Directional electronic tuning of Ni nanoparticles by interfacial oxygen bridging of support for catalyzing alkaline hydrogen oxidation.

Metallic nickel (Ni) is a promising candidate to substitute Pt-based catalysts for hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR), but huge challenges still exist in precise modulation of the electronic structure to boost the electrocatalytic performances. Herein, we present the use of single-layer Ti3C2Tx MXene to deliberately tailor the electronic structure of Ni nanoparticles via interfacial oxygen bridges, which affords Ni/Ti3C2Tx electrocatalyst with exceptional performances for HOR in an alkaline medium. Remarkably, it shows a high kinetic current of 16.39 mA cmdisk-2 at the overpotential of 50 mV for HOR [78 and 2.7 times higher than that of metallic Ni and Pt/C (20%), respectively], also with good durability and CO antipoisoning ability (1,000 ppm) that are not available for conventional Pt/C (20%) catalyst. The ultrahigh conductivity of single-layer Ti3C2Tx provides fast transmission of electrons for Ni nanoparticles, of which the uniform and small sizes endow them with high-density active sites. Further, the terminated -O/-OH functional groups on Ti3C2Tx directionally capture electrons from Ni nanoparticles via interfacial Ni-O bridges, leading to obvious electronic polarization. This could enhance the Nids-O2p interaction and weaken Nids-H1s interaction of Ni sites in Ni/Ti3C2Txenabling a suitable H-/OH-binding energy and thus enhancing the HOR activity.

Ferric Oxide Nanocrystals-Embedded Co/Fe-MOF with Self-Tuned d-Band Centers for Boosting Urea-Assisted Overall Water Splitting.

A novel semiconductive Co/Fe-MOF embedded with Fe2 O3 nanocrystals (Fe2 O3 @CoFe-MOF) is developed as a trifunctional electrocatalyst for the urea oxidation reaction (UOR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and hydrogen evolution reaction for enhancing the efficiency of the hydrogen production via the urea-assisted overall water splitting. Fe2 O3 @CoFe-TPyP-MOF comprises unsaturated metal-nitrogen coordination sites, affording enriched defects, self-tuned d-band centers, and efficient π-π interaction between different layers. Density functional theory calculation confirms that the adsorption of urea can be optimized at Fe2 O3 @CoFe-TPyP-MOF, realizing the efficient adsorption of intermediates and desorption of the final product of CO2 and N2 characterized by the in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The two-electrode urea-assisted water splitting device-assembled with Fe2 O3 @CoFe-TPyP-MOF illustrates a low cell voltage of 1.41 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode at the current density of 10 mA cm-2 , attaining the hydrogen production rate of 13.13 µmol min-1 in 1 m KOH with 0.33 m urea. The in situ electrochemical Raman spectra and other basic characterizations of the used electrocatalyst uncover that Fe2 O3 @CoFe-TPyP-MOF undergoes the reversible structural reconstruction after the UOR test, while it demonstrates the irreversible reconstruction after the OER measurement. This work redounds the progress of urea-assisted water spitting for hydrogen production.

Engineering Tough Supramolecular Hydrogels with Structured Micropillars for Tunable Wetting and Adhesion Properties.

Soft-lithography is widely used to fabricate microstructured surfaces on plastics and elastomers for designable physical properties such as wetting and adhesions. However, it remains a big challenge to construct high-aspect-ratio microstructures on the surface of hydrogels due to the difficulty in demolding from the gel with low strength and stiffness. Demonstrated here is the engineering of tough hydrogels by soft-lithography to form well-defined micropillars. The mechanical properties of poly(acrylamide-co-methacrylic acid) hydrogels with dense hydrogen-bond associations severely depend on temperature, with Young's modulus increasing from 8.1 MPa at 15 °C to 821.8 MPa at -30 °C, enabling easy demolding at low temperatures. Arrays of micropillars are maintained on the surface of the gel, and can be used at room temperature when the gel restores soft and stretchable. The hydrogel also exhibits good shape-memory property, favoring tailoring the morphology with a switchable tilt angle of micropillars. Consequently, the hydrogel shows tunable wetting and adhesion properties, as manifested by varying contact angles and adhesion strengths. These surface properties can also be tuned by geometry and arrangement of micropillars. This facile strategy by harnessing tunable viscoelasticity of supramolecular hydrogels should be applicable to other soft materials, and broaden their applications in biomedical and engineering fields.

Single-Atom Co─O4 Sites Embedded in a Defective-Rich Porous Carbon Layer for Efficient H2O2 Electrosynthesis.

The production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) via the two-electron electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (2e- ORR) is an essential alteration in the current anthraquinone-based method. Herein, a single-atom Co─O4 electrocatalyst is embedded in a defective and porous graphene-like carbon layer (Co─O4@PC). The Co─O4@PC electrocatalyst shows promising potential in H2O2 electrosynthesis via 2e- ORR, providing a high H2O2 selectivity of 98.8% at 0.6 V and a low onset potential of 0.73 V for generating H2O2. In situ surface-sensitive attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectra and density functional theory calculations reveal that the electronic and geometric modification of Co─O4 induced by defective carbon sites result in decreased d-band center of Co atoms, providing the optimum adsorption energies of OOH* intermediate. The H-cell and flow cell assembled using Co─O4@PC as the cathode present long-term stability and high efficiency for H2O2 production. Particularly, a high H2O2 production rate of 0.25 mol g-1 cat h-1 at 0.6 V can be obtained by the flow cell. The in situ-generated H2O2 can promote the degradation of rhodamine B and sterilize Staphylococcus aureus via the Fenton process. This work can pave the way for the efficient production of H2O2 by using Co─O4 single atom electrocatalyst and unveil the electrocatalytic mechanism.

Tungstate Intercalated NiFe Layered Double Hydroxide Enables Long-Term Alkaline Seawater Oxidation.

Renewable electricity-driven seawater splitting presents a green, effective, and promising strategy for building hydrogen (H2)-based energy systems (e.g., storing wind power as H2), especially in many coastal cities. The abundance of Cl- in seawater, however, will cause severe corrosion of anode catalyst during the seawater electrolysis, and thus affect the long-term stability of the catalyst. Herein, seawater oxidation performances of NiFe layered double hydroxides (LDH), a classic oxygen (O2) evolution material, can be boosted by employing tungstate (WO4 2-) as the intercalated guest. Notably, insertion of WO4 2- to LDH layers upgrades the reaction kinetics and selectivity, attaining higher current densities with ≈100% O2 generation efficiency in alkaline seawater. Moreover, after a 350 h test at 1000 mA cm-2, only trace active chlorine can be detected in the electrolyte. Additionally, O2 evolution follows lattice oxygen mechanism on NiFe LDH with intercalated WO4 2-.

An angel or a devil? Current view on the role of CD8+ T cells in the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis.

BACKGROUND: Myasthenia gravis (MG) and the experimental autoimmune MG (EAMG) animal model are characterized by T-cell-induced and B-cell-dominated autoimmune diseases that affect the neuromuscular junction. Several subtypes of CD4+ T cells, including T helper (Th) 17 cells, follicular Th cells, and regulatory T cells (Tregs), contribute to the pathogenesis of MG. However, increasing evidence suggests that CD8+ T cells also play a critical role in the pathogenesis and treatment of MG. MAIN BODY: Herein, we review the literature on CD8+ T cells in MG, focusing on their potential effector and regulatory roles, as well as on relevant evidence (peripheral, in situ, cerebrospinal fluid, and under different treatments), T-cell receptor usage, cytokine and chemokine expression, cell marker expression, and Treg, Tc17, CD3+CD8+CD20+ T, and CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS: Further studies on CD8+ T cells in MG are necessary to determine, among others, the real pattern of the Vß gene usage of autoantigen-specific CD8+ cells in patients with MG, real images of the physiology and function of autoantigen-specific CD8+ cells from MG/EAMG, and the subset of autoantigen-specific CD8+ cells (Tc1, Tc17, and IL-17+IFN-γ+CD8+ T cells). There are many reports of CD20-expressing T (or CD20 + T) and CXCR5+ CD8 T cells on autoimmune diseases, especially on multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Unfortunately, up to now, there has been no report on these T cells on MG, which might be a good direction for future studies.

Tough supramolecular hydrogels of poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide)-grafted poly(methacrylic acid) with cooperative hydrogen bonds as physical crosslinks.

Incorporating associative interactions as the energy dissipation units has been recognized as an effective strategy to develop tough hydrogels. For hydrogen-bond associations, however, it is highly challenging to stabilize them under aqueous conditions. Although affording cooperativity can enhance and stabilize the hydrogen bonds, it usually requires stepwise polymerization to form these cooperative associations between different polymers and networks. Here, we report a series of tough supramolecular hydrogels with robust hydrogen-bond associations between grafted polymers that are synthesized by polymerization of a macromonomer of poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMAA) and a small monomer of methacrylic acid. The grafted chains of PDMAA form cooperative hydrogen bonds with the main chain of poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAAc), forming supramolecular hydrogels with high toughness and good stability. The tough and stiff hydrogels are in a glassy state, exhibit forced elastic deformation at room temperature, and remain stable over a wide pH range. In contrast, hydrogels prepared by the copolymerization of DMAA and MAAc are swollen and weak in water due to the lack of successive hydrogen donor/acceptor units and the absence of cooperative hydrogen bonds. In addition, these tough hydrogels exhibit good recyclability and shape memory properties, owing to the supramolecular nature of the network and the temperature-dependent mechanical properties. The influence of polymer structure on the associative interactions and macroscopic properties of the hydrogels should be informative for the design of tough soft materials with versatile applications.

Polymerization-Induced Crystallization of Dopant Molecules: An Efficient Strategy for Room-Temperature Phosphorescence of Hydrogels.

Conventional hydrogels such as polyacrylamide and polyacrylic acid ones seldom exhibit phosphorescences at ambient conditions, which limit their applications as optical materials. We propose and demonstrate here a facile strategy to afford these hydrogels with room-temperature phosphorescence by polymerization-induced crystallization of dopant molecules that results in segregation and confinement of the gel matrix with carbonyl groups and thus clusterization-induced phosphorescence. As a model system, crown ethers (CEs) are dissolved in an aqueous solution of concentrated acrylamide that greatly increases the solubility of CEs. During the polymerization process, CEs crystallize to form large spherulites in the polyacrylamide hydrogel. The crystallization arises from the drastically reduced solubility of CEs after the conversion of monomers to polymers during the gel synthesis. The resultant composite hydrogel with a water content of 67 wt % exhibits extraordinary phosphorescence behavior yet maintains good stretchability and resilience. We found that the partial gel matrix is squeezed and confined by in situ-formed crystals, leading to carbonyl clusters and thus phosphorescence emission. The composite gel shows green phosphorescence with an emission peak at 512 nm and a lifetime of 342 ms. The afterglow emission is detectable by the naked eye for several seconds. This strategy has good universality, as validated in other hydrogels with different polymeric matrices and dopant molecules. The development of hydrogels with good mechanical and phosphorescent properties should merit the design of multifunctional soft machines with applications in biomedical and engineering fields.

An Efficiently Doped PEDOT:PSS Ink Formulation via Metastable Liquid-Liquid Contact for Capillary Flow-Driven, Hierarchically and Highly Conductive Films.

With commercial electronics transitioning toward flexible devices, there is a growing demand for high-performance polymers such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). Previous breakthroughs in promoting the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS, which mainly stem from solvent-treatment and transfer-printing strategies, remain as inevitable challenges due to the inefficient, unstable, and biologically incompatible process. Herein, a scalable fabrication of conducting PEDOT:PSS inks is reported via a metastable liquid-liquid contact (MLLC) method, realizing phase separation and removal of excess PSS simultaneously. MLLC-doped inks are further used to prepare ring-like films through a compromise between the coffee-ring effect and the Marangoni vortex during evaporation of droplets. The specific control over deposition conditions allows for tunable ring-like morphologies and preferentially interconnected networks of PEDOT:PSS nanofibrils, resulting in a high electrical conductivity of 6,616 S cm-1 and excellent optical transparency of the film. The combination of excellent electrical properties and the special morphology enables it to serve as electrodes for touch sensors with gradient pressure sensitivity. These findings not only provide new insight into developing a simple and efficient doping method for commercial PEDOT:PSS ink, but also offer a promising self-assembled deposition pattern of organic semiconductor films, expanding the applications in flexible electronics, bioelectronics as well as photovoltaic devices.

A Robust n-n Heterojunction: CuN and BN Boosting for Ambient Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction to Ammonia.

An n-n type heterojunction comprising with CuN and BN dual active sites is synthesized via in situ growth of a conductive metal-organic framework (MOF) [Cu3 (HITP)2 ] (HITP = 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexaiminotriphenylene) on hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanosheets (hereafter denoted as Cu3 (HITP)2 @h-BN) for the electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (eNRR). The optimized Cu3 (HITP)2 @h-BN shows the outstanding eNRR performance with the NH3 production of 146.2 µg h-1 mgcat -1 and the Faraday efficiency of 42.5% due to high porosity, abundant oxygen vacancies, and CuN/BN dual active sites. The construction of the n-n heterojunction efficiently modulates the state density of active metal sites toward the Fermi level, facilitating the charge transfer at the interface between the catalyst and reactant intermediates. Additionally, the pathway of NH3 production catalyzed by the Cu3 (HITP)2 @h-BN heterojunction is illustrated by in situ FT-IR spectroscopy and density functional theory calculation. This work presents an alternative approach to design advanced electrocatalysts based on conductive MOFs.

Toughening Hydrogels by Forming Robust Hydrazide-Transition Metal Coordination Complexes.

Energy dissipation based on dynamic fracture of metal ligands is an effective way to toughen hydrogels for specific applications in biomedical and engineering fields. Exploration of new kinds of metal-ligand coordinates with robust bonding strength is crucial for the facile synthesis of tough gels. Here a hydrogel toughening strategy based on the formation of robust coordination complexes between the hydrazide ligands and zinc ions is reported. The resultant hydrogels exhibit high strength and toughness at room temperature. Their mechanical properties show temperature dependence due to the dynamic nature of coordination bonds. In addition, the amine group of hydrazides in the gel matrix provides a reactive site for Schiff's base reaction, enabling surface modification without influence on overall mechanical performances of the gel. The hydrazide ligands are easy to synthesize and can coordinate very well with several transition metals. Such a metal-ligand coordination should be suitable to develop tough soft materials with versatile applications.

Nanodesigns for Na3V2(PO4)3-based cathode in sodium-ion batteries: a topical review.

With the rapid development of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), it is urgent to exploit the cathode materials with good rate capability, attractive high energy density and considerable long cycle performance. Na3V2(PO4)3(NVP), as a NASICON-type electrode material, is one of the cathode materials with great potential for application because of its good thermal stability and stable. However, NVP has the inherent problem of low electronic conductivity, and various strategies are proposed to improve it, moreover, nanotechnology or nanostructure are involved in these strategies, the construction of nanostructured active particles and nanocomposites with conductive carbon networks have been shown to be effective in improving the electrical conductivity of NVP. Herein, we review the research progress of NVP performance improvement strategies from the perspective of nanostructures and classifies the prepared nanomaterials according to their different nano-dimension. In addition, NVP nanocomposites are reviewed in terms of both preparation methods and promotion effects, and examples of NVP nanocomposites at different nano-dimension are given. Finally, some personal views are presented to provide reasonable guidance for the research and design of high-performance polyanionic cathode materials of SIBs.

Enhancing Methane Removal Efficiency of ZrMnFe Alloy by Partial Replacement of Fe with Co.

High-purity hydrogen is extensively employed in chemical vapor deposition, and the existence of methane impurity significantly impacts the device performance. Therefore, it is necessary to purify hydrogen to remove methane. The ZrMnFe getter commonly used in the industry reacts with methane at a temperature as high as 700 ∘C, and the removal depth is not sufficient. To overcome these limitations, Co partially substitutes Fe in the ZrMnFe alloy. The alloy was prepared by suspension induction melting method, and was characterized by means of XRD, ICP, SEM and XPS. The concentration of methane at the outlet was detected by gas chromatography to characterize the hydrogen purification performance of the alloy. The removal effect of the alloy on methane in hydrogen increases first and then decreases with the increase in substitution amount, and increases with the increase in temperature. Specifically, the ZrMnFe0.7Co0.3 alloy reduces methane levels in hydrogen from 10 ppm to 0.215 ppm at 500 ∘C. ZrMnFe0.7Co0.3 alloy can remove 50 ppm of methane in helium to less than 0.01 ppm at 450 ∘C, demonstrating its excellent methane reactivity. Moreover, Co substitution reduces the formation energy barrier of ZrC, and Co in the electron-rich state demonstrates superior catalytic activity for methane decomposition.

Tunable Berreman mode in highly conductive organic thin films.

The unique performances of Epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) materials allow them to play a crucial role in many optoelectronic devices and have spawned a wide range of inventive uses. In this paper, we found that the modified PEDOT:PSS film formed with a kind of so-called "Metastable liquid-liquid Contact (MLLC)" solution treatment method can achieve a wide tuning of ENZ wavelength from 1270 nm to 1550 nm in the near-infrared region. We further analyzed the variation trend of imaginary permittivity for these samples with different ENZ wavelengths. The Berreman mode was successfully excited by a simple structural design to realize a tunable polarization absorber.

Thermoresponsive Water-in-Oil-in-Water Pickering Double Emulsions Stabilized with Biodegradable and Semicrystalline Poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone-co-δ-valerolactone) Diblock Copolymer Micelles for Controlled Release.

Water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) Pickering double emulsions are promising materials for the construction of carriers for water-soluble and oil-soluble molecules or drug delivery systems if the contradictive trade-off between their extreme stability and controlled release properties can be resolved. In this study, biodegradable and biocompatible poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone-co-δ-valerolactone) (PEG-b-PCVL) diblock copolymers with predesigned hydrophilic to hydrophobic block length ratios and nearly identical ε-caprolactone/δ-valerolactone molar ratio (8/2), were synthesized by ring-opening copolymerization. Then, they self-assembled to create semicrystalline micelles. The melting points of PEG-b-PCVL copolymers and their lyophilized micelles were within a physiological range of temperatures, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry. Water contact angle measurements provided evidence that the surface wettability of PEG-b-PCVL micelles could be tuned by the PCVL block mass fractions or temperature stimulus. Such PEG-b-PCVL micelles were employed as a single particulate stabilizer to develop Pickering double emulsions through a one-step emulsification technique. W/O/W Pickering double emulsions could be generated using relatively hydrophobic PEG-b-PCVL micelles with high mass fractions (exceeding about 89%) of PCVL blocks, and they displayed excellent long-term physical stabilities at room temperature. However, the Pickering double emulsions underwent a rapid microstructural transition into simple oil-in-water Pickering emulsions instead of complete demulsification at elevated temperature (37 °C), which was attributed to the hydrophilicity of micelles enhanced when the core-forming PCVL melted realized by temperature stimulus. Consequently, such W/O/W Pickering double emulsions stabilized solely with semicrystalline PEG-b-PCVL micelles exhibit thermal responsiveness, enabling them to release vitamin B12 encapsulated within the internal aqueous phase rapidly.

Advanced Lithium Primary Batteries: Key Materials, Research Progresses and Challenges.

In recent years, with the vigorous development and gradual deployment of new energy vehicles, more attention has been paid to the research on lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Compared with the booming LIBs, lithium primary batteries (LPBs) own superiority in specific energy and self-discharge rate and are usually applied in special fields such as medical implantation, aerospace, and military. Widespread application in special fields also means more stringent requirements for LPBs in terms of energy density, working temperature range and shelf life. Therefore, how to obtain LPBs with high energy density, wide operational temperature range and long storage life is of great importance in future development. In view of the above, this paper reviews the latest research on LPBs in cathode, anode and electrolyte over the years, and puts forward relevant insights for LPBs, along with the intention to explore avenues for the design of LPBs components in the coming decades and promote further development in this field.

Multi-level encryption of information in morphing hydrogels with patterned fluorescence.

Fluorescent hydrogels have attracted tremendous attention recently in the field of information security due to the booming development of information technology. Along this line, it is highly desired to improve the security level of concealed information by the advancements of materials and encryption technologies. Here we report multi-level encryption of information in a bilayer hydrogel with shape-morphing ability and patterned fluorescence. This hydrogel is composed of a fluorescence layer containing chromophore units in the poly(acrylic acid) network and an active layer with UV-absorption agents in the poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) network. The former layer exhibits tunable fluorescence tailored by UV light irradiation to induce unimer-to-dimer transformation of the chromophores, facilitating the write-in of information through photolithography. The latter layer is responsive to temperature, enabling morphing of the bilayer hydrogel. Therefore, the bilayer hydrogel encoded with patterned fluorescent patterns can deform into three-dimensional configurations at room temperature to conceal the information, which is readable only after successive procedures of shape recovery at an appropriate temperature and under UV light irradiation from the right direction. The combination of morphing materials and patterned fluorescence as a new avenue to improve the encryption level of information should merit the design of other smart materials with integrated functions for specific applications.

Impedimetric aptasensor based on zirconium-cobalt metal-organic framework for detection of carcinoembryonic antigen.

A zirconium-cobalt metal-organic framework (ZrCo-MOF) was prepared and used as sensing material to fabricate an aptasensor for trace detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The ZrCo-MOF integrates the 3D porous structure and abundant defects of the MOF framework, the catalytic activity and inherent redox behavior of Co, and high stability of Zr-MOF, providing abundant active sites to effectively anchor aptamers. As a result, the ZrCo-MOF-based aptasensor shows high sensitivity to detect CEA via specific recognition between aptamer and CEA, as well as the formation of aptamer-CEA complex. A detection limit of 0.35 fg·mL-1 was deduced from the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy within a wide linear range of 0.001-100 pg·mL-1 for CEA, which was substantially lower than those of most reported CEA biosensors. The ZrCo-MOF-based aptasensor also shows good selectivity, reproducibility, regenerability, stability, and applicability for human serum sample. Therefore, the developed ZrCo-MOF-based aptasensor will be promising for ultrasensitive detection of biomarkers and the early diagnosis of cancer. This work presents a novel electrochemical aptasensor for the trace detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) based on a zirconium-cobalt metal-organic framework (ZrCo-MOF), which shows low detection limit of 0.35 fg·mL-1, high selectivity as well as good reproducibility, regenerability, stability, and applicability. The result provides a promising approach to detect the cancer biomarkers in an early age.

Research on the coordinated development of ecosystem services and well-being in agricultural and pastoral areas.

Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) has been widely accepted as a policy tool for promoting ecological and social progress. However, PES development and implementation in traditional agricultural and pastoral areas are often more challenging than in other areas. The contradiction between ecological protection and people's livelihood development in traditional agricultural and pastoral areas is related to developing country's sustainable development strategy. Based on this, we evaluate the PES (ERCCP: the Ecological Relocation and Capital Compensation Program) program in Tianzhu County, as a case study to investigated the impact of ERCCP on the local natural and social ecosystems on a 20-year scale. The results of indicated that ERCCP has achieved "win-win" gains of restoring environment and promoting socioeconomic development: in the 10 years since ERCCP was implemented, the area of forest land and grassland increased significantly, increasing by 1135.6 ha and 919.62 ha, respectively. 57.5% of farmland was converted to grassland and 30.8% to forest, respectively. In addition, 92.2% and 7.5% of bare land were replaced by grassland and forest, respectively, indicating a gradual recovery of green land during this period. We also analyzed the effects of ERCCP on social systems, and found that the change of agro-pastoralists' attitude towards ERCCP promoted the transfer of labor force from the primary industry to the tertiary industry, accelerated the development of urbanization, and made the poor population completely out of poverty by 2020. In addition, we predict that the income level of households, the PES return on investment of local governments, and the value of regional ecosystem services will increase significantly after 2025. In this context, We establish a theoretical model to explain the win-win plan for the coordinated development of ecosystem services and regional well-being to explore the sustainability of PES and provided a typical case for the similar research area in the world, especially in the areas with the ecological fragility and poverty problems.

Magneto-Orientation of Magnetic Double Stacks for Patterned Anisotropic Hydrogels with Multiple Responses and Modulable Motions.

Reported here is a multi-response anisotropic poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel developed by using a rotating magnetic field to align magnetic double stacks (MDSs) that are fixed by polymerization. The magneto-orientation of MDSs originates from the unique structure with γ-Fe2 O3 nanoparticles sandwiched by two silicate nanosheets. The resultant gels not only exhibit anisotropic optical and mechanical properties but also show anisotropic responses to temperature and light. Gels with complex ordered structures of MDSs are further devised by multi-step magnetic orientation and photolithographic polymerization. These gels show varied birefringence patterns with potentials as information materials, and can deform into specific configurations upon stimulations. Multi-gait motions are further realized in the patterned gel through dynamic deformation under spatiotemporal light and friction regulation by imposed magnetic force. The magneto-orientation assisted fabrication of hydrogels with anisotropic structures and additional functions should bring opportunities for gel materials in biomedical devices, soft actuators/robots, etc.