Development of novel carboxymethyl cellulose/gelatin-based edible films with pomegranate peel extract as antibacterial/antioxidant agents for beef preservation.

Novel antioxidant and antibacterial composite films were fabricated by incorporating pomegranate peel extract (PPE) into gelatin and carboxymethyl cellulose matrices. Increasing PPE concentration significantly (p < 0.05) altered physical properties and improved UV (decrease in light transmission 87.30 % to 9.89 % at 400 nm) and water resistance, while FTIR and molecular docking results revealed hydrogen bonding between PPE and film matrix. PPE incorporation enhanced antioxidant activity up to 84.15 ± 0.12 % and also restricted gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial growth by 72.4 % and 65.9 % respectively after 24 h, measured by antimicrobial absorption assays. For beef packaging applications at refrigeration temperatures, PPE films were most effective at extending shelf-life up to 3 days, as evidenced by reduced total viable counts, total volatile basic nitrogen, weight loss, and pH changes compared to control films. Therefore, these antioxidant and antibacterial films have potential applications in food packaging to protect against mechanical stress, light exposure, microbial spoilage, and oxidative free radicals.

Comparative study on thermo-mechanical, structural and functional properties of pectin extracted from immature wasted apples and commercial pectin.

Pectin yield of 22.22 ± 0.98 % (dry basis) was achieved from prematurely dropped Golden Delicious apples, having a light orange hue (hue value: 78.08 ± 0.04) and an overall color difference (ΔE) of 9.92 ± 0.01 compared to commercial pectin (CP). Extracted AP exhibited a lower equivalent weight (725.24 ± 29.73) and higher methoxy content (8.36 ± 0.28 %) in contrast to CP. However, a similar degree of esterification of 71.57 ± 0.79 and 70.55 ± 0.59 %, was observed in AP and CP respectively. Apple pectin demonstrated slight lower galacturonic acid (GalA) content of 68.10 ± 3.94 % in comparison to 72.31 ± 4.62 % of CP, which was further corroborated by reduced intensity in FTIR fingerprint region (912-1025 cm-1). Morphology revealed a sheet-like cloudy appearance indicating a significant presence of associated sugars whereas X-ray diffraction highlighted the highly amorphous nature of AP. AP and CP solutions (3-9 %) displayed a shear-thinning flow and viscoelastic behavior where the loss (G') moduli dominated over the storage moduli (G"). Owing to high degree of esterification, galacturonic acid content (>65 %) that aligns with commercial standards and viscoelastic behavior, the extracted AP holds promise for potential utilization in commercial applications. This study underscores the potential for sustainable utilization of prematurely dropped apples through pectin extraction, contributing to valorization of the wasted bioresource.

Ultrasound-assisted and subcritical water extraction techniques for maximal recovery of phenolic compounds from raw ginger herbal dust toward in vitro biological activity investigation.

This study examined the impact of two green extraction techniques in order to maximize the usage and recovery of phenolic compounds from the by-product of the filter tea industry, the so-called ginger herbal dust. The main phenolic compounds extraction was performed by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with the sonication amplitude ranging from 20% to 100%, and the subcritical water extraction (SWE), with the temperature ranging from 120 °C to 220 °C. All obtained extracts were characterized in terms of extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), and 6-ginerol, 6-shogaol, and 8-ginerol contents using RP-HPLC-DAD. Based on the results, we selected the extract obtained from raw ginger herbal dust using a sonication amplitude of 100% for further biological investigation of the cytotoxic effect on short- and long-term cell viability on liver and pancreatic cancer cells. This extract contained high TPC concentration, and 6-gingerol (44.57 mg/gDE), 8-gingerol (8.62 mg/gDE), and 6-shogaol (6.92 mg/gDE).

Optimization of Chemical Extraction Conditions of Dietary Fiber from Cistanche deserticola Residues and Its Structural Characteristics and Physicochemical and Functional Properties.

Cistanche deserticola residues are by-products of the industrial production of Cistanche deserticola, which are currently often discarded, resulting in the waste of resources. In order to achieve the efficient utilization of Cistanche deserticola, dietary fiber from Cistanche deserticola residues was extracted chemically and the optimization of the extraction conditions was performed, using the response surface methodology to study the effects of the NaOH concentration, extraction temperature, extraction time, and solid-liquid ratio on the yield of water-soluble dietary fiber (SDF). The structural, physicochemical, and functional properties of the dietary fiber were also investigated. The results showed that the optimal conditions were as follows: NaOH concentration of 3.7%, extraction temperature of 71.7 °C, extraction time of 89.5 min, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:34. The average yield of SDF was 19.56%, which was close to the predicted value of 19.66%. The two dietary fiber types had typical polysaccharide absorption peaks and typical type I cellulose crystal structures, and the surface microstructures of the two dietary fiber types were different, with the surface of SDF being looser and more porous. Both dietary fiber types had good functional properties, with SDF having the strongest water-holding capacity and the strongest adsorption capacity for nitrite, cholesterol, sodium cholate, and glucose, while IDF had a better oil-holding capacity. These results suggest that Cistanche deserticola residues are a good source of dietary fiber and have promising applications in the functional food processing industry.

Enhancing chemical phosphorus precipitation from tapioca starch anaerobic digestion effluent in a modified pilot-scale fluidized bed reactor.

This study aimed to evaluate the possibility of P precipitation as struvite from real anaerobic digestion (AD) effluent of tapioca starch processing. The results showed that at a pH of 9, and without Mg:P molar adjustment, P recovery was at 85%. The percentage of P recovery was increased to 90% and P contained in precipitates was at 11.80-14.70 wt% P, which is higher than commercial single superphosphate fertilizer (SSP, 18-22 wt% P2O5). This was achieved by controlling mixing at 200-400 rpm and upflow velocity at 50-200 cm min-1 inside a fluidized bed reactor (FBR). Based on SEM-EDX, powder XRD, phase identification by profile matching, and FT-IR analysis, the results demonstrated that recovered precipitates formed struvite predominantly. In addition, results of the woodchip ash additions and the one-way ANOVA based-RSM analysis revealed that mixing, the solution pH, and the woodchip ash intensely affected P recovery with the optimum condition found at 400 rpm, pH9, 4 g L-1, respectively. Ash addition enhanced P recovery efficiency but decreased the product's purity. Total costs of P recovery varied considerably from 0.28 to 7.82 USD∙(kg P)-1 depending on chemical consumption and %P content in recovered products. Moreover, the total cost was reduced by 57% from 7.82 USD∙(kg P)-1 (profit margin: -4.30 to -2.82) by a single mixing operation to 3.35 USD∙(kg P)-1 (profit margin: +0.17 to +1.65) employing coupling effect of mixing and Vup. The results indicate that P recovery from tapioca starch AD effluent not only provides a good-quality alternative slow-release P fertilizer, but also helps to curtail environmental problems due to excessive P and nitrogen discharge. These findings also demonstrate the ways of recovering nutrients from an abundant renewable resource that are relevant to simultaneous waste utilization during pollution controls.

Commercialization potential of agro-based polyhydroxyalkanoates biorefinery: A technical perspective on advances and critical barriers.

The exponential increase in the use and careless discard of synthetic plastics has created an alarming concern over the environmental health due to the detrimental effects of petroleum based synthetic polymeric compounds. Piling up of these plastic commodities on various ecological niches and entry of their fragmented parts into soil and water has clearly affected the quality of these ecosystems in the past few decades. Among the many constructive strategies developed to tackle this global issue, use of biopolymers like polyhydroxyalkanoates as sustainable alternatives for synthetic plastics has gained momentum. Despite their excellent material properties and significant biodegradability, polyhydroxyalkanoates still fails to compete with their synthetic counterparts majorly due to the high cost associated with their production and purification thereby limiting their commercialization. Usage of renewable feedstocks as substrates for polyhydroxyalkanoates production has been the thrust area of research to attain the sustainability tag. This review work attempts to provide insights about the recent developments in the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates using renewable feedstock along with various pretreatment methods used for substrate preparation for polyhydroxyalkanoates production. Further, the application of blends based on polyhydroxyalkanoates, and the challenges associated with the waste valorization based polyhydroxyalkanoates production strategy is elaborated in this review work.

Fruit peel bioactives, valorisation into nanoparticles and potential applications: A review.

Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing field with profound applications in different domains, particularly in food science and technology. Nanoparticles (NPs) synthesis, an integral part of nanotechnology-based applications, is broadly classified into chemical, physical and biosynthesis methods. Chemically sensitive and energy-intensive procedures employed for NPs synthesis are some of the limits of traditional chemical approaches. Recent research has focused on developing easy, nontoxic, cost-effective, and environment-friendly NPs synthesis during the last decade. Biosynthesis approaches have been developed to achieve this goal as it is a viable alternative to existing chemical techniques for the synthesis of metallic nanomaterials. Fruit peels contain abundant bioactive compounds including phenols, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids, steroids, glycosides, carotenoids, anthocyanins, ellagitannins, vitamin C, and essential oils with substantial health benefits, anti-bacterial and antioxidant properties, generally discarded as byproduct or waste by the fruit processing industry. NPs synthesized using bioactive compounds from fruit peel has futuristic applications for an unrealized market potential for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical delivery. Numerous studies have been conducted for the biosynthesis of metallic NPs such as silver (AgNPs), gold (AuNPs), zinc oxide, iron, copper, palladium and titanium using fruit peel extract, and their synthesis mechanism have been reported in the present review. Additionally, NPs synthesis methods and applications of fruit peel NPs have been discussed.

Enhancing anaerobic co-digestion of primary settled-nightsoil sludge and food waste for phosphorus extraction and biogas production: effect of operating parameters and determining phosphorus transformation.

The study aimed to comprehensively determine P extraction efficiency and co-digestion of food waste (FW) and primary settled-nightsoil sludge (PSNS) process performance influenced by different hydraulic retention times (4, 7, 10, and 15 days) and mixture ratios of FW:PSNS in substrates (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100). P-transformation was evaluated to identify P fractionation in both supernatant and sludge accumulated in reactors. The results showed that anaerobic co-digestion was inhibited by the accumulation of undigested feedstock due to higher %PSNS found in AD4 (25FW:75PSNS) and AD5 (100PSNS). A more stable process was found in AD2 (75FW:25PSNS) under hydraulic retention time (HRT) 15 days in which COD removal efficiency and P release were 97.2 and 80.2%, respectively. This recommended condition allowed a high organic loading rate (OLR) at 12 gVS/L/day resulting in the highest biogas yield of 0.93 L/L/day. Distribution of P data demonstrated that most of P in feedstock was deposited and accumulated in sediment up to 97.8%. Poor biodegradability resulting from using shortened HRT led to high increased P-solid content in effluent. In addition, available P in effluents and accumulated P-solids in sediment obtained from the AcoD process has the potential to serve as sources for P recovery.

Phosphate removal from aqueous solution using calcium-rich biochar prepared by the pyrolysis of crab shells.

Phosphorus is one of the main pollutants that cause water pollution, and phosphorus is a one-way cycle in the environment, and phosphorus resources will face exhaustion in the next 100 years. Therefore, the recovery and reuse of phosphorus resources have become very important. This article presents a study concerning the removal of phosphate from an aqueous solution by using a calcium-rich biochar prepared by pyrolysis of crab shells. The experimental results show that the optimal pyrolysis temperature of crab shells is 500 â„ƒ, named CSB500, which is more conducive to the adsorption of phosphate. The process of phosphate adsorption conforms to the quasi-second-order kinetics and Freundlich model. On the other hand, the Langmuir isotherm model shows that when the reaction conditions are 25 â„ƒ, 30 â„ƒ, and 35 â„ƒ, the maximum adsorption capacity of CSB500 for phosphate is 164.32 mg/g, 170.47 mg/g, and 209.35 mg/g, respectively. The characterization results show that the overall structure of CSB500 is good, the specific surface area is large, and the main component is calcium carbonate. The potential mechanisms of action in the process of phosphate adsorption may be electrostatic attraction, surface chemical precipitation, ligand exchange, and complexation.

Rheological properties of fish (Sparus aurata) skin gelatin modified by agricultural wastes extracts.

In this study, fish skin gelatin (FG) obtained from sea bream (Sparus aurata) was evaluated as an alternative to mammalian gelatin. Improvement in rheological properties of FG was attempted with addition of grape pomace (GP), pomegranate peel (PP), and green tea (GT) extracts, all of which are agricultural wastes rich in phenolic components. These additives were added at ratios of 20%, 13.3%, 10%, and 6.7% to determine the best formulation. Melting and gelling temperatures, kgel, gel strength, and tmodel values of samples were measured. 20% GP added fish gelatin (OG) had optimum rheological properties. Melting temperatures of BG, OG, and FG were 31.64 ± 0.28, 33.80 ± 0.54, 25.78 ± 0.24 °C, respectively. The addition of GP caused a 14% increase in Tg by increasing the intermolecular interactions of FG. GP is important in that it provides functional properties and structural improvement of FG, making it an alternative to BG and facilitating its use in confectionery industry.

Performance and mechanism of tea waste biochar in enhancing the removal of tetracycline by peroxodisulfate.

In this work, tea waste biochar was prepared and used to activate peroxodisulfate (PDS) for the removal of tetracycline (TC) efficiently. And SEM, XRD, Raman, and FTIR were used to characterize the biochar. The effects of reaction conditions including initial pH, biochar dosage, and PDS concentration on the removal of TC were explored, and the result showed that compared with the biochar prepared at 400 °C and 500 °C, the biochar pyrolyzed at 600 °C (TBC600) had the highest TC removal performance due to its higher sp2 hybrid carbon content, richer defective structure, and stronger electron deliverability. Under the optimal dosage of PDS (4 mM) and TBC600 (0.8 g L-1), the removal efficiency of TC (10 mg L-1) reached 81.65%. After four cycles of TBC600, the removal rate could still reach 75.51%, indicating that TBC600 has excellent stability. In addition, quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) verified that the active oxygen including SO4·-, ·OH, O2·-, and singlet oxygen (1O2) was involved, among which 1O2 and OH were the main active substance in the TC removal. Therefore, this work provided a green and efficient persulfate activator and a method for recycling tea waste.

Green Extraction of Carotenoids from Fruit and Vegetable Byproducts: A Review.

Carotenoids are characterized by a wide range of health-promoting properties. For example, they support the immune system and wound healing process and protect against UV radiation's harmful effects. Therefore, they are used in the food industry and cosmetics, animal feed, and pharmaceuticals. The main sources of carotenoids are the edible and non-edible parts of fruit and vegetables. Therefore, the extraction of bioactive substances from the by-products of vegetable and fruit processing can greatly reduce food waste. This article describes the latest methods for the extraction of carotenoids from fruit and vegetable byproducts, such as solvent-free extraction-which avoids the costs and risks associated with the use of petrochemical solvents, reduces the impact on the external environment, and additionally increases the purity of the extract-or green extraction using ultrasound and microwaves, which enables a significant improvement in process efficiency and reduction in extraction time. Another method is supercritical extraction with CO2, an ideal supercritical fluid that is non-toxic, inexpensive, readily available, and easily removable from the product, with a high penetration capacity.

Utilization and evaluation of Citrus natsudaidai peel waste as a source of natural food additives.

This study aims to obtain beneficial ingredients from Citrus natsudaidai (CN) peel waste. The yields of ingredients were 26.2-31.6 mg/g dried material (DM) in pectin, 466-581 mg/g DM in insoluble dietary fiber, 5.56-7.15 g/kg fresh material (FM) in the hexane extracts obtained from CN peels, 23.8-27.0 mg/g DM in naringin, and 8.30-10.2 mg/g DM in neohesperidin. A sensory evaluation and instrumental assays using an Electronic nose and Electronic tongue were performed to evaluate aqueous solutions flavored with 0.02% hexane extracts obtained from CN peels. CN-flavored solutions had a preferred smell over commercial citrus-flavored drinks and were classified into the same group as commercial citrus juices in the Electronic nose assay. In addition, CN-flavored solutions showed sourness, bitterness, and orange-like taste, and the overall acceptance of CN-flavored solutions did not significantly differ from commercial citrus-flavored drinks. CN peel waste can be industrially utilized as a source of natural food additives.

Supplementation of pomegranate processing waste and waste soybean cooking oil as an alternative feed resource with vitamin E in broiler nutrition: effects on productive performance, meat quality and meat fatty acid composition.

This research aimed to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of pomegranate peels powder and waste soybean cooking oil on the performance and meat quality of male Ross 308 broiler chickens. Before start of the experiment, the metabolisable energy of pomegranate peels and other nutritive and chemical contents of pomegranate peels were measured. Also, peroxidation indices and fatty acids profiles of experimental oils were analysed. The experiment was designed as a 3 × 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments including i) pomegranate peels (0, 4 and 8%), ii) waste soybean cooking oil (0, 2 and 4%) and iii) vitamin E (0 and 200 mg/kg diet). Supplementation of 8% pomegranate peels significantly decreased growth performance of broiler chickens (p < 0.05). The supplementation of 4% waste cooking oil significantly reduced body weight gain during the grower and whole experimental period (p < 0.05). Pomegranate peels supplementation decreased peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and increased pH of meat (p < 0.05). Supplementation of 4% waste cooking oil increased PV and TBA and reduced crude protein, water holding capacity (WHC), and pH of meat (p < 0.05). Vitamin E supplementation significantly decreased TBA and increased WHC of meat (p < 0.05). Supplementation of pomegranate peels decreased saturated fatty acids (SFA) and increased polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of meat (p < 0.05). Broilers fed diets with 4% waste cooking oil showed higher SFA and lower PUFA contents in meat (p < 0.05). So it can be concluded that 4% pomegranate peels could be used as an alternative feed ingredient and a source of antioxidants in broiler diets, and also 2% waste soybean cooking oil can be included as feed ingredient in broiler diets without adversely affecting performance.

Antioxidant Capacity Assessment of Plant Extracts for Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles.

In this work, water extracts from different bio-based products of plant origin were studied to evaluate their antioxidant capacity and their potential to form metal nanoparticles from aqueous solutions. Two traditional tests, the Folin-Ciocalteu assay and the DPPH radical scavenging capacity method were compared with a more recent one, SNPAC, based on the formation of silver nanoparticles. The silver nanoparticle antioxidant capacity method (SNPAC) was optimized for its application in the characterization of the extracts selected in this work; kinetic studies and extract concentration were also evaluated. The extracts were obtained from leaves of oak, eucalyptus, green tea, white and common thyme, white cedar, mint, rosemary, bay, lemon, and the seaweed Sargassum muticum. The results demonstrate that any of these three methods can be used as a quick test to identify an extract to be employed for nanoparticle formation. Additionally, we studied the synthesis of Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, and Ag nanoparticles using eucalyptus extracts demonstrating the efficiency of this plant extract to form metallic nanoparticles from aqueous metal salt solutions. Metal nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering techniques.

From wastes to functions: A paper mill sludge-based calcium-containing porous biochar adsorbent for phosphorus removal.

With the increased awareness of reusing solid wastes for higher sustainability and the concern of water pollution associated with phosphorus over-emission, there are strong interests in developing solid waste based adsorbents for purifying phosphorus-containing wastewater. As a rich calcium resource, paper mill sludge (i.e., a major solid waste from pulping industry) can be used as phosphorus removal adsorbent after calcination. Thus, in this work, a simple and clean thermally treating route has been proposed for preparing calcium-containing biochar from paper mill sludge. The effect of the physicochemical properties of paper mill sludge and its carbonization condition on phosphorus adsorption has been analyzed. Moreover, the influence of some key adsorption parameters, e.g., biochar dosage, initial pH of solution, co-existing anions, initial phosphorus concentration and contact time has also been investigated. The results showed that the phosphorus adsorption data could be fitted well with pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isothermal models. The calculated maximum adsorption capacity of the as-prepared optimal calcium-containing biochar could reach to 68.49 mg·g-1 at 25 °C. Combined with the characterization results, it can be reasonably inferred that the adsorption process was chemisorption-dominated. Lastly, the application of this spent adsorbent in agriculture field has also been discussed. In brief, this work provided a feasible strategy for converting paper mill solid waste to an environmental functional material (i.e., calcium-rich biochar) for remediation of eutrophic water.

Accelerated chromate reduction by tea waste: Comparison of chromate reduction properties between water and ice systems.

The concentration of chromium (Cr) in natural water and soil environments has gradually increased in recent decades, owing to intensive use of Cr in industry and its subsequent disposal. In this study, we performed a comparison study on chromate (Cr6+) reduction by tea waste (green tea, black tea, red tea, and chamomile) in water (25 °C) and ice (-20 °C) to develop a new strategy for environmental-friendly stabilization of hazardous Cr6+ by freezing. This study shows that the freezing process can enhance the reduction of Cr6+ by tea waste. The residual Cr6+ concentration ratios (C/C0, where C is the concentration of Cr6+ after the reaction (5 h) and C0 is the initial concentration of Cr6+ (20 µM) in the system) by tea wastes in water were in the range of 0.71 (green tea) to 0.92 (chamomile); however, the ratios dramatically decreased under the freezing process (i.e., 0.06 by green tea, 0.13 by black tea, 0.18 by red tea, and 0.08 by chamomile). According to the results obtained from the fluorescent, chromatographic, and spectroscopic analyses, under the freezing process, the enhanced reduction of Cr6+ could be explained by the freeze concentration of Cr6+, phenolic components in tea extracts, and protons in small liquid pockets in liquid-like layers (LLLs). In addition, the proposed system can efficiently purify the real Cr6+-containing wastewater (i.e., electroplating wastewater), indicating that the system will be economically feasible in cold regions (i.e., polar regions).

Bioactive compounds of Aegle marmelos L., medicinal values and its food applications: A critical review.

Aegle marmelos L. (bael) is a fruit tree of Rutaceae family, widely grown all over the world. This plant is gaining popularity because of its nutrient-rich fruits and immense traditional medicinal usage and pharmacological properties. The health promotive and protective effect of bael fruit is accounted by fibers, carotenoids, phenolics, terpenoids, coumarins, flavonoids, and alkaloids. The curative relevance of these compounds has been assessed by various in vivo and in vitro studies. Fruit shows numerous possible health benefits, namely, radio-protective effects, peroxidation, antibacterial, inhibition of lipid, antidiarrheal, gastroprotective, antiviral, antidiabetic, anti-ulcerative colitis, cardioprotective, free-radical scavenging (antioxidant) and hepatoprotective effects. The health benefits of bael are not only limited to edible portion (fruit), but it also extends to nonedible portion (root, trunk, bark, leaf, flower and seed) having comparable biologically active compounds. Increasing awareness about the role of diet among health-conscious consumers for human well-being has increased the interest in functional foods thereby exploration of the functional attributes of various underutilized plants is being reaffirmed and various sources are emerged out as suitable food material for processing industry. The various scientific reports collected from different bibliometric sources suggested that A. marmelos and its bioactive constituents could play a vital role in the prevention of several chronic and degenerative diseases associated with oxidation stress. This review emphasis on recent scientific evidences on nutrition and bioactive profile of A. marmelos, health benefits along with clinical and nonclinical trials of various phytoconstituents and A. marmelos potential in food processing industry for various food products. Our study suggests that this plant does indeed have pharmacological properties of interest, however, further extensive research is needed to establish a potential strategy that can balance the pharmacological and toxic effects of bael.

Effects of particle size on structural, physicochemical, and functional properties of potato residue from starch isolation and quality characteristics of residue-based starch noodles.

The structural, physicochemical, and functional properties of potato residue with different mesh sizes (<180 µm, <150 µm, <106 µm, <75 µm, ultrafine) obtained from starch isolation were investigated, and its effects on the shear strength, tensile strength, cooking time, and in vitro digestibility of 5% potato residue-based starch noodles were further compared. The results showed that the protein, ash, dietary fiber, water holding capacity, and water solubility of fractionated potato residue were decreased with decreasing particle size, while the starch, fat, polyphenols, and α-amylase activity inhibition ratio were increased. Ultrafine particles exhibited the highest phenolic content (2.26 mg chlorogenic acid equivalent/g), glucose adsorption capacity (7.03 mmol/g), cholesterol adsorption capacity (16.54%), and better performance on starch noodles formulation. However, oil holding capacity and microstructure did not show any significant differences. Therefore, potato residues with desired particle sizes could be successfully used to develop fiber-enriched food products for reducing food waste.

Thermal effects.

This review paper focuses on the researches published in 2019 in the field of thermal effects in wastewater and solid waste treatment. The content of this review paper includes five parts: wastewater and sludge treatment, nutrient removal and recovery, membrane technology, heavy metal removal and immobilization, and organic waste utilization. © 2020 Water Environment Federation PRACTITIONER POINTS: Thermal effect plays an important role in treatment of wastewater and sewage sludge. Recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater and sewage sludge reduces environmental pollution and offers new products. Temperature improves removal and recovery of heavy metals and organic wastes.