectos de Acacia senegal (AS) combinada con insulina sobre la actividad Na+/K+- ATPasa (NKA) y la expresión de ARNm, la glucosa sérica, la función renal y el estrés oxidativo en un modelo de nefropatía diabética (ND) en ratas. Sesenta ratas se dividieron equitativamente en seis grupos: control normal, normal+AS, diabética (DM), DM+insulina, DM+AS y DM+insulina+AS. La diabetes mellitus (tipo 1) se indujo mediante una única inyección de estreptozotocina (65 mg/kg), y los tratamientos con insulina y AS se llevaron a cabo hasta que las ratas fueron sacrificadas al final de la semana 12. Se midieron niveles séricos de glucosa y creatinina, hemoglobina A1c (HbA1c). Se evaluaron los niveles de homogeneizado renal de actividad NKA y expresión génica, malondialdehído, superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa y glutatión reducido (GSH), así como la histología y ultraestructura del tejido renal. La diabetes causó daño glomerular y modulación de los niveles sanguíneos y tisulares de creatinina, glucosa, HbA1c, malondialdehído, actividad y expresión génica de NKA, SOD, catalasa y GSH, los cuales fueron tratados significativamente (p<0,05) con AS, insulina e insulina más AS. Sin embargo, los tratamientos con AS+insulina fueron más efectivos. En conclusión, la administración combinada de AS con insulina a ratas con DN disminuyó la actividad de NKA y la expresión genética, así como el estrés oxidativo, y mejoró el estado glucémico y la estructura y función renal.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Plant Extracts/administration & dosage , Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/drug effects , Diabetic Nephropathies/drug therapy , Acacia/chemistry , Superoxide Dismutase , Glycated Hemoglobin/analysis , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Gene Expression , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/genetics , Oxidative Stress , Microscopy, Electron, Transmission , Disease Models, Animal , Drug Therapy, Combination , Glycemic Control , Insulin/administration & dosage , Kidney/drug effects , Malondialdehyde
14.
Int. j. morphol ; 42(1): 197-204, feb. 2024. ilus, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1528841

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: Obesity-related pathophysiologies such as insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome show a markedly increased risk for type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. This risk appears to be linked to alterations in adipose tissue function, leading to chronic inflammation and the dysregulation of adipocyte-derived factors. Brassica rapa have been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of several diseases, including diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the effect of nutritional stress induced by a high-fat and high-sucrose diet on the pathophysiology of visceral adipose tissue and the therapeutic effect of Brassica rapa in male Wistar rats. We subjected experimental rats to a high-fat (10 %) high-sucrose (20 %)/per day for 11 months and treated them for 20 days with aqueous extract Br (AEBr) at 200 mg/kg at the end of the experiment. At the time of sacrifice, we monitored plasma and tissue biochemical parameters as well as the morpho-histopathology of visceral adipose tissue. We found AEBr corrected metabolic parameters and inflammatory markers in homogenized visceral adipose tissue and reduced hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and lipid droplets. These results suggest that AEBr enhances anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and a protective effect on adipose tissue morphology in type 2 diabetes and obesity.


La fisiopatología relacionadas con la obesidad, como la resistencia a la insulina y el síndrome metabólico, muestran un riesgo notablemente mayor de diabetes tipo 2 y enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica. Este riesgo parece estar relacionado con alteraciones en la función del tejido adiposo, lo que lleva a una inflamación crónica y a la desregulación de los factores derivados de los adipocitos. Brassica rapa se ha utilizado en la medicina tradicional para el tratamiento de varias enfermedades, incluida la diabetes. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar el efecto del estrés nutricional inducido por una dieta rica en grasas y sacarosa sobre la fisiopatología del tejido adiposo visceral y el efecto terapéutico de Brassica rapa en ratas Wistar macho. Sometimos a ratas experimentales a una dieta rica en grasas (10 %) y alta en sacarosa (20 %)/por día durante 11 meses y las tratamos durante 20 días con extracto acuoso de Br (AEBr) a 200 mg/kg al final del experimento. En el momento del sacrificio, monitoreamos los parámetros bioquímicos plasmáticos y tisulares, así como la morfohistopatología del tejido adiposo visceral. Encontramos parámetros metabólicos corregidos por AEBr y marcadores inflamatorios en tejido adiposo visceral homogeneizado y reducción de hipertrofia, hiperplasia y gotitas de lípidos. Estos resultados sugieren que AEBr mejora el efecto antidiabético, antiinflamatorio y protector sobre la morfología del tejido adiposo en la diabetes tipo 2 y la obesidad.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Plant Extracts/administration & dosage , Adipose Tissue/drug effects , Brassica rapa/chemistry , Insulin Resistance , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Rats, Wistar , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Intra-Abdominal Fat , Glucose/toxicity , Inflammation , Lipids/toxicity , Obesity/drug therapy
15.
Bol. latinoam. Caribe plantas med. aromát ; 23(1): 122-131, ene. 2024. ilus, tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1554155

ABSTRACT

In tradition al Mexican medicine, plants from the Montanoa genus, family Asteraceae ( Montanoa tomentosa , Montanoa grandiflora , and Montanoa frutescens ) have been used to induce labor owing to their uterotonic properties like those produced by oxytocin (OXT). However, w hether infusions of these plants can activate hypothalamic OXT - producing neurons is unknown. To test this possibility, five independent groups of Wistar rats (n=4) were included: intact, vehicle, and three groups that received 50 mg/kg p.o. of M. tomentosa , M. grandiflora , and M. frutescens infusions, respectively. Ninety min after treatment, the brains were obtained and processed using double - labeled immunohistochemistry for Fos protein and oxytocin (Fos/OXT - ir). Rats that received Montanoa infusions had s ignificantly greater number of Fos/OXT - ir cells in the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei, with respect to intact and vehicle groups. These findings demonstrate that Montanoa infusions activated OXT neurons, an effect that may be related to the reported pharmacological properties.


En la medicina tradicional mexicana, plantas del género Montanoa , familia Asteraceae ( Montanoa tomentosa , Montanoa grandiflora y Montanoa frutescens ), se han utilizado para inducir el parto debido a sus propiedades uterotónicas, aparentemente similares a las producidas por la hormona oxitocina (OXT). Sin embargo, se desconoce si las infusiones de estas plantas pueden activar neuronas hipotalámicas productoras de OXT. Para probar esta posibilidad, se incluyeron cinco grupos independientes (n=4): intacto, vehículo y tres grupos que recibieron 50 mg/kg p.o. de infusiones de M. tomentosa , M. grandiflora , y M. frute scens , respectivamente. Noventa minutos después del tratamiento, los cerebros fueron obtenidos y procesados por doble marcaje de inmunohistoquímica para la proteína Fos y oxitocina (Fos/OXT - ir). Las ratas que recibieron infusiones de Montanoa aumentaron si gnificativamente el número de células Fos/OXT - ir en los núcleos paraventricular (PVN) y supraóptico (SON), respecto a los grupos intacto y vehículo. Estos hallazgos demuestran que las infusiones de Montanoa activan neuronas de OXT, lo que podría estar rela cionado con sus propiedades farmacológicas


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Montanoa/metabolism , Montanoa/chemistry , Oxytocin , Oxytocin/pharmacology , Rats, Wistar , Neurons/metabolism
16.
Braz. j. biol ; 84: e254234, 2024. tab, graf, ilus
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1364499

ABSTRACT

Due to the severe side effects revealed by most of the currently used antidiabetic medicines, search for finding new and safe drugs to manage diabetes is continued. Naphthoquinones possessing strong antioxidant properties have been employed as candidates for diabetes therapy. Present study is aimed at finding the antioxidant and hypoglycaemic potential of some novel derivatives of 2-phenylamino-1,4-naphthoquinones (PAN) including chloro, nitro, methyl and bromo (5a-d) derivatives synthesized by single pot experiment. Product crystals were purified by TLC and characterized by FT-IR. The antioxidant potential of the compounds was assayed through DPPH radical scavenging and reducing power activities noted as UV-vis. absorbance. The DPPH assay has showed the powerful antioxidant activity of nitro and bromo derivatives, while the nitro derivative showed the significant reduction potential towards FRAP assay. Hypoglycaemic potential of the compounds was studied in rat animal model. All synthesized compounds revealed better hypoglycaemic activity; however, the chloro-derivative exhibited the more potent hypoglycaemic activity showing about 43% reduction in the mean blood glucose levels of the treated animals. As the bioreduction of naphthoquinones may be influenced by changing its redox properties, it has been noticed that the e-donating resonance effect (+R) of 'chloro' group has shown the significant effects on biological activity through stabalization of its imine form which limits the potential of generation of free radicals during bioreduction of quinones and thus has been proposed as the reason of its hypoglycaemic activity. Future studies employing the properties of e-donating groups of PAN may optimize the drug-receptor interaction for better drug designing and drug development strategies against diabetes and also for the clinical trials.


Em razão dos graves efeitos colaterais causados pela maioria dos medicamentos antidiabéticos atualmente utilizados, continua a busca por novos medicamentos seguros para o controle do diabetes. As naftoquinonas, que possuem fortes propriedades antioxidantes, têm sido empregadas como candidatas à terapia do diabetes. O presente estudo visa encontrar o potencial antioxidante e hipoglicemiante de alguns novos derivados de 2-fenilamino-1,4-naftoquinonas (PAN), incluindo derivados de cloro, nitro, metil e bromo (5a-d) sintetizados por experimento em pote único. Os cristais do produto foram purificados por TLC e caracterizados por FT-IR. O potencial antioxidante dos compostos foi testado por meio de atividades de sequestro de radicais DPPH e redução de energia observada como absorção no UV-vis. O ensaio DPPH mostrou a poderosa atividade antioxidante dos derivados nitro e bromo, enquanto o derivado nitro mostrou o potencial de redução significativo para o ensaio FRAP. O potencial hipoglicêmico dos compostos foi estudado em modelo animal de rato. Todos os compostos sintetizados revelaram melhor atividade hipoglicemiante; no entanto, o derivado cloro apresentou atividade hipoglicêmica mais potente, com redução de 43% nos níveis médios de glicose no sangue dos animais tratados. Como a biorredução de naftoquinonas pode ser influenciada pela alteração de suas propriedades redox, notou-se que o efeito da doação eletrônica por ressonância (+R) do grupo "cloro" tem sido significativo na atividade biológica por meio da estabilização de sua forma imina, que limita o potencial de geração de radicais livres durante a biorredução de quinonas, e, portanto, tem sido proposto como a razão de sua atividade hipoglicemiante. Estudos futuros empregando as propriedades de grupos de doação eletrônica de PAN podem otimizar a interação droga-receptor para melhor planejamento de medicamentos e estratégias de desenvolvimento de medicamentos contra o diabetes e também para os ensaios clínicos.


Subject(s)
Rats , Models, Animal , Diabetes Mellitus , Drug Development , Hypoglycemic Agents , Antioxidants
17.
Braz. j. biol ; 84: e253061, 2024. tab, graf, ilus
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1364520

ABSTRACT

Liver fibrosis is initial stage of any chronic liver disease and its end stage is develops into cirrhosis. Chronic liver diseases are a crucial global health issue and the cause of approximately 2 million deaths per year worldwide. Cirrhosis is currently the 11th most common cause of death globally. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) treatment is the best way to treat acute and chronic liver disease. The aim of this study is to improve the therapeutic potential of MSCs combined with melatonin (MLT) to overcome CCl4-induced liver fibrosis and also investigate the individual impact of melatonin and MSCs against CCl4-induced liver impairment in animal model. Female BALB/c mice were used as CCL4-induced liver fibrotic animal model. Five groups of animal model were made; negative control, Positive control, CCl4+MSCs treated group, CCl4+MLT treated group and CCl4+MSCs+MLT treated group. Cultured MSCs from mice bone marrow were transplanted to CCl4-induced liver injured mice model, individually as well as together with melatonin. Two weeks after MSCs and MLT administration, all groups of mice were sacrificed for examination. Morphological and Histopathological results showed that combined therapy of MSCs+MLT showed substantial beneficial impact on CCl4-induced liver injured model, compared with MSCs and MLT individually. Biochemically, considerable reduction was observed in serum bilirubin and ALT levels of MLT+MSC treated mice, compared to other groups. PCR results shown down-regulation of Bax and up-regulation of Bcl-xl and Albumin, confirm a significant therapeutic effect of MSCs+MLT on CCI4-induced liver fibrosis. From the results, it is concluded that combined therapy of MSCs and MLT show strong therapeutic effect on CCL4-induced liver fibrosis, compared with MSCs and MLT individually.


A fibrose hepática é a fase inicial de qualquer doença hepática crônica, e em sua fase final desenvolve-se para cirrose. As doenças hepáticas crônicas são uma questão de saúde global crucial e a causa de aproximadamente 2 milhões de mortes por ano em todo o mundo. A cirrose, hoje em dia, é a 11ª causa mais comum de morte globalmente. O tratamento da célula-tronco mesenquimal (MSCs) é uma maneira eletiva de tratar a doença hepática aguda e crônica. O objetivo deste estudo é melhorar o potencial terapêutico dos MSCs combinados com a melatonina (MLT) para superar a fibrose hepática induzida por CCl4 e também investigar o impacto individual da melatonina e MSCs contra o comprometimento do fígado induzido por CCl4 no modelo animal. Os ratos BALB / C fêmeas foram usados ​​como modelo de animal fibrótico de fígado induzido por CCl4. Cinco grupos de modelo animal foram feitos: Controle Negativo, Controle Positivo, CCl4 + MSCs Tratados Grupo, Grupo Tratado CCl4 + MLT e Grupo Tratado CCl4 + MSCs + MLT. MSCs cultivados da medula óssea dos ratos foram transplantados para o modelo de camundongos de fígado induzido por CCl4, individualmente, bem como em conjunto com a melatonina. Duas semanas após a administração MSCs e MLT, todos os grupos de camundongos foram sacrificados para o exame. Os resultados morfológicos e histopatológicos mostraram que a terapia combinada do MSCs + MLT mostrou impacto benéfico substancial no modelo ferido no fígado induzido pelo CCl4, em comparação com o MSCs e o MLT individualmente. A redução bioquimicamente considerável foi observada em bilirrubina sérica e níveis ALT de ratinhos tratados com MLT + MSCs, em comparação com outros grupos. Os resultados de PCR mostraram regulação negativa do BAX e regulação positiva do BCL-XL e da albumina, confirmando um efeito terapêutico significativo do MSCs + MLT na fibrose hepática induzida por CCl4. Dos resultados, conclui-se que a terapia combinada de MSCs e MLT mostram um forte efeito terapêutico na fibrose hepática induzida por CCl4, em comparação com MSCs e MLT individualmente.


Subject(s)
Rats , Stem Cells , Fibrosis , Liver , Liver Diseases , Melatonin
18.
Braz. j. biol ; 84: e255120, 2024. tab, graf, ilus
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1364532

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to determine the antiulcerogenic and antioxidant activities of Psyllium (Plantago ovata Forssk) seed ethanolic extract in rats. We assessed the antioxidant potential using free radical scavenging on DPPH, ß-carotene bleaching activity, ferric reducing power, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. In the antiulcerogenic study, pre-treatment with Plantago ovata seeds ethanolic extract (POE) (400 mg/kg b.wt) significantly protected against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats by decreasing the ulcer index value and preserving the integrity of the gastric mucosa. The oxidative stress status in the stomach tissues showed a significant increase in the antioxidant enzyme levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase with a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation during pre-treatment with POE. In conclusion, the POE protects against gastric ulcer due to its antioxidant potential and presence of bioactive molecules.


O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar as atividades antiulcerogênica e antioxidante das sementes de Psyllium (Plantago ovata Forssk) em ratos. O potencial antioxidante foi avaliado utilizando o método do sequestro do radical livre DPPH, autooxidação do ß-caroteno, poder redutor de ferro e atividade de sequestro do radical hidroxila. No estudo antiulcerogênico, o pré-tratamento com o extrato etanólico das sementes de Plantago ovata (POE) (400 mg/Kg b.wt) reduziu a úlcera gástrica induzida pelo etanol em ratos, diminuindo o valor do índice de úlcera e preservando a integridade da mucosa gástrica. O estudo do estresse oxidativo nos tecidos estomacais mostrou um aumento significativo dos níveis das enzimas antioxidantes superóxido dismutase, catalase e glutationa peroxidase, com uma diminuição significativa da peroxidação lipídica enquanto pré-tratamento com POE. Em conclusão, o POE protege contra úlcera gástrica devido aos seus potenciais antioxidantes e à presença de moléculas bioativas.


Subject(s)
Rats , Plantago , Stomach Ulcer , Gastric Mucosa , Phytotherapy , Antioxidants
19.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-1011012

ABSTRACT

Pathological vascular remodeling is a hallmark of various vascular diseases. Previous research has established the significance of andrographolide in maintaining gastric vascular homeostasis and its pivotal role in modulating endothelial barrier dysfunction, which leads to pathological vascular remodeling. Potassium dehydroandrographolide succinate (PDA), a derivative of andrographolide, has been clinically utilized in the treatment of inflammatory diseases precipitated by viral infections. This study investigates the potential of PDA in regulating pathological vascular remodeling. The effect of PDA on vascular remodeling was assessed through the complete ligation of the carotid artery in C57BL/6 mice. Experimental approaches, including rat aortic primary smooth muscle cell culture, flow cytometry, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay, Boyden chamber cell migration assay, spheroid sprouting assay, and Matrigel-based tube formation assay, were employed to evaluate the influence of PDA on the proliferation and motility of smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Molecular docking simulations and co-immunoprecipitation assays were conducted to examine protein interactions. The results revealed that PDA exacerbates vascular injury-induced pathological remodeling, as evidenced by enhanced neointima formation. PDA treatment significantly increased the proliferation and migration of SMCs. Further mechanistic studies disclosed that PDA upregulated myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) expression in SMCs and interacted with T-cadherin (CDH13). This interaction augmented proliferation, migration, and extracellular matrix deposition, culminating in pathological vascular remodeling. Our findings underscore the critical role of PDA in the regulation of pathological vascular remodeling, mediated through the MyD88/CDH13 signaling pathway.


Subject(s)
Mice , Rats , Animals , Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/metabolism , Vascular Remodeling , Cell Proliferation , Vascular System Injuries/pathology , Carotid Artery Injuries/pathology , Molecular Docking Simulation , Muscle, Smooth, Vascular , Cell Movement , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Signal Transduction , Succinates/pharmacology , Potassium/pharmacology , Cells, Cultured , Diterpenes , Cadherins
20.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-1009224

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the effect of shikonin on the recovery of nerve function after acute spinal cord injury(SCI) in rats.@*METHODS@#96 male Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were divided into 4 groups randomly:sham operation group (Group A), sham operation+shikonin group (Group B), SCI+ DMSO(Group C), SCI+shikonin group (Group D).The acute SCI model of rats was made by clamp method in groups C and D . After subdural catheterization, no drug was given in group A. rats in groups B and D were injected with 100 mg·kg-1 of shikonin through catheter 30 min after modeling, and rats in group C were given with the same amount of DMSO, once a day until the time point of collection tissue. Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan(BBB) scores were performed on 8 rats in each group at 6, 12, and 3 d after moneling, and oblique plate tests were performed on 1, 3, 7 and 14 d after modeling, and then spinal cord tissues were collected. Eight rats were intraperitoneally injected with propidine iodide(PI) 1 h before sacrificed to detection PI positive cells at 24 h in each group. Eight rats were sacrificed in each group at 24 h after modeling, the spinal cord injury was observed by HE staining.The Nissl staining was used to observe survivor number of nerve cells. Western-blot technique was used to detect the expression levels of Bcl-2 protein and apoptosis related protein RIPK1.@*RESULTS@#After modeling, BBB scores were normal in group A and B, but in group C and D were significantly higher than those in group A and B. And the scores in group D were higher than those in group C in each time point (P<0.05). At 12 h after modeling, the PI red stained cells in group D were significantly reduced compared with that in group C, and the disintegration of neurons was alleviated(P<0.05). HE and Nissl staining showed nerve cells with normal morphology in group A and B at 24h after operation. The degree of SCI and the number of neuronal survival in group D were better than those in group C, the difference was statistically significant at 24h (P<0.05). The expression of Bcl-2 and RIPK1 proteins was very low in group A and B;The expression of RIPK1 was significantly increased in Group C and decreased in Group D, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05);The expression of Bcl-2 protein in group D was significantly higher than that in group C (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Shikonin can alleviate the pathological changes after acute SCI in rats, improve the behavioral score, and promote the recovery of spinal nerve function. The specific mechanism may be related to the inhibition of TNFR/RIPK1 signaling pathway mediated necrotic apoptosis.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Dimethyl Sulfoxide/metabolism , Naphthoquinones , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Spinal Cord/metabolism , Spinal Cord Injuries/metabolism , Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism , Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
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