Clinicopathological correlates in the frontotemporal lobar degeneration-motor neuron disease spectrum.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating motor neuron disease (MND) that shares a common clinical, genetic and pathologic spectrum with frontotemporal dementia (FTD). It is highly heterogeneous in its presentation and features. Up to 50% of patients with MND develop cognitive-behavioural symptoms during the course of the disease, meeting criteria for FTD in 10%-15% of cases. In the absence of a precise biomarker, neuropathology is still a valuable tool to understand disease nosology, reach a definite diagnostic confirmation and help define specific subgroups of patients with common phenotypic, genetic and biomarker profiles. However, few neuropathological series have been published, and the frequency of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) in MND is difficult to estimate. In this work we describe a large clinicopathological series of MND patients, analysing the frequency of concurrent FTLD changes and trying to define specific subgroups of patients based on their clinical, genetic and pathological characteristics. We performed an observational, retrospective, multicentre case study. We included all cases meeting neuropathological criteria for MND from the Neurological Tissue Bank of the FRCB-IDIBAPS-Hospital Clínic Barcelona Biobank between 1994 and 2022, regardless of their last clinical diagnosis. While brain donation is encouraged in all patients, it is performed in very few, and representativeness of the cohort might not be precise for all patients with MND. We retrospectively reviewed clinical and neuropathological data and describe the main clinical, genetic and pathogenic features, comparing neuropathologic groups between MND with and without FTLD changes and aiming to define specific subgroups. We included brain samples from 124 patients, 44 of whom (35.5%) had FTLD neuropathologic features (i.e. FTLD-MND). Pathologic TDP-43 aggregates were present in 93.6% of the cohort and were more extensive (higher Brettschneider stage) in those with concurrent FTLD (P < 0.001). Motor symptom onset was more frequent in the bulbar region in FTLD-MND cases than in those with isolated MND (P = 0.023), with no differences in survival. We observed a better clinicopathological correlation in the MND group than in the FTLD-MND group (93.8% versus 61.4%; P < 0.001). Pathogenic genetic variants were more common in the FTLD-MND group, especially C9orf72. We describe a frequency of FTLD of 35.5% in our series of neuropathologically confirmed cases of MND. The FTLD-MND spectrum is highly heterogeneous in all aspects, especially in patients with FTLD, in whom it is particularly difficult to define specific subgroups. In the absence of definite biomarkers, neuropathology remains a valuable tool for a definite diagnosis, increasing our knowledge in disease nosology.

Excellent response to anti-CD38 therapy with daratumumab in a patient with severe refractory CANOMAD.

BACKGROUND: Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and rituximab are considered the first-line and second-line treatments for Chronic Ataxic Neuropathy and Ophthalmoplegia with IgM-paraprotein, cold Agglutinins, and anti-Disialosyl antibodies (CANOMAD), with an overall clinical response around 50%. New anti-CD38 daratumumab, targeting long-lived plasma cells, has been reported as a promising therapy for treatment-refractory antibody-mediated disorders. We report the first case of a severe refractory CANOMAD, successfully treated with daratumumab. METHODS: A patient in their 70s with severe relapsing CANOMAD, refractory to IVIG, steroids, rituximab and ibrutinib developed severe tetraparesis and respiratory failure. Plasma exchange (PE) improved motor and ventilatory function; however, after 6 weeks, patient remained PE dependent. Intravenous daratumumab was initiated at 16 mg/kg weekly for 3 weeks, every 2 weeks for the second and third month, and monthly afterwards. RESULTS: After 3 weeks of starting daratumumab, PE was discontinued and, since then, the patient evolved to complete recovery. Antidisialosyl antibody titres decreased after PE and remained stable during daratumumab. Serum neurofilament light-chain levels were elevated in the exacerbation phase and normalised after daratumumab. The patient remains in clinical remission under monthly daratumumab, 12 months after initiation. CONCLUSIONS: The first patient with aggressive treatment-refractory CANOMAD treated with daratumumab provides proof-of-principle evidence that daratumumab may be an effective treatment in IgM-related neuropathies.

Identification of a pathogenic mutation in ARPP21 in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Between 5% and 10% of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) cases have a family history of the disease, 30% of which do not have an identifiable underlying genetic cause after a comprehensive study of the known ALS-related genes. Based on a significantly increased incidence of ALS in a small geographical region from Spain, the aim of this work was to identify novel ALS-related genes in ALS cases with negative genetic testing. METHODS: We detected an increased incidence of both sporadic and, especially, familial ALS cases in a small region from Spain compared with available demographic and epidemiological data. We performed whole genome sequencing in a group of 12 patients with ALS (5 of them familial) from this unique area. We expanded the study to include affected family members and additional cases from a wider surrounding region. RESULTS: We identified a shared missense mutation (c.1586C>T; p.Pro529Leu) in the cyclic AMP regulated phosphoprotein 21 (ARPP21) gene that encodes an RNA-binding protein, in a total of 10 patients with ALS from 7 unrelated families. No mutations were found in other ALS-causing genes. CONCLUSIONS: While previous studies have dismissed a causal role of ARPP21 in ALS, our results strongly support ARPP21 as a novel ALS-causing gene.

Leptospirosis-induced acute acquired inflammatory neuropathy.

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infection that can present with neurological manifestations. Although uncommon, it may affect the peripheral nervous system in the form of polyradiculoneuropathy. We report the case of a 30-year-old male who developed flaccid tetraparesis and multiple cranial neuropathies on the fourteenth day of admission to the intensive care unit for fever and multi-organ failure. We also review the existing literature about peripheral nerve damage in leptospirosis and present our hypothesis on the possible pathogenic mechanisms. Electrophysiological findings were consistent with acute demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy and extensive blood tests were positive for leptospiral IgM and IgG antibodies. Treatment with plasmapheresis was begun, followed by intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), and the patient improved slowly. Our work adds to the evidence of leptospirosis infection as a cause of acute demyelinating polyneuropathy. The possibility that leptospirosis-polyradiculoneuropathy may be caused by an immune pathogenesis emphasizes the importance of identifying this entity because immunomodulatory therapy could play a vital role in the recovery process.

Inhibitory activity of aromatic plant extracts against dairy-related Clostridium species and their use to prevent the late blowing defect of cheese.

The aim of the present work was the selection of aromatic plant essential oils (EOs) and/or ethanolic extracts (EEs) to prevent the late blowing defect (LBD) of cheese caused by Clostridium spp. EEs resulted more effective than EOs to inhibit dairy-borne Clostridium spp. in vitro. Savory, hyssop, lavender and tarragon EEs, which showed the lowest minimal inhibitory concentration against Clostridium tyrobutyricum, were selected to study the prevention of LBD caused by this bacterium in cheese. Addition of savory and lavender EEs to cheese milk delayed LBD by 2 weeks, but at the end of ripening these cheeses showed similar clostridial vegetative cells counts, spoilage symptoms and propionic, and butyric acids levels than blown control cheese. Tarragon EE, with the highest content in caffeic acid, also delayed LBD by 2 weeks, but it was more effective to inhibit Clostridium, since cheese with tarragon EE showed minor LBD symptoms, lower vegetative cells count and lower concentrations of propionic and butyric acids than the rest of cheeses made with EEs. This fact could be also attributable to the greater number of antimicrobial terpenes (1,8-cineole, 4-terpineol, α-terpineol, isoelemicin, methyl eugenol, and methyl trans-isoeugenol) detected in this cheese. This is the first report on the application of EEs to control C. tyrobutyricum in cheese.

Endogenous Biological Drivers in Diabetic Lower Limb Wounds Recurrence: Hypothetical Reflections.

An impaired healing response underlies diabetic foot wound chronicity, frequently translating to amputation, disability, and mortality. Diabetics suffer from underappreciated episodes of post-epithelization ulcer recurrence. Recurrence epidemiological data are alarmingly high, so the ulcer is considered in "remission" and not healed from the time it remains epithelialized. Recurrence may result from the combined effects of behavioral and endogenous biological factors. Although the damaging role of behavioral, clinical predisposing factors is undebatable, it still remains elusive in the identification of endogenous biological culprits that may prime the residual scar tissue for recurrence. Furthermore, the event of ulcer recurrence still waits for the identification of a molecular predictor. We propose that ulcer recurrence is deeply impinged by chronic hyperglycemia and its downstream biological effectors, which originate epigenetic drivers that enforce abnormal pathologic phenotypes to dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes as memory cells. Hyperglycemia-derived cytotoxic reactants accumulate and modify dermal proteins, reduce scar tissue mechanical tolerance, and disrupt fibroblast-secretory activity. Accordingly, the combination of epigenetic and local and systemic cytotoxic signalers induce the onset of "at-risk phenotypes" such as premature skin cell aging, dysmetabolism, inflammatory, pro-degradative, and oxidative programs that may ultimately converge to scar cell demise. Post-epithelialization recurrence rate data are missing in clinical studies of reputed ulcer healing therapies during follow-up periods. Intra-ulcer infiltration of epidermal growth factor exhibits the most consistent remission data with the lowest recurrences during 12-month follow-up. Recurrence data should be regarded as a valuable clinical endpoint during the investigational period for each emergent healing candidate.

Genotype-phenotype correlations in valosin-containing protein disease: a retrospective muticentre study.

BACKGROUND: Valosin-containing protein (VCP) disease, caused by mutations in the VCP gene, results in myopathy, Paget's disease of bone (PBD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Natural history and genotype-phenotype correlation data are limited. This study characterises patients with mutations in VCP gene and investigates genotype-phenotype correlations. METHODS: Descriptive retrospective international study collecting clinical and genetic data of patients with mutations in the VCP gene. RESULTS: Two hundred and fifty-five patients (70.0% males) were included in the study. Mean age was 56.8±9.6 years and mean age of onset 45.6±9.3 years. Mean diagnostic delay was 7.7±6 years. Symmetric lower limb weakness was reported in 50% at onset progressing to generalised muscle weakness. Other common symptoms were ventilatory insufficiency 40.3%, PDB 28.2%, dysautonomia 21.4% and FTD 14.3%. Fifty-seven genetic variants were identified, 18 of these no previously reported. c.464G>A (p.Arg155His) was the most frequent variant, identified in the 28%. Full time wheelchair users accounted for 19.1% with a median time from disease onset to been wheelchair user of 8.5 years. Variant c.463C>T (p.Arg155Cys) showed an earlier onset (37.8±7.6 year) and a higher frequency of axial and upper limb weakness, scapular winging and cognitive impairment. Forced vital capacity (FVC) below 50% was as risk factor for being full-time wheelchair user, while FVC <70% and being a full-time wheelchair user were associated with death. CONCLUSION: This study expands the knowledge on the phenotypic presentation, natural history, genotype-phenotype correlations and risk factors for disease progression of VCP disease and is useful to improve the care provided to patient with this complex disease.

High prevalence of paraspinal muscle involvement in adults with McArdle disease.

INTRODUCTION/AIMS: Very few studies analyzing the pattern of muscle involvement in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of patients with McArdle disease have been reported to date. We aimed to examine the pattern of muscle fat replacement in patients with McArdle disease. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study including all patients with genetically confirmed McArdle disease followed in our center from January 2010 to March 2021. Clinical data were collected from the medical record. Whole-body MRI was performed as part of the diagnostic evaluation. The distribution of muscle fat replacement and its severity were analyzed. RESULTS: Nine patients were included. Median age at onset was 7 y (range, 5-58) and median age at the time when MRI was performed was 57.3 y (range, 37.2-72.8). At physical examination, four patients had permanent weakness: in three the weakness was limited to paraspinal muscles, whereas in one the weakness involved the paraspinal and proximal upper limb muscles. Muscle MRI showed abnormalities in six of the seven studied patients. In all of them, fat replacement of paravertebral muscles was found. Other muscles frequently affected were the tongue in three, subscapularis in three, and long head of biceps femoris and semimembranosus in two. DISCUSSION: Our findings suggest that paraspinal muscle involvement is common in McArdle disease and support the need to include this disease in the differential diagnosis of the causes of paraspinal muscle weakness. Involvement of the tongue and subscapularis are also frequent in McArdle disease.

Potential mechanisms involved on how systemic IgG antibodies specific to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and induced by active immunotherapy decrease platelet derived free-VEGF.

CIGB-247 is a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-based active immunotherapy and it is currently under investigation for cancer treatment. This specific active immunotherapy encompasses two vaccine candidates that use a human VEGF variant molecule as antigen, in combination with two clinically tested adjuvants: VSSP or aluminum phosphate. CIGB-247 has been evaluated in patients with advanced solid tumors, recruited in two phase I clinical trials, and it has been shown to be safe and immunogenic by activating both cellular and humoral immune responses against human VEGF. The immunization induces specific IgG antibodies, and also shows as effect, the reduction of free-VEGF levels within platelets (platelet-derived free VEGF). The production of systemic IgG antibodies and the presence of VEGF in another compartment, almost exclusively within platelets, have arisen some questions about this effect detected in the vaccinated-cancer patients. Based on some relevant published works about platelet endocytosis and VEGF pharmacodynamics during bevacizumab treatment as well as the phase I clinical data of CIGB-247, this investigation aims to hypothesize and analyze the potential mechanisms involved in the reduction of platelet-derived free VEGF as a result of vaccination with CIGB-247.Abbreviations: FcγR: Fc gamma receptors; IC: immune complexes; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR1: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1; VEGFR2: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2.

Specific humoral response in cancer patients treated with a VEGF-specific active immunotherapy procedure within a compassionate use program.

BACKGROUND: CIGB-247 is a cancer therapeutic vaccine that uses as antigen a variant of human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mixed with the bacterially-derived adjuvant VSSP. CIGB-247 has been already evaluated in two phase I clinical trials (CENTAURO and CENTAURO-2), showing to be safe and immunogenic in advanced cancer patients selected under well-defined and controlled clinical conditions. Surviving patients were submitted to monthly re-immunizations and some of them showed objective clinical benefits. Based on these results, a compassionate use program (CUP) with CIGB-247 was initiated for patients that did not meet the strict entry criteria applied for the CENTAURO and CENTAURO-2 clinical trials, but could potentially benefit from the application of this cancer therapeutic vaccine. RESULTS: Polyclonal IgM, IgA and IgG antibodies specific for VEGF were detected by ELISA in serum samples from patients vaccinated with 400 µg of antigen combined with 200 µg of VSSP. Polyclonal antibody response showed no cross reactivity for other VEGF family member molecules like VEGF-C and VEGF-D. Serum from immunized individuals was able to block the binding of VEGF to its receptors VEGFR2 and VEGFR1. IgG fraction purified from immune sera shared the aforementioned characteristics and also inhibited the interaction between VEGF and the therapeutic recombinant antibody bevacizumab, an anti-angiogenic drug approved for the treatment of different tumors. No serious adverse events attributable to CIGB-247 have been documented yet in participants of the CIGB-247 CUP. The present paper is a first report of our findings concerning the humoral response and safety characteristics in treated CIGB-247 CUP cancer patients. The study has provided the unique opportunity of not only testing CIGB-247 in a broader clinical spectrum sample of Cuban cancer patients, but also within the context of the day-to-day clinical practice and treatment settings for these diseases in Cuban medical institutions. CONCLUSIONS: The CIGB-247 CUP has demonstrated that immunization and follow-up of a variety of cancer patients, under day-to-day clinical practice conditions in several Cuban medical institutions, replicate our previous findings in clinical trials: CIGB-247 is safe and immunogenic.

Use of fluorescent CTP1L endolysin cell wall-binding domain to study the evolution of Clostridium tyrobutyricum during cheese ripening.

Clostridium tyrobutyricum is a bacteria of concern in the cheese industry, capable of surviving the manufacturing process and causing butyric acid fermentation and late blowing defect of cheese. In this work, we implement a method based on the cell wall-binding domain (CBD) of endolysin CTP1L, which detects C. tyrobutyricum, to monitor its evolution in cheeses challenged with clostridial spores and in the presence or absence of reuterin, an anti-clostridial agent. For this purpose, total bacteria were extracted from cheese samples and C. tyrobutyricum cells were specifically labelled with the CBD of CTP1L attached to green fluorescent protein (GFP), and detected by fluorescence microscopy. By using this GFP-CBD, germinated spores were visualized on day 1 in all cheeses inoculated with clostridial spores. Vegetative cells of C. tyrobutyricum, responsible for butyric acid fermentation, were detected in cheeses without reuterin from 30 d onwards, when LBD symptoms also became evident. The number of fluorescent Clostridium cells increased during ripening in the blowing cheeses. However, vegetative cells of C. tyrobutyricum were not detected in cheese containing the antimicrobial reuterin, which also did not show LBD throughout ripening. This simple and fast method provides a helpful tool to study the evolution of C. tyrobutyricum during cheese ripening.

Effects of nanostructuring on the bond strength and disorder in V2O5 cathode material for rechargeable ion-batteries.

We have investigated the nanostructuring effects on the local structure of V2O5 cathode material by means of temperature dependent V K-edge X-ray absorption fine structure measurements. We have found that the nanostructuring largely affects V-O and V-V bond characteristics with a general softening of the local V-O and V-V bonds. The obtained bond strengths correlate with the specific capacity shown by the different systems, with higher capacity corresponding to softer atomic pairs. The present study suggests the key role of local atomic displacements in the diffusion and storage of ions in cathodes for batteries, providing important information for designing new functional materials.

Characteristics of the specific humoral response in patients with advanced solid tumors after active immunotherapy with a VEGF vaccine, at different antigen doses and using two distinct adjuvants.

BACKGROUND: CIGB-247, a VSSP-adjuvanted VEGF-based vaccine, was evaluated in a phase I clinical trial in patients with advanced solid tumors (CENTAURO). Vaccination with the maximum dose of antigen showed an excellent safety profile, exhibited the highest immunogenicity and was the only one showing a reduction on platelet VEGF bioavailability. However, this antigen dose level did not achieve a complete seroconversion rate in vaccinated patients. These clinical results led us to the question whether a "reserve" of untapped immune response potential against VEGF could exist in cancer patients. To address this matter, CENTAURO-2 clinical trial was conducted where antigen and VSSP dose scale up were studied, and also incorporated the exploration of aluminum phosphate as adjuvant. These changes were made with the aim to increase immune response against VEGF. RESULTS: The present study reports the characterization of the humoral response elicited by CIGB-247 from the combining of different antigen doses and adjuvants. Cancer patients were immunologically monitored for approximately 1 year. Vaccination with different CIGB-247 formulations exhibited a very positive safety profile. Cancer patients developed IgM, IgG or IgA antibodies specific to VEGF. Elicited polyclonal antibodies had the ability to block the interaction between VEGF and its receptors, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2. The highest humoral response was detected in patients immunized with 800 µg of antigen + 200 µg of VSSP. Off-protocol long-term vaccination did not produce negative changes in humoral response. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination with a human VEGF variant molecule as antigen in combination with VSSP or aluminum phosphate is immunogenic. The results of this study could contribute to the investigation of this vaccine therapy in an adequately powered efficacy trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Trial registration number: RPCEC00000155. Cuban Public Clinical Trial Registry. Date of registration: June 06, 2013. Available from: http://registroclinico.sld.cu/ .

Industrial-scale application of Lactobacillus reuteri coupled with glycerol as a biopreservation system for inhibiting Clostridium tyrobutyricum in semi-hard ewe milk cheese.

The suitability of the biopreservation system formed by reuterin-producing L. reuteri INIA P572 and glycerol (required for reuterin production) to prevent late blowing defect (LBD) was evaluated in industrial sized semi-hard ewe milk cheese contaminated with Clostridium tyrobutyricum INIA 68, a wild strain isolated from a LBD cheese. For this purpose, six batches of cheese were made (three with and three without clostridial spores): control cheeses with lactococci starter, cheeses with L. reuteri as adjunct, and cheeses with L. reuteri and 30 mM glycerol. Spores of C. tyrobutyricum INIA 68 germinated during pressing of cheese curd, causing butyric acid fermentation in cheese after 30 d of ripening. The addition of L. reuteri, without glycerol, enhanced the symptoms and the formation of volatile compounds associated with LBD. When glycerol was added to cheese milk contaminated with C. tyrobutyricum, L. reuteri was able to produce reuterin in cheese resulting in cheeses with a uniform cheese matrix and a volatile profile similar to cheese made with L. reuteri and glycerol (without spores). Accordingly, L. reuteri INIA P572 coupled with glycerol seems a novel biopreservation system to inhibit Clostridium growth and prevent LBD by means of in situ reuterin production.

Application of high pressure processing for controlling Clostridium tyrobutyricum and late blowing defect on semi-hard cheese.

In this study we evaluated the application of different high pressure (HP) treatments (200-500 MPa at 14 °C for 10 min) to industrial sized semi-hard cheeses on day 7, with the aim of controlling two Clostridium tyrobutyricum strains causing butyric acid fermentation and cheese late blowing defect (LBD). Clostridium metabolism and LBD appearance in cheeses were monitored by sensory (cheese swelling, cracks/splits, off-odours) and instrumental analyses (organic acids by HPLC and volatile compounds by SPME/GC-MS) after 60 days. Cheeses with clostridial spores HP-untreated and HP-treated at 200 MPa showed visible LBD symptoms, lower concentrations of lactic, citric and acetic acids, and higher levels of pyruvic, propionic and butyric acids and of 1-butanol, ethyl and methyl butanoate, and ethyl pentanoate than cheeses without spores. However, cheeses with clostridial spores and HP-treated at ≥ 300 MPa did not show LBD symptoms and their organic acids and volatile compounds profiles were comparable to those of their respective HP-treated control cheeses, despite HP treatments caused a low spore reduction. A decrease in C. tyrobutyricum spore counts was observed after curd pressing, which seems to indicate an early spore germination, suggesting that HP treatments ≥300 MPa were able to inactivate the emerged C. tyrobutyricum vegetative cells and, thereby, prevent LBD.

Indirect and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for monitoring the humoral response against human VEGF.

CIGB-247, a VEGF-based vaccine, was studied in a clinical trial. This advance demands the refinement of the methodologies for assessment of vaccine immune responses. This study aimed to improve the performance of ELISAs for detecting IgG antibodies against human VEGF and the blocking activity of the serum to inhibit the VEGF/VEGFR2 interaction. The best experimental conditions were established through the evaluation of several blocking buffers, immobilization surfaces, and plate suppliers using human sera as test samples. As a result, two controlled ELISAs were used in testing of elicited immune response against VEGF in patients immunized with CIGB-247.

Evaluation of efficacy, safety, pain perception and health-related quality of life of percutaneous ethanol injection as first-line treatment in symptomatic thyroid cysts.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the efficacy, safety, pain perception and health-related quality of life (QoL) of percutaneous ethanol injection treatment (PEIT) as an alternative to thyroid surgery in symptomatic thyroid cysts. METHODS: Thirty consecutive patients (46 ± 10 years; 82% women) with symptomatic benign thyroid cysts relapsed after drainage were included. In all cases, cytology prior to treatment, maximum cyst diameter and volume were determined. PEIT was conducted using the established procedure, and the volume of fluid removed and pain perceived by the patient were assessed. In each procedure, the volume of alcohol instilled was <2 ml. After follow-up, final cyst diameter and volume were determined and the persistence of symptoms and QoL were assessed by a questionnaire (SF-36). RESULTS: Mean symptom duration was 10 ± 20 months. A single session of PEIT was required to complete the procedure in 45% of patients, two in 31% and three in 13%. Mean initial maximum cyst diameter was 3.5 ± 1.0 cm and mean extracted liquid volume 61 ± 36 ml. During PEIT, 39% of patients experienced virtually no pain, 43% mild pain and 17% moderate pain. No complications of PEIT were observed. After 12.1 ± 1.4 months of follow-up, cysts were reduced more than 70% in volume in 86.3% of patients, more than 80% in 61.9% and more than 90% in 42%. On the health-related QoL SF-36 questionnaire, patient scores 6 months post-PEIT did not differ significantly from those of the healthy Spanish population. With respect to cosmetic complaints or local symptoms of compression, PEIT-treated patients presented an initial score of 22 ± 8 and 13 ± 5 after treatment (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, percutaneous ethanol injection has prove to be an effective, safe and well-tolerated first-line treatment of symptomatic thyroid cysts.

Prevention of late blowing defect by reuterin produced in cheese by a Lactobacillus reuteri adjunct.

In this study, reuterin-producing Lactobacillus reuteri INIA P572 was added to cheese as an adjunct culture together with 50 or 100 mM glycerol (required for reuterin production), with the aim of controlling Clostridium tyrobutyricum CECT 4011 growth and preventing the late blowing defect (LBD) of cheese caused by this strain. L. reuteri survived cheese manufacture and produced reuterin in situ, detected at 6 and 24 h. However, the produced reuterin was enough to inhibit the growth of Clostridium, showing undetectable spore counts from day 30 onward and, therefore, to prevent cheese LBD during ripening (60 d, 14 °C). The acidification of these cheeses was not affected, although from day 14 they showed significantly lower lactococci counts than cheese made only with the starter (control cheese). Cheeses with LBD showed lower levels of lactic acid than control cheese and the formation of propionic and butyric acids, but cheeses with reuterin showed the same organic acids profile than control cheese. The cheese made with L. reuteri and 100 mM glycerol showed a light pink colour, not observed in the cheese made with L. reuteri and 50 mM glycerol. These results demonstrated a potent anti-clostridial activity of reuterin produced in an actual food product like cheese, and proved to be a novel approach to prevent LBD of cheese.

Antibodies in Autoimmune Neuropathies: What to Test, How to Test, Why to Test.

Autoimmune neuropathies are a heterogeneous group of immune-mediated disorders of the peripheral nerves. Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) are the archetypal acute and chronic forms. Over the past few decades, pathogenic antibodies targeting antigens of the peripheral nervous system and driving peripheral nerve damage in selected patients have been described. Moreover, the detection of these antibodies has diagnostic and therapeutic implications that have prompted a modification of the GBS and CIDP diagnostic algorithms. GBS diagnosis is based in clinical criteria, and systematic testing of anti-ganglioside antibodies is not required. Nonetheless, a positive anti-ganglioside antibody test may support the clinical suspicion when diagnosis of GBS (GM1 IgG), Miller Fisher (GQ1b IgG), or acute sensory-ataxic (GD1b IgG) syndromes is uncertain. Anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) IgM and anti-disialosyl IgM antibodies are key in the diagnosis of anti-MAG neuropathy and chronic ataxic neuropathy, ophthalmoplegia, M-protein, cold agglutinins, and disialosyl antibodies spectrum neuropathies, respectively, and help differentiating these conditions from CIDP. Recently, the field has been boosted by the discovery of pathogenic antibodies targeting proteins of the node of Ranvier contactin-1, contactin-associated protein 1, and nodal and paranodal isoforms of neurofascin (NF140, NF186, or NF155). These antibodies define subgroups of patients with specific clinical (most importantly poor or partial response to conventional therapies and excellent response to anti-CD20 therapy) and pathologic (node of Ranvier disruption in the absence of inflammation) features that led to the definition of the "autoimmune nodopathy" diagnostic category and to the incorporation of nodal/paranodal antibodies to clinical routine testing. The purpose of this review was to provide a practical vision for the general neurologist of the use of antibodies in the clinical assessment of autoimmune neuropathies.

Application of Ligilactobacillus salivarius SP36, a Strain Isolated from an Old Cheese Seal, as an Adjunct Culture in Cheesemaking.

Adjunct cultures originating from artisanal cheese environments may play an important role in recreating and developing traditional cheese flavours, thanks to their enzymatic activities, involved in different metabolic pathways that occur during cheese ripening. In this work, Ligilactobacillus salivarius SP36, a strain isolated from an old cheese seal, was added as an adjunct culture to the cheese's raw milk, and its effect on the microbiological, physical-chemical and sensory characteristics of the cheese was studied. The use of L. salivarius SP36 in cheese manufacturing had no significant (p > 0.05) effect on the cheese microbiota, gross composition (fat percentage, protein, total solids, moisture and NaCl concentration), colour or texture of the cheese. However, L. salivarius SP36 increased (p < 0.01) the formation of 25 volatile compounds, including 10 esters, 1 aldehyde, 8 alcohols and 6 carboxylic acids. In addition, cheeses made with L. salivarius SP36 received higher scores (p < 0.01) for aroma intensity and quality than control cheeses. L. salivarius SP36 proved to be a good candidate as an adjunct culture for cheesemaking, since it improved the cheese flavour by making it more intense and recovering typical sensorial notes of traditional cheeses.