The distribution of Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor A in cerebrospinal fluid-contacting nucleus of normal rats and its up-regulation in neuropathic pain / 生理学报

This study was aimed to observe the distribution of Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor A (MrgA) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting nucleus of normal rats and its expression in neuropathic pain, and to provide morphological evidence for CSF-contacting nucleus to participate in neuropathic pain. The model of neuropathic pain with chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve was made in Sprague-Dawley rats. The thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) and mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) were measured. The expressions of MrgA in the CSF-contacting nucleus were examined by double labeling with immunofluorescent staining. The results showed that on the 5th, 7th, 10th and 14th days, the values of MWT and TWL in CCI group were all lower than those in sham group (P < 0.05). MrgA was found to be distributed in CSF-contacting nucleus of normal rats; and the expression was markedly up-regulated in rats at the peak of neuropathic pain. Our data suggest that CSF-contacting nucleus may participate in neuropathic pain through the MrgA-mediated signaling pathway.

Detection of some virulence factors genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from different clinical cases

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogenic type to humans, and the most common species responsible for a wide range of diseases such as furuncles, various abscesses, wounds abscesses resulting from surgical operations, dermatitis, soft tissue inflammation, arthritis, bones inflammation, bronchial pneumonia, inflammation of internal parts of the heart and injuries caused by toxins such as toxic shock syndorome and staphylococcus aureus syndrome and food poisoning. The current study aimed by finding the genes responsible for the virulence factors in S. aureus isolates by using the Single and Multiplex PCR mechanism (technology). A total of 60 specimens (urine, burn swabs, wound swaabs) from different clinical cases were collected from patients (in different age groups) who admitted to several health centers in Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital, Iraq, during a period extending from October 2016 to January 2017. Some virulence factors were investigated for 30 isolate only of MRSA using Single and Multiplex PCR for detection virulence factor genes which both coa gene encoding production of coagulase, clfA gene encoding for clumpting factor, spa gene encoding for protein A, fnbA gene encoding for fibronectin binding proteins, luks gene encoding prouction of Panton Valentine Leukocidin (PVL). Results 30 (100%) were possess coa, clfA, spa and fnbA genes, 13 (43.3%) were possess luks gene

Anti-inflammatory Activity of Standardized Fraction from Inula helenium L. via Suppression of NF-κB Pathway in RAW 264.7 Cells

Inula helenium L. is rich source of eudesmane-type sesquiterpene lactones, mainly alantolactone and isoalantolactone, which have the various pharmacological functions. In this study, we examined the inhibitory effects of nitric oxide (NO) production of hexane, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water fractions from I. helenium and investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of hexane fraction of I. helenium (HFIH) in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Quantification of alantolactone and isoalantolactone from HFIH was carried out for the standardization by multiple reaction monitoring using triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. HFIH significantly inhibited inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein as well as their downstream products NO and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, HFIH suppressed NF-κB transcriptional activity by decreasing the translocation of p65 to the nucleus. The in vivo study further confirmed that HFIH attenuated the paw edema induced by carrageenan in an acute inflammation model. These findings suggest that HFIH may be useful as a promising phytomedicine for inflammatory-associated diseases.

Characterization of Plasmodium berghei Homologues of T-cell Immunomodulatory Protein as a New Potential Candidate for Protecting against Experimental Cerebral Malaria

The pathogenesis of cerebral malaria is biologically complex and involves multi-factorial mechanisms such as microvascular congestion, immunopathology by the pro-inflammatory cytokine and endothelial dysfunction. Recent data have suggested that a pleiotropic T-cell immunomodulatory protein (TIP) could effectively mediate inflammatory cytokines of mammalian immune response against acute graft-versus-host disease in animal models. In this study, we identified a conserved homologue of TIP in Plasmodium berghei (PbTIP) as a membrane protein in Plasmodium asexual stage. Compared with PBS control group, the pathology of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) in rPbTIP intravenous injection (i.v.) group was alleviated by the downregulation of pro-inflammatory responses, and rPbTIP i.v. group elicited an expansion of regulatory T-cell response. Therefore, rPbTIP i.v. group displayed less severe brain pathology and feverish mice in rPbTIP i.v. group died from ECM. This study suggested that PbTIP may be a novel promising target to alleviate the severity of ECM.

Genetic Variability of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Strains Isolated from Burns Patients

OBJECTIVES: Staphylococcus aureus is a nosocomial pathogen that provides a major challenge in the healthcare environment, especially in burns units where patients are particularly susceptible to infections. In this study, we sought to determine molecular types of S. aureus isolates collected from burns patients, based on staphylococcal protein A and coagulase gene polymorphisms. METHODS: Antibiotic susceptibility testing of 89 S. aureus strains isolated from burn wounds of patients was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Strains were characterized by spa typing, coa typing, and resistance and toxin gene profiling. RESULTS: A total of 12 different spa types were identified with the majority being t790 (18%). Panton-Valentine leucocidin encoding genes were identified in spa types t044 (5.6%), t852 (2.2%) and t008 (2.2%). The most commonly detected antibiotic resistance gene was ant (4′)-Ia (60.7%). Ten different coa types were detected and the majority of the tested isolates belonged to coa III (47.2%). All the high-level mupirocin-resistant and low-level mupirocin resistant strains belonged to coa type III. CONCLUSION: The present study illustrated that despite the high frequency of coa III and spa t790 types, the genetic background of S. aureus strains in Iranian burns patients was diverse. The findings obtained are valuable in creating awareness of S. aureus infections within burns units.

Oral Immunization of FMDV Vaccine Using pH-Sensitive and Mucoadhesive Thiolated Cellulose Acetate Phthalate Microparticles

Several barriers such as gastric pH, enzymatic degradation and rapid transit should be overcome to orally deliver antigens for taking up by epithelial microfold cells in Peyer's patches of small intestine. To solve the above mentioned problems, we designed pH-sensitive and mucoadhesive polymeric microparticles (MPs) prepared by double emulsion technique using cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) to enhance immune response of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) subunit vaccine. Thiolation of CAP improved mucoadhesive property of CAP to prolong the MPs transit time through the gastrointestinal tract. Thiolated CAP (T-CAP) also slowed down antigen release in acidic pH of stomach but released more antigens in neutral pH of small intestine due to the pH-sensitivity of the T-CAP. Oral immunization of a chimerical multi-epitope recombinant protein as the FMD subunit vaccine via T-CAP MPs effectively delivered the vaccine to Peyer's patches eliciting mucosal IgA response. It will make a step forward into a promising oral subunit vaccine development in livestock industry.

Maternal serum placental growth factor and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A measured in the first trimester as parameters of subsequent pre-eclampsia and small-for-gestational-age infants: A prospective observational study

OBJECTIVE: To examine the first-trimester maternal serum placental growth factor (PlGF) and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) levels in pregnancies associated with pre-eclampsia (PE) or small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants, and determine the predictive accuracy of PlGF and of PAPP-A for either PE or SGA infants. METHODS: This prospective, observational study included 175 pregnant women, and of these women, due to participant withdrawal or loss to follow-up, delivery data were collected from the medical records of 155 women, including 4 who had twin pregnancies. The women's maternal history was recorded, and the PlGF and PAPP-A levels at 11 to 13 gestational weeks were measured. During the second trimester, the maternal uterine artery's systolic/diastolic ratio was measured. Multiples of the median (MoM) of PlGF and PAPP-A were determined, and the associations of these values with the risk factors of SGA and PE were evaluated. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine whether PlGF and PAPP-A are useful markers for predicting SGA infants. RESULTS: The PAPP-A MoM level was significantly lower in women with advanced maternal age, multipara women, and women with gestational diabetes than in their counterparts. The PlGF and PAPP-A MoM levels were higher in women with a twin pregnancy than in those with a singleton pregnancy. There was a significant relationship between the maternal serum PAPP-A MoM level in the first trimester and the uterine artery systolic/diastolic ratio in the second trimester. Results of logistic regression analysis showed that low PlGF and PAPP-A MoM levels were predictors of SGA infants (odds ratio, 0.143; 95% confidence interval, 0.025 to 0.806; odds ratio, 0.191; 95% confidence interval, 0.051 to 0.718, respectively). CONCLUSION: PlGF and PAPP-A are potentially useful as first-trimester markers for SGA infants and some hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.

Trivalent M-related protein as a component of next generation group A streptococcal vaccines

PURPOSE: There is a need to broaden protective coverage of M protein–based vaccines against group A streptococci (GAS) because coverage of the current 30-valent M protein vaccine does not extend to all emm types. An additional GAS antigen and virulence factor that could potentially extend vaccine coverage is M-related protein (Mrp). Previous work indicated that there are three structurally related families of Mrp (MrpI, MrpII, and MrpIII) and peptides of all three elicited bactericidal antibodies against multiple emm types. The purpose of this study was to determine if a recombinant form containing Mrp from the three families would evoke bactericidal antiserum and to determine if this antiserum could enhance the effectiveness of antisera to the 30-valent M protein vaccine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A trivalent recombinant Mrp (trMrp) protein containing N-terminal fragments from the three families (trMrp) was constructed, purified and used to immunize rabbits. Anti-trMrp sera contained high titers of antibodies against the trMrp immunogen and recombinant forms representing MrpI, MrpII, and MrpIII. RESULTS: The antisera opsonized emm types of GAS representing each Mrp family and also opsonized emm types not covered by the 30-valent M protein–based vaccine. Importantly, a combination of trMrp and 30-valent M protein antiserum resulted in higher levels of opsonization of GAS than either antiserum alone. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that trMrp may be an effective addition to future constructs of GAS vaccines.

Development of an immunochromatographic strip for detection of antibodies against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

A simple and rapid immunochromatographic test strip incorporating a colloidal gold-labeled recombinant Nsp7 antigen probe was successfully developed for the detection of anti-porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) antibodies in swine. Recombinant Nsp7 protein of PRRSV labeled with colloidal gold was dispensed on a conjugate pad for use as the detector. Staphylococcal protein A and purified porcine anti-Nsp7 antibodies were blotted on a nitrocellulose membrane to form test and control lines, respectively. A comparison of the strip with standard diagnostic tests, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and immunoperoxidase monolayer assay, was also performed. The immunochromatographic test strip was shown to be of high specificity and sensitivity. Furthermore, the strip assay is rapid and easy to perform with no requirement for professional-level skills or equipment. It is suggested that the immunochromatographic test strip can be used to quickly and accurately detect PRRSV antibody and to be suitable for diagnostic purposes in the field.

In silico analysis of an envelope domain III-based multivalent fusion protein as a potential dengue vaccine candidate

PURPOSE: Dengue virus infection is now a global problem. Currently, there is no licensed vaccine or proven antiviral treatment against this virus. All four serotypes (1-4) of dengue virus can infect human. An effective dengue vaccine should be tetravalent to induce protective immune responses against all four serotypes. Most of dengue vaccine candidates are monovalent, or in the form of physically mixed multivalent formulations. Recently envelope protein domain III of virus is considered as a vaccine candidate, which plays critical roles in the most important viral activities. Development of a tetravalent protein subunit vaccine is very important for equal induction of immune system and prevention of unbalanced immunity. Here, we have presented and used a rational approach to design a tetravalent dengue vaccine candidate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We designed a multi domain antigen by fusing four consensus domain III sequences together with appropriate hydrophobic linkers and used several types of bioinformatics software and neural networks to predict structural and immunological properties of the designed tetravalent antigen. RESULTS: We designed a tetravalent protein (EDIIIF) based on domain III of dengue virus envelope protein. According to the results of the bioinformatics analysis, the constructed models for EDIIIF protein were structurally stable and potentially immunogenic. CONCLUSION: The designed tetravalent protein can be considered as a potential dengue vaccine candidate. The presented approach can be used for rational design and in silico evaluation of chimeric dengue vaccine candidates.

Emergence of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-Positive ST80 Clone of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Busan, Korea

Community-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) has become widespread in the community and healthcare settings, and a number of clonal lineages emerged on every country. Sequence type (ST) 80 clone of CA-MRSA was dominant in Europe and has increasingly been isolated from the Middle East but so far never found in Korea. In this study, 48 MRSA isolates recovered from ear infections were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing, staphylocoagulase (SC) genotyping, staphylococcal protein A gene (spa) typing, accessory gene regulator (agr) typing, and virulence gene profiling. Most MRSA strains belonged to three major clones: ST5-SCCmec II-SC type II (n=19, 39.6%), ST239-SCCmec III-SC type IV (n=15, 31.2%), and ST72-SCCmec IV-SC type Vb (n=11, 22.9%). Among the isolates, one strain was Panton- Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-positive ST80-SCCmec IV-SC type XIa - spa type t044-agr group III, and exfoliative toxin D-positive. This strain was susceptible to most antibiotics, but resistant to tetracycline and fusidic acid. This is the first report on the emergence of European ST80 CA-MRSA clone in Korea.

Improved protein-A chromatography for monoclonal antibody purification / 生物工程学报

Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies become the major product class within the biopharmaceutical market. Protein A as the first capture step is still dominant in current platforms for purification of monoclonal antibodies. In this study, we developed a new antibody harvest process that incorporates acidic treatment of cell harvest, demonstrating high process yield, improved clearance of host cell associated contaminants, like non-histone host cell protein, histone, DNA and heteroaggregates. Host protein contamination was reduced about 10-fold compared to protein A loaded with harvest clarified by centrifugation and microfiltration. Turbidity increase of eluted IgG upon pH neutralization was nearly eliminated. Residual levels of impurities in the protein A eluate were achieved that potentially meet requirements of drug substance and thus alleviate the burden for further impurities removal in subsequent chromatography steps. The mechanism of host cell associated contaminants removal during acidic treatment was also explored. After a polishing step by Capto adhere, host cell protein was reduced to less than 5 ppm, DNA less than 1 ppb, histone to undetectable level, heteroaggregates less than 0.01% with total IgG recovery around 87%. This efficient process can be easily integrated into current IgG purification platforms, and may overcome downstream processing challenges.

The Characteristics of Patients with Hanging Injury and the Usefulness of S100B Protein as a Predictive Factor According to the Presence of Cardiac Arrest

PURPOSE: Brain injury due to hanging leads has a high mortality rate and severe neurological sequelae. Serum S100B for predicting brain injury in hanging injury has not been evaluated. The aim of this study is to review the characteristics and the prognosis of hanging patients and to determine the usefulness of S100B as a predicting factor. METHODS: A single center, retrospective study was conducted from January 2011 to December 2014. A total of 102 patients visited the emergency department (ED) with hanging injuries and 70 resuscitated patients were enrolled. RESULTS: Of all patients, 56 (54.9%) patients were male and 96 (94.1%) patients committed suicide by hanging; 61 (59.8%) patients visited the ED with cardiac arrest. In arrest patients, all survived patients showed a Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) score of 4. Although 16 (39.0%) had the initial mental status as stupor or coma in non-arrest patients, 1 (2.4%) remained as CPC 4. Among the resuscitated patients, comatose mental status, absence of pupil light reflex (PLR), and diffuse swelling on brain computed tomography (CT) tended to show relation to high mortality rate. Only PLR tended to show relation to CPC score in non-arrest patients. The elevated level of serum S100B was related to the mortality in arrest patients, whereas it was not related to CPC score in non-arrest patients. CONCLUSION: The prognosis of hanging patients was related to PLR irrespective of the presence of cardiac arrest. The serum S100B level for prediction of prognosis is not sufficient in non-arrest patients with hanging.

Immunization of BALB/c mice with Brucella abortus 2308DeltawbkA confers protection against wild-type infection

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that causes animal and human diseases. Vaccination is a major measure for prevention of brucellosis, but it is currently not possible to distinguish vaccinated animals from those that have been naturally infected. Therefore, in this study, we constructed the Brucella (B.) abortus 2380 wbkA mutant (2308DeltawbkA) and evaluated its virulence. The survival of 2308DeltawbkA was attenuated in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) and BALB/c mice, and it induced high protective immunity in mice. The wbkA mutant elicited an anti-Brucella-specific immunoglobulin G response and induced the secretion of gamma interferon. Antibodies to 2308DeltawbkA could be detected in sera from mice, implying the potential for use of this protein as a diagnostic antigen. The WbkA antigen would allow serological differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals. These results suggest that 2308DeltawbkA is a potential attenuated vaccine against 16M. This vaccine will be further evaluated in sheep.

Blocking of Histamine Release and IgE Binding to FcepsilonRI on Human Basophils by Antibodies Produced in Camels

PURPOSE: The production of camel heavy-chain antihuman IgE (huIgE) that has the potential to block IgE-FcepsilonRI interaction and histamine release by basophils. METHODS: Camels were immunized with a synthetic loop peptide (SLP) designed in a multiple antigen peptide system (MAPS) forming SLP-MAPS immunogen. Camel polyclonal antibodies (PCAs) were produced, purified, characterized using Protein A & G, ELISA, and SDS-PAGE, and tested for their potency to block passive sensitization and histamine release of human basophils using flow cytometry (FCM) and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS: FCM data indicated that camel conventional (IgG1) and heavy chain antibodies (HCAbs; IgG2, and IgG3) had blocking activities of 43.9%, 72%, and 96.6%, respectively. Moreover, both IgG2 and IgG3 achieved remarkable inhibition rates of 93.98% and 97.05% in histamine release, respectively, whereas the IgG1inhibiting activity was 60.05%. CONCLUSIONS: Camel PCAs produced against SLP-MAPS were capable of blocking the IgE-receptor interaction and the release of histamine by basophils with superiority to HCAbs. These findings may pave the way toward the possible use of camel anti-huIgE HCAbs as blocking antibodies in the treatment of IgE-mediated allergy and asthma.

Cambios a lo largo del tiempo en la distribución de los complejos de clones dominantes de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina en Medellín, Colombia / Changes over time in the distribution of dominant clonal complexes of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Medellín, Colombia

Introducción. Parte del éxito de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina (SARM) como patógeno se debe a la rápida diseminación de linajes pandémicos con perfiles variables de virulencia y sensibilidad antimicrobiana. En Colombia se han identificado clones asociados al hospital como el pediátrico (CC5-ST5-SCC mec IV), el brasilero (CC8-ST239-SCC mec III) y el chileno/cordobés (CC5-ST5-SCC mec I). Asimismo, se describió el USA300 (CC8-ST8-SCC mec IV), tradicionalmente asociado a la comunidad, causante de infecciones hospitalarias . Objetivo. Describir el comportamiento en el tiempo de los clones de SARM provenientes de un hospital universitario de Medellín en aislamientos recolectados con una década de diferencia. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron 398 aislamientos de SARM, 67 recolectados en 1994 y 331 recolectados entre 2008 y 2010. La identificación y la sensibilidad a la meticilina se confirmaron mediante los genes nuc y mec A. La caracterización molecular incluyó la tipificación de spa , SCC mec , la electroforesis en gel de campo pulsado ( Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis, PFGE), y la tipificación por secuenciación de locus múltiples ( Multilocus Sequence Typing , MLST). Resultados. Al analizar los aislamientos de SARM de 1994 se encontró que pertenecían a un único linaje, el CC5-SCC mec IV, mientras que los aislamientos de 2008 a 2010 presentaron dos linajes dominantes: el CC8-SCC mec IVc, con cepas de los tipos spa t008 y t1610, estrechamente relacionadas con el clon USA 300, y el CC5-SCC mec I, con las de tipo spa t149, relacionadas con el clon chileno; no se detectaron cepas del linaje encontrado en 1994. Conclusiones. En este estudio se demuestra una dinámica en el tiempo de las cepas de S. aureus , y se señala la importancia de la vigilancia local y la difusión de los resultados, sobre todo en países como el nuestro, donde SARM es prevalente y la comprensión de su epidemiología es limitada.

Introduction: Part of the success of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as a pathogen responds to the rapid spread of pandemic lineages with diverse virulence and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. In Colombia, several healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) clones have been found, including the pediatric clone (CC5-ST5-SCC mec IV), the Brazilian clone (CC8-ST239-SCC mec III), and the Chilean/Cordobés clone (CC5-ST5-SCC mec I). Moreover, the community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) clone USA300 has been reported as causing hospital-acquired infections. Objective: To describe the changes over time in the distribution of MRSA clones from a university hospital in Medellín collected at two time points a decade apart. Materials and methods: A total of 398 MRSA strains were analyzed. Of these, 67 strains were collected in 1994, while the remaining 331 strains were collected between 2008 and 2010. Species identification and methicillin resistance were confirmed by detection of nuc and mec A genes, respectively. Molecular characterization included spa typing, SCC mec typing, PFGE and MLST. Results: Analysis of the MRSA strains collected in 1994 revealed that they belonged to a single clone, the CC5-SCC mec IV, whereas among the isolates from 2008-2010, two dominant clones were identified: CC8-SCC mec IVc, which included spa types t008 and t1610 and is closely related to the USA 300 clone, and CC5-SCC mec I ( spa type t149), related to the Chilean clone. The ST5-SCC mec IV clone from 1994 was not detected. Conclusions: This study identifies temporal dynamics in MRSA clone diversity, and highlights the importance of local surveillance and dissemination of results, especially in countries like Colombia where MRSA is prevalent and knowledge regarding its epidemiology is still insufficient.

Availability of hs-C-reactive protein as Predictive Value of Acute Pyelonephritis with Patient of Urolithiasis

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine early predictive value of acute pyelonephritis and urosepsis in patients with urolithiasis in the emergency department. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of patients who visited the emergency department and were diagnosed with urolithiasis by computed tomography for three years. Patients with urolithiasis were grouped according to the presence of computed tomography (CT) findings with acute pyelonephritis. In baseline characteristics, laboratory and CT findings of the two groups were compared. Group 1 was defined as urolithiasis without acute pyelonephritis and group 2 was defined as urolithiasis with acute pyelonephritis. In addition, we compared the sepsis versus non-sepsis and percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) versus non-PCN group in Group 2 for analysis of the hs-CRP level of each group. RESULTS: The total number of urolithiasis patients was 744. Among the patients, 84 (11.3%) had urolithiasis with acute pyelonephritis in CT findings. Age, sex, history of diabetes, history of urolithiasis, size of stone, duration of symptom, body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, leukocyte count, existence of pyuria, and hs-CRP differed significantly between the two groups, respectively. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, age, history of urolithiasis, existence of pyuria, and hs-CRP were shown to be independent predictors affecting acute pyelonephritis in patients with urolithiasis. The area under the receiving operator characteristics (ROC) curve for CRP was 0.820 (95% CI, 0.754-0.886) and leukocyte count was 0.631 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.542-0.721]. Sepsis and PCN groups showed significantly higher hs-CRP level than non-sepsis and non-PCN groups. CONCLUSION: There were some independent predictive values of urolithiasis with acute pyelonephritis. It can be useful in early detection of acute pyelonephritis or sepsis, and it can be helpful in making treatment plans for patients of urolithiasis.

Autologous Immunoglobulin Therapy in Patients With Severe Recalcitrant Atopic Dermatitis: A Preliminary Report

The management of severe recalcitrant atopic dermatitis (AD) is a challenging issue for clinicians and patients. We hypothesized that repeated intramuscular injections of autologous immunoglobulin (autologous immunoglobulin therapy: AIGT) might induce clinical improvements in patients with AD by stimulation of the active immune response to antigen-binding-site of pathogenic antibodies. We tried AIGT in 3 adult patients with severe recalcitrant AD whose clinical conditions could not be effectively controlled by medical treatments (including oral cyclosporine) for more than 2 years. Autologous immunoglobulin was purified from the autologous plasma by affinity chromatography using Protein A. The patients were treated by an intramuscular injection of 50 mg of autologous immunoglobulin twice a week for 4 weeks. A clinical severity score of AD (SCORAD value) showed a decrease greater than 30% at 8 weeks after the initiation of AIGT compared with the baseline before the initiation of AIGT in all 3 patients with severe recalcitrant AD. No significant side effects from treatment were observed. Further studies with larger numbers of patients are required to evaluate the clinical usefulness of AIGT for AD.

Systemic Amyloid Protein a Amyloidosis Involving the Heart in a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis / 대한내과학회지

Amyloidosis can be identified by the deposition of amyloid fibrils in biopsy specimens from multiple organs, including the heart, kidney, skin, and bowel. Systemic amyloid protein A amyloidosis (AA amyloidosis) is commonly associated with chronic inflammatory diseases or chronic infectious conditions. Cardiac involvement in AA amyloidosis is found in < 1% of reported cases. Here, we report a case of cardiac AA amyloidosis confirmed by heart biopsy in a 54-year-old-female with a medical history of rheumatoid arthritis and stage 4 chronic kidney disease due to renal amyloidosis. She had suffered from progressive aggravation of dyspnea for 2 years. Infiltrative disease involving the heart was suspected by echocardiography, and the patient was diagnosed with AA amyloidosis involving the heart by cardiac biopsy. This is a rare case of cardiac involvement in a patient with systemic AA amyloidosis associated with rheumatoid arthritis.

Chondroid tenosynovial giant cell tumor of the toe: A case report / 동물의과학연구지

Localized tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT) usually occurs in the hand and foot regions. However, localized TGCT with extensive cartilaginous metaplasia is rare, especially in the tendon sheath of the toe. Here, we report a case of localized TGCT with cartilaginous metaplasia in a 57-year-old man. The tumor presented as a lobular mass measuring 2.2 cm in its greatest dimension and arose in the flexor digitorum tendon sheath of the right 2nd toe. Clinically, the mass was palpable 1 year ago and brought pain during walking. Microscopically, the mass was composed of focal conventional TGCT and cartilaginous components. The conventional TGCT areas consisted of mononuclear cells, multinucleated giant cells, and hemosiderin deposition. The chondroid areas were extensive and comprised more than 90% of the whole tumor. In this case, the mononuclear cells in the conventional TGCT areas showed focal immunohistochemical staining for podoplanin and S100 protein as well as diffuse staining for CD68, which is consistent with the staining pattern of conventional TGCT. The mononuclear cells in the chondroid areas were focal positive for podoplanin and diffuse positive for S100 protein. Chondroid metaplasia in diffuse TGCT has been reported in 10 cases involving the temporomandibular, elbow, and hip joints. However, there has been no report of a localized form of chondroid TGCT involving an extra-articular region.