ABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction: It is challenging to diagnose syncope in patients with pacemakers. Because these patients have increased morbidity and mortality risks, they require immediate attention to determine the causes in order to provide appropriate treatment. This study aimed to investigate the causes and predictive factors of syncope as well as the methods used to diagnose syncope in cardiac pacemaker patients. Methods: Patients with pacemakers implanted owing to sinus node disease or atrioventricular block were evaluated with standardized questionnaires, endocavitary electrograms, and other tests based on the suspected causes of syncope. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to analyze continuous variables and Chi-squared or Fisher's exact tests were used for categorical variables. Logistic regression was used for multivariate analyses. Statistical significance was P<0.05. Results: The study included 95 patients with pacemakers: 47 experienced syncope in the last 12 months and 48 did not. Of the 100 documented episodes of syncope, 48.9% were vasovagal syncopes, 17% had cardiac-related causes, 10.6% had unknown causes, and 8.5% had pacemaker failure. The multivariate analysis showed that a New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Class II was a significant factor for developing syncope (P<0.01). Conclusion: While the most common type of syncope in pacemaker patients was neurally mediated, it is important to perform detailed evaluations in this population as the causes of syncope can be life-threatening. The best diagnostic methods were stored electrogram analysis and the tilt table test. NYHA Functional Class II patients were found to have a higher risk for syncope.
Subject(s)
Humans , Pacemaker, Artificial , Syncope, Vasovagal/diagnosis , Syncope, Vasovagal/etiology , Syncope, Vasovagal/therapy , Atrioventricular Block , Syncope/diagnosis , Syncope/etiology , Tilt-Table TestABSTRACT
Abstract Syncope in pediatrics represents an important cause of visits to the emergency units. For this reason, excluding a cardiac or malignant origin is essential at the time of the initial approach to determine what is the next step in management, or if they need to be referred to a pediatric cardiologist and/or electrophysiologist. Vasovagal syncope is the most frequent cause of syncope in pediatrics, in which a detailed clinical history is enough to make the diagnosis. If no diagnosis is concluded by the history, or if it is necessary to define the hemodynamic response of the patients, the head-up-tilt-test is indicated; this will trigger syncope due to an orthostatic stress caused by the angulated table (passive phase). If a negative response remains, it can be followed by a pharmacologic challenge to trigger the hemodynamic response, which is still controversial in pediatrics. The pharmacologic challenge increases the sensitivity with a slight reduction in test specificity. Although there is not a specific drug for the challenge in pediatric patients yet, the most commonly drugs used are nitrates and isoproterenol, the latter related to a great number of adverse effects. Sublingual administration of nitrates in the challenge has been proven to be ideal, effective, and safe in this specific age group. The aim of this article is to make a literature search to demonstrate the effectiveness and safety of the pharmacologic challenge during the head-up-tilt-test in pediatrics, emphasizing a study conducted at the National Institute of Cardiology with isosorbide dinitrate.
Resumen El síncope en edades pediátricas representa una causa importante en las visitas a unidades de urgencias, por lo que excluir un origen cardíaco o maligno es fundamental al momento del abordaje inicial para determinar la conducta a seguir o la necesidad de derivar al cardiólogo pediatra o electrofisiólogo. El síncope vasovagal (SVV) es la causa más frecuente de síncope en pediatría, para cuyo diagnóstico basta una historia clínica detallada. Cuando ésta no es suficiente para determinar el diagnóstico de síncope reflejo o es necesario definir el tipo de respuesta que lo origina, está indicada una prueba de mesa inclinada que produce un estrés ortostático por la angulación y ello desencadena un síncope (fase pasiva). En pruebas no concluyentes está indicado un reto farmacológico para precipitar la respuesta hemodinámica, pero aún es un tema de controversia en edades pediátricas. El reto farmacológico incrementa la sensibilidad de la prueba, con una ligera reducción de la especificidad. Si bien no existe todavía un medicamento específico para la población pediátrica, los más empleados son los nitratos y el isoproterenol, este último relacionado con un mayor número de efectos adversos. La administración sublingual de los nitratos utilizados ha demostrado ser ideal, efectiva y segura en los pacientes pediátricos. El objetivo del artículo es realizar una revisión de las publicaciones médicas que demuestran la efectividad y seguridad del reto farmacológico durante la prueba de mesa inclinada en pacientes pediátricos, con énfasis en un estudio conducido en el Instituto Nacional de Cardiología con dinitrato de isosorbida (DNIS).
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Syncope/diagnosis , Tilt-Table Test/methods , Syncope, Vasovagal/diagnosis , Vasodilator Agents/adverse effects , Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology , Tilt-Table Test/adverse effects , Isoproterenol/adverse effects , Isoproterenol/pharmacology , Nitrates/adverse effects , Nitrates/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Abstract Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is a potentially lethal disease, whose characteristic ventricular tachycardias are adrenergic-dependent. Although rare, CPVT should be considered in the differential diagnosis of young individuals with exercise-induced syncope. Mutations in five different genes (RYR2, CASQ2, CALM1, TRDN, and TECRL) are associated with the CPVT phenotype, although RYR2 missense mutations are implicated in up to 60 % of all CPVT cases. Genetic testing has an essential role in the diagnosis, management, pre-symptomatic diagnosis, counseling, and treatment of the proband; furthermore, genetic information can be useful for offspring and relatives. By expert consensus, CPVT gene testing is a Class I recommendation for patients with suspected CPVT. Beta-adrenergic and calcium-channel blockers are the cornerstones of treatment due to the catecholaminergic dependence of the arrhythmias. Unresponsive patients are treated with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator to reduce the risk of sudden cardiac death. In the present article, a brief review of the genetic and molecular mechanisms of this intriguing disease is provided.
Subject(s)
Humans , Death, Sudden, Cardiac/prevention & control , Tachycardia, Ventricular/diagnosis , Defibrillators, Implantable , Syncope/diagnosis , Genetic Testing , Tachycardia, Ventricular/genetics , Tachycardia, Ventricular/therapy , Diagnosis, Differential , MutationSubject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Syncope/complications , Syncope/diagnosis , Diagnosis , Oxidative Stress , Electrophysiology/methods , Arterial PressureABSTRACT
Resumen Objetivos: Determinar el rendimiento pronóstico con sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y valor predictivo negativo del puntaje de riesgo en síncope OESIL para la predicción de eventos graves (mortalidad, intervenciones invasivas cardiovasculares y reingresos) a 6 meses en adultos que ingresan a urgencias por eventos de síncope. Métodos: Estudio de cohorte, prospectivo y multicéntrico, con selección de personas mayo- res de 18 an˜os que ingresaron a urgencias con síncope como motivo de consulta. Setomaron datos demográficos y clínicos de los participantes, se aplicó el puntaje de riesgo OESIL y para la documentación de eventos graves, se hizo seguimiento por 6 meses a través de contacto telefónico. Resultados: Se incluyeron 161 pacientes. Una puntuación OESIL de 2 o más puntos se consideró de alto riesgo y se presentó en el 72% de los casos. Con un corte de 2 puntos o más, las características del puntaje de riesgo OESIL para predecir el desenlace compuesto de mortalidad, intervenciones y reingresos fueron de 75. 7,30.5, 43.1,y 64.4% para sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y valor predictivo negativo, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Una puntuación de 2 o más en el puntaje de riesgo OESIL aplicada a población colombiana tiene un desempen˜o global limitado para la predicción de eventos graves, que no permitiría una adecuada discriminación de los pacientes en riesgo que se benefician de ingreso hospitalario y estudios adicionales.
Abstract Objectives: To establish the prognostic value, with sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for the OESIL syncope risk score to predict the presentation of severe outcomes (death, invasive interventions, and readmission) after 6 months of observation in adults who consulted the emergency department due to syncope. Methods: Observational, prospective, and multicentre study with enrolment of subjects older than18years,who consulted in the emergency department due to syncope .Are cord was mad of the demographic and clinical information of all patients. The OESIL risks core was calculated, and severe patient out comes were followed up during a 6 month period using telephone contact. Results: A total of 161 patients met the inclusion criteria and were followed up for 6 months. A score above or equal to 2 in the risk score, classified as high risk, was present in 72% of the patients. The characteristics of the risk score to predict the combined outcome of mortality, invasive interventions, and readmission for a score above or equal to 2 were 75.7, 30.5, 43.1, and 64.4% for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value, respectively. Conclusions: A score above or equal to 2 in the OESIL risk score applied in Colombian population was of limited use to predict the studied severe outcomes. This score will be unable to discriminate between patients that benefit of early admission and further clinical studies.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Syncope/diagnosis , Risk Assessment/methods , Emergency Service, Hospital , Prognosis , Predictive Value of Tests , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Cohort Studies , Follow-Up Studies , Sensitivity and Specificity , ColombiaABSTRACT
Abstract Background: Carotid sinus hypersensitivity (CSH) is a frequent finding in the evaluation of syncope. However, its significance in the clinical setting is still dubious. A new criterion was proposed by Solari et al. with a symptomatic systolic blood pressure (SBP) cut-off value of ≤ 85 mmHg to refine the vasodepressor (VD) response diagnosis. Objective: To determine and compare the response to carotid sinus massage (CSM) in patients with and without syncope according to standard and proposed criteria. Methods: CSM was performed in 99 patients with and 66 patients without syncope. CSH was defined as cardioinhibitory (CI) for asystole ≥ 3 seconds, or as VD for SBP decrease ≥ 50 mmHg. Results: No differences in the hemodynamic responses were observed during CSM between the groups, with 24.2% and 25.8% CI, and 8.1% and 13.6% VD in the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups, respectively (p = 0.466). A p value < 0.050 was considered statistically significant. During the maneuvers, 45 (45.45%) and 34 (51.5%) patients in the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups achieved SBP below ≤ 85 mmHg. Symptoms were reported especially in those patients in whom CSM caused a SBP decrease to below 90 mmHg and/or asystole > 2.5 seconds, regardless of the pattern of response or the presence of previous syncope. Conclusion: The response to CSM in patients with and without syncope was similar; therefore, CSH may be an unspecific condition. Clinical correlation and other methods of evaluation, such as long-lasting ECG monitoring, may be necessary to confirm CSH as the cause of syncope.
Resumo Fundamento: A hipersensibilidade do seio carotídeo (HSC) é um achado frequente na avaliação da síncope. Entretanto, o valor da resposta positiva é ainda incerto no contexto clínico. Novo critério diagnóstico para tentar refinar a resposta vasodepressora (VD) foi proposto por Solari et al. com determinação da queda sintomática da pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) a níveis ≤ 85 mmHg como ponto de corte. Objetivo: Determinar e comparar a resposta à massagem do seio carotídeo (MSC) em pacientes com e sem síncope de acordo com os critérios vigentes e propostos. Métodos: A MSC foi realizada em 99 pacientes com síncope e 66 pacientes sem síncope. A HSC foi definida como cardioinibitória (CI), se assistolia ≥ 3 segundos, ou VD, se queda da PAS ≥ 50 mmHg. Resultados: Não foram observadas diferenças na resposta hemodinâmica entre os grupos durante a MSC, com 24,2% e 25,8% de resposta CI, e 8,1% e 13,6% de resposta VD nos grupos sintomático e assintomático, respectivamente (p = 0,466). Considerou-se p < 0,05 estatisticamente significativo. Durante as manobras, 45 (45,45%) e 34 (51,5%) pacientes nos grupos sintomático e assintomático atingiram PAS ≤ 85 mmHg. Sintomas foram relatados principalmente por pacientes em que a MSC reduziu a PAS para menos de 90 mmHg e/ou causou assistolia > 2,5 segundos, independentemente do padrão da resposta ou história de síncope prévia. Conclusão: As respostas à MSC em pacientes com e sem síncope foram semelhantes. Portanto, a HSC pode ser uma condição inespecífica. A correlação clínica mais precisa e outros métodos para avaliação, como monitoramento por ECG de longa duração, podem ser necessários para confirmação da HSC como causa da síncope.
Subject(s)
Humans , Syncope/diagnosis , Carotid Sinus/physiopathology , Syncope/physiopathologySubject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Syncope/diagnosis , Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/diagnosis , Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/etiology , Pacemaker, Artificial , Arrhythmias, Cardiac , Quality of Life , Stroke Volume , Echocardiography/methods , Risk Factors , Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular , Death, Sudden/prevention & controlABSTRACT
Relatamos o caso de uma paciente com implante de marcapasso bicameral há dois meses por bloqueio atrioventricular total, que, dois dias após queda acidental em sua residência com trauma homolateral ao local do implante do marcapasso, apresentou pré-síncope, lipotimias e bradicardia. O eletrocardiograma evidenciava perda total de comando atrioventricular e a radiografia de tórax mostrava tracionamento, deslocamento e enovelamento dos cabos-eletrodos próximo ao gerador. A paciente foi diagnosticada como caso típico de síndrome de Twiddler
We report the case of a patient with a bicameral pacemaker implantation within the last two months due to total atrioventricular block, who presented pre-syncope, lipothymia and bradycardia two days after an accidental fall at home with a homolateral trauma to the pacemaker implantation site. The electrocardiogram showed a total loss of the atrioventricular command and chest x-ray evidence of traction, displacement and folding of the leads near the generator. The patient was diagnosed as a typical Twiddler's Syndrome case
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged , Accidental Falls , Atrioventricular Block/therapy , Electrodes , Pacemaker, Artificial , Cardiac Pacing, Artificial/methods , Defibrillators, Implantable , Risk Factors , Syncope/diagnosis , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción: Es frecuente de encontrar personas enviadas para realizar la prueba de Tilt Test (TT), que sufrieron un solo síncope aislado o que ocurre muy ocasionalmente durante su vida. En este trabajo nos preguntamos en qué se diferencian estas personas de las que nunca tienen síncopes. Métodos: Realizamos el examen de TT en 104 pacientes que sufrieron sólo uno o como máximo 5 síncopes por cualquier causa durante su vida. Intentamos explicar cómo actúan los diferentes factores predisponentes para provocar el síncope. Resultados: Encontramos diferencias en factores predisponentes del síncope, entre nuestros pacientes y los controles en factores como: la herencia, la hipermovilidad articular, el encharcamiento venoso durante el TT, la ingesta de alimentos, el uso de fármacos, el estrés y la emoción. Conclusiones: En el síncope único o muy ocasional, deben conjugarse en la persona dos factores. Lo explicamos: Estos pacientes tienen una predisposición orgánica (herencia -hipermovilidad articular- falla en los baroreflejos, algunas enfermedades neurológicas, etc.) a presentar síncopes. Pero los síncopes no ocurrirán a menos que se agregue simultáneamente un factor ambiental, que actúa como un desencadenante (estadía larga de pie, estrés, dolor y emoción, deshidratación, drogas, comida abundante, etc.), es por eso que en estos pacientes los síncopes son tan raros.
Introduction: It is frequent meeting people sent to perform a tilt test suffering from a single or such isolated syncope that occur very occasionally during the patient's life. We ask ourselves how these people differ from those who never have syncopes. Methods: We performed tilt test in 104 patients who suffer a single or maximum 5 syncopes from any cause during their lifetimes. We try to explain how different predisposing factors act to provoke syncope. Results: We found differences between cases and controls in inheritance of syncopes, joint hypermobility, venous pooling during tilt test, food intake, use of drugs, stress and emotion as a trigger for syncope. Conclusions: Patients with single or occasional syncope have an organic predisposition (inheritance - joint hypermobility - failure in the baroreflexes, some neurological diseases, etc.) to present syncopes, but syncopes do not occur unless it is added simultaneously an environmental factor, which acts as a trigger (prolonged standing up - stress, pain and emotion - dehydration - drugs - abundant food, etc.) that is why these episodes are so rare.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Syncope/diagnosis , Syncope/etiology , Syncope/epidemiology , Tilt-Table TestABSTRACT
Monitores de eventos implantáveis estão cada vez mais presentes em nossa realidade. Este relato tem como foco o registro eletrocardiográ- fico obtido por monitor de eventos implantável durante ressonância magnética de paciente com síncope de repetição. O registro demonstra traçado interpretado erroneamente como taquicardia ventricular. O reconhecimento de interferências deve ser parte do treinamento do médico que atende e avalia dispositivos implantáveis
Implantable loop recorders are increasingly more present in our reality. This report is focused on the electrocardiographic recording obtained by implantable loop monitor during magnetic resonance imaging in patients with repeated syncope. The recording shows a tracing misinterpreted as ventricular tachycardia. Identifying interferences must be part of the training of attending physicians who sees patients and evaluates implantable devices
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Aged , Pacemaker, Artificial , Defibrillators, Implantable/trends , Electromagnetic Radiation , Syncope/diagnosis , Echocardiography/methods , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods , Tachycardia, Ventricular/diagnosis , Electrodes, Implanted/trends , Heart RateABSTRACT
Paciente do sexo masculino, de 62 anos de idade, com megacólon chagásico sem manifestações cardíacas, apresentou evento sincopal sem pródromos, sendo submetido a Holter de 24 horas, ecocardiografia, teste ergométrico e cineangiocoronariografia, que se mostraram normais. O estudo eletrofisiológico mostrou ausência de distúrbios de condução e de indução de taquiarritmias. Durante a fase basal do teste de inclinação, o paciente apresentou taquicardia ventricular polimórfica. Foi realizado implante de cardioversor-desfibrilador implantável. Na evolução, apresentou deterioração da função ventricular com início de terapêutica específica. Após sete anos de acompanhamento, observaram-se três episódios de taquicardia ventricular polimórfica adequadamente revertidos pelo cardioversor-desfibrilador implantável
A 62 year-old man with Chagasic megacolon without cardiac manifestations developed a syncope without prodrome and was submitted to 24-hour Holter monitoring, echocardiogram, exercise test and coronary angiography. Electrophysiology tests showed there was no conduction and tachyarrhythmia induction disorders. During the baseline phase of the tilt test, the patient presented a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. An implantable cardioverter defibrillator was implanted. At the follow-up, the patient presented left ventricular deterioration and specific therapy was started. After seven years of follow-up, three episodes of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia were observed and were successfully converted
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Chagas Disease/diagnosis , Tachycardia, Ventricular/complications , Tachycardia, Ventricular/diagnosis , Tilt-Table Test/methods , Defibrillators, Implantable , Echocardiography/methods , Electrocardiography/methods , Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac/methods , Exercise Test/methods , Syncope/diagnosis , Treatment Outcome , Ventricular Function, LeftSubject(s)
Female , Humans , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Syncope/complications , Syncope/diagnosis , Syncope/etiology , Hypotension/diagnosis , Hypotension/etiology , Electrocardiography, Ambulatory , Echocardiography , Exercise Test , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Introdução: A morte súbita cardíaca é definida como morte de ocorrência inesperada, que ocorre ematé uma hora do início dos sintomas. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar fatores de risco para morte súbita cardíaca em população de jovens universitários. Método: Estudo observacional com aplicação do questionárioSudden Cardiac Death Screening of risk factors a 142 jovens universitários de diferentes cursos na cidade de Goiânia (GO), na faixa etária entre 18 anos e 35 anos e realização de eletrocardiograma. Os laudos dos exames foram elaborados por um único médico cardiologista e enviados por e-mail. Os jovens que tiveram resultado alterado receberam o exame e foram orientados a procurar um especialista para melhor investigação. Foi realizada análise descritiva das respostas e alterações eletrocardiográficas. Resultados: Encontrou-se média de idade de22,4 anos e predomínio do sexo feminino. História de síncope foi referida por 39,4% dos jovens, dos quais 49,1%relataram 2 episódios a 5 episódios nos últimos 5 anos. Os contextos mais associados à síncope foram jejum eestresse (ambos com 19,64%), 39,4% afirmaram ter crises de taquiarritmia e 38% relataram precordialgia com frequência. História de doenças cardíacas familiares foi referida por 33,8% dos participantes, dos quais 54,1% relataram ocorrência de morte súbita em familiares com idade < 50 anos. Alterações eletrocardiográficas foram observadas em 27,4%, sendo as mais frequentes a repolarização precoce e o distúrbio de condução do ramo direito (ambos com 23%). Conclusão: Identificou-se a presença de fatores preditores de morte súbita cardíaca na população estudada. No entanto, não foi possível definir ou estratificar o risco do evento pelos meios propostos.
Background: Sudden cardiac death is defined as the unexpected occurrence of death occurring within one hour of symptom onset. This trial aimed to identify risk factors for sudden cardiac death in a population of university students. Method: Observational study including the application of the Sudden Cardiac Death - Screening of risk factors questionnaire to 142 university students between 18 to 35 years of age taking different courses in the city of Goiânia (GO) and an electrocardiogram. The reports were made by the same cardiologist and emailed. Those with abnormal test results were instructed to visit a specialist for further investigation. A descriptive analysis of there sponses and electrocardiographic changes were performed. Results: Mean age was 22.4 years with a prevalence of females. History of syncope was reported by 39.4% of the participants, of which 49.1% reported 2-5 episodes in the last five years. The events associated with syncope were fasting and stress (both with 19.64%), 39.4% reported having tachyarrhythmia and 38% reported frequent chest pain. Family history of heart disease was reported by 33.8% of the respondents, of whom 54.1% had sudden death before 50 years of age. Electrocardiographic changes were identified in 27.4% and the most frequent were early repolarization and right bundle branch conduction disturbance (both with 23%). Conclusion: Predictors of sudden cardiac death were identified in this population. However, it was not possible to define or stratify the risk of the event using the proposed methods.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Death, Sudden, Cardiac/epidemiology , Predictive Value of Tests , Young Adult , Age Factors , Brazil/epidemiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/complications , Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis , Electrocardiography/methods , Observational Study , Prevalence , Sex Factors , Surveys and Questionnaires , Syncope/complications , Syncope/diagnosisABSTRACT
Objective To correlate arrhythmic symptoms with the presence of significant arrhythmias through the external event monitoring (web-loop). Methods Between January and December 2011, the web-loop was connected to 112 patients (46% of them were women, mean age 52±21 years old). Specific arrhythmic symptoms were defined as palpitations, pre-syncope and syncope observed during the monitoring. Supraventricular tachycardia, atrial flutter or fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, pauses greater than 2 seconds or advanced atrioventricular block were classified as significant arrhythmia. The association between symptoms and significant arrhythmias were analyzed. Results The web-loop recorded arrhythmic symptoms in 74 (66%) patients. Of these, in only 14 (19%) patients the association between symptoms and significant cardiac arrhythmia was detected. Moreover, significant arrhythmia was found in 11 (9.8%) asymptomatic patients. There was no association between presence of major symptoms and significant cardiac arrhythmia (OR=0.57, CI95%: 0.21-1.57; p=0.23). Conclusion We found no association between major symptoms and significant cardiac arrhythmia in patients submitted to event recorder monitoring. Event loop recorder was useful to elucidate cases of palpitations and syncope in symptomatic patients. .
Objetivo Correlacionar sintomas arrítmicos com a presença de arritmias significativas por meio do monitor de eventos externo (web-loop). Métodos Entre janeiro e dezembro de 2011, o web-loop foi instalado em 112 pacientes (46% mulheres, 52±21 anos). Sintomas específicos foram definidos como palpitação, pré-síncope e síncope, presentes durante a monitorização. Arritmia significativa foi definida como taquicardia paroxística supraventricular, flutter e fibrilação atrial, taquicardia ventricular, pausas superiores a 2 segundos ou bloqueio atrioventricular avançado. A associação entre presença de sintomas e arritmias significativas foi avaliada. Resultados O monitor de eventos registrou sintomas específicos em 74 (66%) pacientes, entretanto a associação entre sintomas específicos e arritmia significativa foi observada em apenas 14 (19%) deles. Em 11 pacientes (9,8%), foi detectada arritmia significativa na ausência de sintomas. Não houve associação entre a presença de sintomas e a detecção de arritmia significativa (OR=0,57, IC95%: 0,21-1,57; p=0,23). Conclusão Em pacientes monitorizados pelo web-loop, não houve associação entre a presença de sintomas específicos e a detecção de arritmias significativas. O monitor de eventos pode ter importância na elucidação de sintomas de palpitações e síncope dos pacientes. .
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/diagnosis , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/physiopathology , Electrocardiography, Ambulatory/instrumentation , Syncope/diagnosis , Syncope/physiopathology , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/etiology , Chi-Square Distribution , Electrocardiography, Ambulatory/methods , Reproducibility of Results , Time FactorsABSTRACT
O implante de marcapasso endocárdico transvenoso é contraindicado em pacientes com válvulatricúspide mecânica. Relata-se o caso de uma mulher de 79 anos de idade, com válvulas mitral e tricúspidemetálicas para estimulação permanente devido à fibrilação atrial crônica de baixa resposta ventricular, que passoua apresentar sintomas de pré-síncope. Um cabo-eletrodo endocárdico foi colocado no ventrículo esquerdo porvia transvenosa através do seio coronariano na veia cardíaca posterolateral. O implante foi realizado através doseio coronário. Oferece um ritmo seguro e eficaz em pacientes com válvula tricúspide mecânica, eliminandoa necessidade de toracotomia para o implante epicárdico de cabo-eletrodo. Normalmente, a colocação é feitamediante toracotomia anterolateral ou esternotomia. Nesse caso, tanto a vida do eletrodo é reduzida quanto o seulimiar de comando geralmente aumenta com o tempo. O tecido em torno dos ventrículos é friável, especialmenteapós cirurgia cardíaca, e um eventual dano para os ventrículos durante a incisão pode ser fatal...
Transvenous endocardial pacemaker implantation is contraindicated in patients with a mechanicaltricuspid valve. An endocardial lead was placed in the left ventricle by transvenous approach through thecoronary sinus in the posterolateral cardiac vein in 79 year-old woman with metal mitral and tricuspid valve forpermanent pacing due to chronic atrial fibrillation with low ventricular response and nearsyncope symptoms.It was implanted through the coronary sinus providing a safe and effective rhythm in patients with mechanicaltricuspid valve, thereby eliminating the need for thoracotomy to implant an epicardial electrode. Transvenousendocardial pacemaker implantation is not indicated in patients with a mechanical tricuspid valve. Typically, theyare implanted by anterolateral thoracotomy or sternotomy. However, in this case, the lead mean life is reduced,and its threshold will usually increase over time. The tissue around the ventricles is friable, especially after cardiacsurgery, and an eventual ventricular damage during incision may be fatal...
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged , Mitral Valve Stenosis/complications , Tricuspid Valve Stenosis/physiopathology , Pacemaker, Artificial , Electrocardiography , Heart Valve Prosthesis/history , Syncope/diagnosisABSTRACT
Síncope é uma síndrome clínica de múltiplas causas, muito comum nas emergências, contudo sua abordagem diagnóstica ainda não está bem estabelecida. O objetivo desse artigo de revisão é elucidar o manejo diagnóstico inicial do paciente que se apresenta com queixa de síncope.
Syncope is a clinical syndrome of multiple causes, very common in emergencies. However, this diagnosed approach is not yet very well established. The purpose of this review articles is to elucidate the initial diagnostic management of patients with complaints of syncope.
Subject(s)
Medical History Taking , Syncope/diagnosisABSTRACT
Epilepsy and syncope are clinical conditions with high prevalence rates in the general population, and the differential diagnosis between them is difficult. Objective To assess the frequency of syncope in patients diagnosed with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) without apparent heart disease, to investigate the relationship between clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) changes, and to verify the role of the inclination test (IT). Method An open, prospective study from 2004 to 2006, including 35 consecutive patients from the Epilepsy Program of Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho who were diagnosed with DRE without apparent heart disease. Results The frequency of syncope was 25.7% (n=9), with a significant prevalence in women. Vasovagal syncope (VVS) was the most frequent diagnosis. Conclusion We found a significant association between syncope and the presence of autonomic symptoms (p=0.005). The IT plays an important role in the differential diagnosis of patients with DRE presenting with autonomic symptoms, regardless of EEG results and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities. .
Epilepsia e síncope são condições clínicas com alta prevalência na população geral e, às vezes, o diagnóstico diferencial entre elas é difícil. Objetivo Investigar a frequência de síncope em pacientes diagnosticados com epilepsia fármaco resistente (EFR), sem doença cardíaca aparente; investigar a relação entre alterações clínicas e eletrencefalográficas; verificar o papel do teste de inclinação (TI). Método Estudo aberto prospectivo, realizado de 2004 a 2006, incluindo 35 pacientes consecutivos do Programa de Epilepsias do Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, diagnosticados com EFR, sem doença cardíaca aparente. Resultados A frequência de síncope foi de 25,7% (n=9), com prevalência significativa em mulheres. Síncope vasovagal (SVV) foi o diagnóstico mais frequente. Conclusão Encontramos uma significativa associação entre síncope e a presença de sintomas autonômicos (p=0,005). O TI tem importante papel no diagnóstico diferencial de pacientes com diagnóstico de EFR que apresentam sintomas autonômicos, a despeito de alterações eletrencefalográficas e de ressonância magnética do crânio. .
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Epilepsy/diagnosis , Syncope/diagnosis , Diagnosis, Differential , Drug Resistance , Electroencephalography , Epilepsy/drug therapy , Epilepsy/physiopathology , Prospective Studies , Syncope/physiopathology , Tilt-Table TestABSTRACT
FUNDAMENTO: No atendimento ao episódio sincopal é necessário estratificar o risco para melhor diferenciar pacientes que necessitam de internação hospitalar daqueles que podem ser liberados. Os critérios utilizados pelos médicos avaliadores desses pacientes em emergências cardiológicas em nosso meio são desconhecidos. OBJETIVOS: Analisar quais os critérios adotados para internação hospitalar, diferenciá-los dos utilizados nos pacientes liberados e compará-los com os preditores de alto risco definidos pelo escore de OESIL já validado para esse fim. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal em pacientes diagnosticados com síncope na emergência em nossa instituição no ano de 2011. RESULTADOS: Dos 46.476 atendimentos realizados naquele ano, 216 foram descritos como síncope. Dos 216 pacientes analisados, 39% foram internados, sendo que as principais variáveis associadas à admissão foram síncope prévia, doença cardíaca conhecida, história negativa para acidente vascular encefálico no passado, ECG alterado e possuir plano de súde. Na comparação internação contra não internação, os escores OESIL 0-1 foram associados a maior chance de liberação hospitalar; os escores 2-3 apresentaram maior associação com internação. Um escore OESIL >2 demonstrou razão de chances 7,8 vezes maior de internação comparado com o escore 0 (p < 0,001; IC95%: 4,03-15,11). Aproximadamente 39% dos pacientes não tiveram definição etiológica e em 18% foi identificada uma causa cardiológica. CONCLUSÕES: Fatores como doença cardiovascular conhecida, história sincopal prévia, ausência de AVC prévio, possuir seguro de saúde e eletrocardiograma alterado foram os critérios utilizados pelos médicos em emergência para indicar internação hospitalar. Houve boa correlação entre os critérios clínicos e os critérios de risco do OESIL descritos na literatura.
BACKGROUND: Risk stratification of a syncopal episode is necessary to better differentiate patients needing hospitalization of those who can be safely set home from the emergency department. Currently there are no strict guidelines from our Brazilian medical societies to guide the cardiologist that evaluate patients in an emergency setting. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the criteria adopted for defining the need for hospitalization and compare them with the predictors of high risk for adverse outcome defined by the OESIL score that is already validated in the medical literature for assessing syncope. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of patients diagnosed with syncope during emergency department evaluation at our institution in the year 2011. RESULTS: Of the 46,476 emergency visits made in that year, 216 were due to syncope. Of the 216 patients analyzed, 39% were hospitalized. The variables associated with the need of hospital admission were - having health care insurance, previous known cardiovascular disease, no history of prior stroke, previous syncope and abnormal electrocardiograms during the presentation. In comparison with those not admitted OESIL scores of 0-1 were associated with a greater chance of emergency discharge; 2-3 scores showed greater association with the need of hospitalization. A score > 2 OESIL provided an odds ratio 7.8 times higher for hospitalization compared to score 0 (p <0.001, 95% CI:4,03-15,11). In approximately 39% no etiological cause for syncope was found and in 18% cardiac cause was identified. CONCLUSIONS: Factors such as cardiovascular disease, prior history of syncope, health insurance, no previous stroke and abnormal electrocardiograms, were the criteria used by doctors to indicate hospital admission. There was a good correlation between the clinical judgment and the OESIL criteria for high risk described in literature.
Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Cardiovascular Diseases/complications , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Syncope/etiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Electrocardiography , Emergency Service, Hospital , Patient Discharge , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Risk Factors , Syncope/diagnosis , Syncope/mortalityABSTRACT
Síncope é definida como perda transitória da consciência secundária à hipoperfusao cerebral difusa e caracteriza-se por início súbito, curta duração e recuperação espontânea. Apresenta alta incidência, especialmente na população idosa. Pode ser classificada de acordo com o mecanismo para a perda de consciência em: síncope reflexa neuromediada (por exemplo: síncope vasovagal; síncope do seio carotídeo, dentre outras); ortostática (depleção de volume; falência autonômica e hipotensão induzida por droga) e cardíaca (incluindo as arritmias cardíacas e doença arterial estrutural). Com o objetivo de avaliar o risco e identificar a causa subjacente à perda da consciência, todo paciente deverá ser submetido a um avaliação inicial que incluí história clínica detalhada, exame físico (com medida de PA em posição supina e ortostática) e eletrocardiograma de 12 derivações. Uma vez afastada a gravidade e identificada a causa subjacente, o principal objetivo é evitar a recorrência e aumentar a sobrevida.
Syncope is defined as a transient loss of the secondary consciousness to diffuse cerebral hypoperfusion and is characterized by having a sudden onset, short-lived and spontaneous recovery. It features high incidence especially in the elderly. It can be classified according to the mechanism for loss of consciousness: neuromediated reflex syncope (e.g. vasovagal syncope, carotid sinus syncope, among others); orthostatic (volume, depletion, autonomic failure induced by drugs) and cardiac (including cardiac arrhythmias and structural heart disease). In order to evaluate the risk and identify the underlying cause of loss of consciousness, every patient should undergo an initial assessment which includes detailed clinical history, physical examination (with PA in supine and orthostatic positions) and a 12 lead electrocardiogram. Once away the gravity and the underlying cause identified, the main objective will be to prevent the recurrence and increase survival.