The Serum Levels of Asymmetric Dimethylarginine, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 in Preterms with Retinopathy of Prematurity.

Objective:To determine the serum levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in preterms with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Materials and Methods: We included 37 preterm infants. The first blood samples were obtained within the first 5 days of life and repeated at the time of the first ophthalmologic examination for ROP. The levels of ADMA, IGF-1, and VEGF were measured in all samples. Results: ROP was detected in 12 of the subjects (32.4%). We categorized the subjects as non-ROP (Group 1; n = 25), untreated ROP (Group 2; n = 7), and treated ROP (Group 3; n = 5) according to the eye findings. There were no significant differences among the groups for serum levels of ADMA, VEGF, and IGF-1 at the first sampling. Conclusion: We did not find any differences in terms of serum ADMA, IGF-1, and VEGF levels in preterm infants with or without ROP.

Risk factors associated with avascular fibrous membrane in patients with retinopathy of prematurity.

PURPOSE: We sought to assess the risk factors associated with avascular fibrous membrane development in patients with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS: This retrospective, cross-sectional study included premature infants diagnosed with ROP. Gestational age, birth weight, stage and zone of the ROP, the presence of plus disease, and laser photocoagulation (LP) application were noted for each patient. Location, extension, development time, vanishing time of the avascular fibrous membrane, and associated complications were also noted. Patients who developed avascular fibrous membrane formed the membrane group (n = 38) and those who did not develop avascular fibrous membrane formed the control group (n = 208). RESULTS: Mean gestational age and birth weight did not differ between the groups (p = 0.897 and p = 0.343). ROP developed significantly earlier in the control group than in the membrane group (p < 0.001). The patients in the control group underwent LP treatment significantly earlier than did patients in the membrane group (p < 0.001). Regression analysis showed that higher postmenstrual age at the time of ROP diagnosis increased the risk of avascular fibrous membrane development by up to 1.6-fold (p = 0.002; 95% CI 1.2-2.3) and later LP treatment was associated with a 3.3-fold increased risk of avascular fibrous membrane development (p = 0.003; 95% CI 1.5-7.3). CONCLUSIONS: Late-onset ROP and later LP treatment were found to be associated with an increased risk of avascular fibrous membrane development in patients with ROP.

Increased red cell distribution width levels in children with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.

PURPOSE: Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) is an inflammatory disease of the conjunctiva. Red cell distribution width (RDW) is a widely accepted inflammatory marker. We aimed to investigate whether RDW level is associated with the development of SAC in pediatric population. METHODS: The present study consisted of 90 subjects (45 children with SAC and 45 age- and sex-matched healthy children). The demographic findings, complete blood count parameters including RDW and laboratory parameters, were evaluated. RESULTS: The mean RDW levels were significantly higher in children with SAC compared to the control group (14.02 ± 0.82 vs. 13.26 ± 0.64%, respectively, p < 0.001). In receiver operating characteristic analysis, the area under the curve for RDW for predicting SAC was 0.786, and a RDW value of 13.45 or higher predicted SAC with a sensitivity of 75.6% and specificity of 65%. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that elevated RDW levels are significantly associated with SAC in pediatric population, which may imply a possible role of increased inflammatory status and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of SAC.

The Effect of Demodex Infestation on Blepharitis and the Ocular Symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the frequency of Demodex infestation of eyelashes in patients with and without blepharitis and to determine the effects of Demodex infestation on blepharitis and the ocular symptoms. METHODS: The study included patients with chronic mixed (anterior + posterior) blepharitis who presented to our clinic. Patients with refractive error and no ocular disease were enrolled as the control group. From each participant, a total of 4 eyelashes were removed and were then examined under a light microscope for Demodex infestation. Symptoms, fluorescein tear breakup time, and ocular surface staining pattern were recorded. RESULTS: The prevalence of Demodex infection in the blepharitis group was 67.2%, versus 54.9% in the control group (P=0.18). The incidence of itching in the blepharitis group was significantly higher in the Demodex (+) patients than in the Demodex (-) patients (P<0.001). Fluorescein tear breakup time in the Demodex (+) patients was significantly shorter than in the Demodex (-) patients (P<0.001). There was not a significant difference in the fluorescein staining pattern between the 2 groups (P=0.57). The incidence of advanced stage blepharitis was significantly higher among the Demodex (+) patients (P=0.007). The incidence of cylindrical eyelash dandruff in the blepharitis group was significantly higher in the Demodex (+) patients (P<0.001). There was a significant difference in meibomian gland dysfunction between the 2 groups (P=0.039). CONCLUSION: Demodex infestation must be investigated in patients with advanced stage blepharitis, itching, and shorter than normal fluorescein tear breakup time.

Relationship between serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels and retinopathy of prematurity.

Aim To evaluate the relationship between serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D, 25 (OH) D, levels and retinopathy of prematurity. Methods and Results Serum 25 (OH) D levels were measured in 97 very low birth weight infants, prior to vitamin D supplementation. The development of retinopathy of prematurity and its treatment requirement were evaluated. At follow-up, retinopathy of prematurity developed in 71 (73.2%) infants. Serum 25 (OH) D levels were significantly lower in infants with retinopathy of prematurity than ones without retinopathy of prematurity ( P < 0.001). The infants who required treatment had lower 25 (OH) D levels compared with the infants who did not required treatment (7.1 ± 5.2 ng/ml vs. 11.9 ± 6.5 ng/ml; P = 0.003). Multivariate analysis showed that lower serum 25 (OH) D levels may be a risk factor for retinopathy of prematurity development [OR: 1.14, 95% CI (1.02-1.27), P = 0.02]. Conclusion Lower 25 (OH) D levels in the first days of life may be related to retinopathy of prematurity development and treatment requirement in premature infants.

Agenesis of retinal vessels in a newborn with central nervous system developmental abnormality.

A full-term infant with neonatal seizures was diagnosed to have corpus callosum agenesis with congenital agyria. His indirect ophthalmoscopical evaluation revealed bilateral complete absence of retinal vessels with normal optic discs and macula. Bilateral lamellar cataracts developed in the second month of follow-up, and his muscle biopsy was consistent with a mitochondrial disorder. Confirmation by molecular analysis could not be performed since parents did not give their consent for further investigation.

Oral sucrose and non-nutritive sucking goes some way to reducing pain during retinopathy of prematurity eye examinations.

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of oral sucrose combined with non-nutritive sucking for reducing pain associated with retinopathy of prematurity screening. METHODS: This was a randomised controlled study of 64 infants undergoing eye examination for retinopathy of prematurity screening. Topical anaesthetic (Proparacaine; Alcaine(®) drop 0.5%: ALCON CANADA Inc., Mississauga, Canada) was applied 30 sec before the eye examination in all infants. The infants in intervention group (Group 1, n = 32) received 0.5 mL/kg of 24% sucrose with a pacifier. The control group (Group 2, n = 32) received 0.5 mL/kg of sterile water with a pacifier. RESULTS: The groups had similar gestational ages (28.5 ± 2.8 weeks), mean birthweight (1304 ± 466 g) or corrected gestational age (35.4 ± 3.7 weeks) at examination. The intervention group had a significantly lower mean Premature Infant Pain Profile score during examination of the first eye, following insertion of the speculum (Group 1:13.7 ± 2.1 vs. Group 2:16.4 ± 1.8, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Although sucrose combined with non-nutritive sucking modestly reduces pain scores during eye examinations, there is need to further studies to explore significant pain relief for infants undergoing retinopathy of prematurity screening.

Comparison of topical 5% NaCl versus 10% Mannitol for the treatment of corneal edema after phacoemulsification.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of topical 5% Sodium Chloride (NaCl) and 10% Mannitol agents in managing corneal edema following uncomplicated cataract surgery. METHODS: Patients with postoperative corneal edema were enrolled, and they were divided into three groups for comparison. Anterior chamber depth (ACD), axial length (AL), intraocular lens (IOL) power, cumulative dissipated energy (CDE), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central corneal thickness (CCT), and endothelial cell count (ECC) were assessed among the groups. RESULTS: Fifty-eight eyes of 58 patients were included. The study comprised the NaCl group (using topical 5% NaCl, n = 21), Mannitol group (using topical 10% Mannitol, n = 17), and a control group without osmotic agent use (n = 20). Age, gender, ACD, AL, IOL power, and CDE were similar across groups. Postoperative day-1 CCT values showed no significant difference between groups. Additionally, at postoperative 1 week, CCT values were [663.4 ± 100.2] microns in the NaCl group, [640.4 ± 68.9] microns in the Mannitol group, and [760.3 ± 76.7] microns in the Control group. Although CCT and BCVA values were better in the Mannitol group at postoperative 1 week, no statistically significant difference was found between the groups at 1 week and 1 month postoperatively. Furthermore, corneal edema positively correlated with CDE and negatively correlated with AL. CONCLUSION: Topical 5% NaCl and 10% Mannitol agents are effective and reliable agents that showed faster recovery of corneal edema during the early postoperative period after uncomplicated cataract surgery. The choice between these agents may depend on factors such as patient tolerability, cost, and availability.

Effects of full-thickness wedge resection on ocular surface and in vivo confocal microscopy findings in floppy eyelid syndrome patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of full-thickness wedge resection (FTWR) on ocular surface and in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) findings in patients with floppy eyelid syndrome (FES). METHODS: The study included two groups: a surgical treatment (ST) group (26 eyes) consisting of patients who underwent FTWR surgery, and a conservative treatment (CT) group (30 eyes). Pre-treatment and post-treatment ocular surface disease index (OSDI), tear break-up time (TBUT), corneal fluorescein staining (CFS), IVCM findings along with the body mass index (BMI), FES grade, the presence and the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) were recorded and compared between the groups. RESULTS: The groups were comparable in terms of BMI, FES grade, and OSAS data. After six months, TBUT in the ST group significantly increased to 12.92 ± 1.15, compared to 8.10 ± 1.60 in the CT group (p = 0.000). The CFS and OSDI scores were significantly lower in the ST group (0.15 ± 0.37, 18.0 ± 8.3, respectively) compared to the CT group (0.90 ± 0.61, 27.3 ± 9.3, respectively) (p = 0.000). IVCM analysis revealed a significant decrease in dendritic cell count (ST: 22.0 ± 12.4, CT: 39.5 ± 15.1, p = 0.000) and nerve tortuosity (ST: 1.38 ± 0.64, CT: 2.00 ± 0.59, p = 0.000), with a significant increase in total nerve density (ST: 4.27 ± 0.83, CT: 3.57 ± 0.90, p = 0.002) in the ST group compared to the CT group after six months. CONCLUSION: In our retrospective cohort, FTWR surgery was shown to be an effective and reliable surgical treatment for FES, improving both ocular surface and IVCM findings. Patients with moderate to severe stages of FES not responding to conservative treatment may benefit from eyelid tightening.

Vitreous vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations in proliferative diabetic retinopathy versus proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

PURPOSE: To assess vitreous vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentrations in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) in comparison to proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Vitreous samples were collected from 69 eyes of 69 patients with traumatic lens dislocation (n = 10), grade B PVR with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (n = 13), grade C PVR with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (n = 14), PDR with vitreous hemorrhage (n = 18), and PDR with vitreous hemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment (n = 14). Vitreous fluid samples were obtained at vitrectomy, and the levels of VEGF were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The mean vitreous level of VEGF was 15.14 ± 5.22 pg/ml in eyes with grade B PVR, 99.15 ± 38.58 pg/ml in eyes with grade C PVR, 4,534.01 ± 1,193.28 pg/ml in eyes with vitreous hemorrhage secondary to PDR, 5,157.29 ± 969.44 pg/ml in eyes with vitreous hemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment secondary to PDR, and 16.19 ± 5.76 pg/ml in eyes of the control group with traumatic lens dislocation. Vitreous VEGF concentrations were significantly higher in the patients with grade C PVR, PDR with vitreous hemorrhage and PDR with vitreous hemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment in comparison to the control patients (p < 0.05). A significant alteration was not observed in patients with grade B PVR (p = 0.55). CONCLUSIONS: Vitreous VEGF concentrations are increased in PDR and grade C PVR. The high VEGF concentrations could suggest a possible effect of VEGF on advanced PVR.

Association between age-related macular degeneration and 25(OH) vitamin D levels in the Turkish population.

PURPOSE: Age-related macular degeneration is the most common cause of blindness in developed countries, and several factors have been attributed for its etiology. This study was conducted to explore the relationship between serum vitamin D levels and age-related macular degeneration. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 114 patients with age-related macular degeneration. A total of 102 patients who did not have any other diseases than refractive error were allocated to the control group. The best-corrected visual acuity, fundus findings, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography findings were analyzed. Patients were allocated to groups based on the Age-related Eye Disease Study classification. Serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels were measured. The central foveal thickness and the subfoveal choroidal thickness were measured by optical coherence tomography. RESULTS: The 25(OH) vitamin D levels in age- and gender-matched patients with age-related macular degeneration and in healthy subjects were 14.6 ± 9.8 and 29.14 ± 15.1 ng/ml, respectively. The age-related macular degeneration group had significantly lower vitamin D levels than the control group (p>0.001). The subfoveal choroidal thickness was lower in patients with age-related macular degeneration (p>0.001). The 25(OH) vitamin D level showed a weak positive correlation with choroidal thickness (r=0.357, p=0.01). When the level of 25(OH) vitamin D was evaluated according to the stages of age-related macular degeneration, it was found to be lower in the advanced-stage disease (p=0.01). The risk for the development of choroid neovascular membrane and subretinal fibrosis was found to increase with decreased vitamin D levels. CONCLUSIONS: Significantly decreased levels of 25(OH) vitamin D in advanced-stage age-related macular degeneration suggest a significant correlation existing between vitamin D deficiency and age-related macular degeneration development. Further studies are required to examine whether vitamin D supplementation has an effect on the development and progression of age-related macular degeneration.

Bacitracin: A Causative Agent of Purpuric Allergic Contact Dermatitis.

Background: Purpuric contact dermatitis (CD) is an unusual presentation of CD. Case: We present a case of purpuric CD occurring after topical usage of bacitracin. We want to emphasize the clinical presentation, besides the classic eczematous form of allergic CD. Conclusion: Purpuric CD may be suspected when there are purple rashes located in areas related to contact with topical medications.

Unilateral Painful Red Eye with Corneal Cysts Assessed with Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Case Mimicking Acanthamoeba Keratitis.

A 28-year-old woman with a history of trauma to her right eye 2 months prior reported experiencing a stinging sensation and tearing in the morning since the injury occurred and the need to occasionally use an eye patch. Three days before presentation she had been prescribed a therapeutic contact lens (CL) with the diagnosis of a corneal epithelial defect. She described significant pain despite the CL. There was a corneal lesion with haze at the base surrounded by corneal edema. Corneal confocal images revealed hyperreflective cystic lesions that suggested Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK). However, the lesion healed within 10 days and the results of cultures taken before the initiation of treatment proved to be negative. The history of trauma and CL wear, the presence of severe pain, corneal findings, and the confocal microscopy detection of cysts led to a suspicion of AK in a differential diagnosis, but the final diagnosis was recurrent epithelial erosion based on the negative culture results, quick response to treatment, and the possibility of similar confocal findings in a healing epithelium. Since AK may cause loss of vision, suspicion should require that samples be obtained for microbiological study and close follow-up of the clinical course until a final diagnosis can be achieved.

The correlation of routine hematological indices with pterygium.

PURPOSE: Increased systemic/local inflammation and oxidative stress play a key role in the pathophysiology of pterygium, but there is limited information regarding routine hematological indices' levels in patients with pterygium. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the levels of complete blood count parameters in patients with pterygium. MATERIAL AND METHOD: In all, 61 patients with pterygium (pterygium group; mean age = 51.4 ± 13.8 years) and 55 healthy individuals (control group; mean age = 50.2 ± 13.1 years) were included in the study. Participants were given routine ophthalmic examinations; complete blood count parameters were assayed. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, red cell distribution width level was significantly higher in patients with pterygium (p = 0.009), but the difference between the groups in terms of the other complete blood count parameters was not statistically significant. However, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was significantly lower in the pterygium group than control group (p = 0.015). In the pterygium group, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were lower, but this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.079). CONCLUSION: Red cell distribution width levels were significantly increased in patients with pterygium. Our data support the idea that inflammation cytokines and oxidative stress may play an important role in the pathogenesis of this disorder.

Does Correction of Strabismus Improve Quality of Life in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Results of a Parent Survey by Ophthalmologists.

PURPOSE: Ophthalmic problems are reported to be common in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and strabismus is of particular importance. We aimed to investigate the outcomes of strabismus management in cases with ASD and identify the impact of optical or surgical correction of the strabismus on the child using a questionnaire for parents. METHODS: A survey was designed to assess parents' perceptions of pre-management and post-management quality of life in 41 children aged 5-17 years with ASD and strabismus using a questionnaire with 10 questions, including three subscales. RESULTS: Significant improvements were noted after management in functional limitations (P < 0.01), psychosocial interactions (P < 0.01), and ocular alignment (P < 0.01) subscales. CONCLUSION: This is the first study of the literature that investigated the impact of ocular re-alignment on behavioral patterns and social interactions of children with ASD and strabismus.

Ocular Disorders in Turkish Children with Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Cross-Sectional Study and Literature Review.

PURPOSE: To investigate types and frequencies of ocular disorders in children with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), and to emphasize the importance of ophthalmological examination in these children. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the examination records of children examined in our instutititon between January 2011 and September 2014 was performed. Ocular disorders of children with SHNL were selectively reviewed. RESULTS: Among 55340 patients, SNHL was present in 110 (0.2%). SNHL was bilateral in 104 patients (94.5%) and unilateral in 6 (5.5%). Ninety-one cases had congenital hearing loss (83%), and 19 (17%) had acquired SNHL. Forty cases (36%) had an ocular disorder, either refractive or non-refractive or both. Seventy cases (64%) had normal ocular examination. No difference was found between congenital or acquired SNHL cases in terms of possessing an ocular disorder (p=0.0962). The most common ocular abnormality was refractive error, mainly hypermetropia (21%). There was no significant difference between the prevalences of ocular abnormalities among cases with different lateralites or severities of SNHL (p=0.051, p=0.874, respectively). Twenty-six cases (23.6%) had SNHL as a component of a genetically defined syndrome. All of them had coexisting refractive or non-refractive ocular abnormalities. Some genetic, non-syndromic abnormalities, including Achondroplasia, Celiac disease, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, were diagnosed in four cases, among whom refractive errors and/or strabismus were detected. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the common coexistence of ocular problems and SNHL in children, ophthalmological screening is crucial. Families and healthcare providers should be informed about the critical role of ophthalmic assesment in these children for their future quality of life.

Comparison of Intravitreal Bevacizumab, Intravitreal Ranibizumab and Laser Photocoagulation for Treatment of Type 1 Retinopathy of Prematurity in Turkish Preterm Children.

PURPOSE: To evaluate effectiveness of treatment modalities, major complications and refractive errors in children who were treated with intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB), intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) or laser photocoagulation (LP) for type 1 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS: Premature infants who underwent IVB monotherapy (Group 1), IVR monotherapy (Group 2) or LP (Group 3) for type 1 ROP and infants with spontaneously regressed ROP (Group 4) were included for the study. Major complications, recurrence rate, recurrence time, total retinal vascularization time and refractive errors at 18 months of corrected age (CA) were determined. RESULTS: Groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 included 24 eyes of 12 patients, 12 eyes of six patients, 72 eyes of 36 patients and 148 eyes of 74 patients, respectively. Recurrence of the disease occurred in two eyes of one patient in Group 1 at 52 weeks of postmenstrual age (PMA) and two eyes of one patient at 48 weeks of PMA in Group 2. In Group 3, disease did not regress after the first treatment in 10 eyes of five patients. The mean vascularization time in Group 1 was 73 ± 10.1 weeks of PMA and 61.8 ± 6.6 weeks of PMA in Group 2 (p = 0.027). Macular ectopia was seen in two eyes of one patient and exudative retinal detachment (ERD) occurred in two eyes of one patient in Group 3. Mean spherical equivalent was 1.49 ± 3.04 diopters (D) in Group 1, -1.79 ± 2.87D in Group 2, -1.27 ± 2.8 D in Group 3 and 1.52 ± 1.07 D in Group 4 at 18 months of CA. There was no significant difference in astigmatism values in all groups. CONCLUSION: IVB, IVR and LP are options that can successfully treat ROP. Myopia was observed to be the main refractive error in all treatment groups. Vascularization of the retina was completed later in the IVB group than in the IVR group.

Serum Lipid Levels in Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome.

PURPOSE: To investigate the serum lipid levels in pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome and its association with systemic vascular disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients were divided into three groups: 52 patients with PEX syndrome (group 1), 20 patients with PEX glaucoma (group 2), and 47 control subjects without PEX syndrome or glaucoma (group 3). The fasting serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglyceride levels were evaluated by Beckman Coulter DXC 800/USA biochemical analyzer. RESULTS: The mean LDL values were 138 ± 33 mg/dl in group 1, 150 ± 37 mg/dl in group 2, and 127 ± 36 mg/dl in group 3. The mean LDL values in groups 1 and 2 were found to be significantly higher than that of group 3 (p = 0.04). The patients in groups 1 and 2 were more often diabetic and hypertensive than group 3 (p < 0.008, p < 0.005, respectively). CONCLUSION: Increased LDL values are significantly associated with PEX.

Impact of oral contraceptive pills on central corneal thickness in young women.

OBJECTIVES: Hormonal changes during oral contraceptive pill (OCP) use may affect central corneal thickness (CCT) values. We aimed to evaluate the impact of OCP use on CCT values in healthy young women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty women subjects who use OCP for contraception (Group 1) and forty control subjects (Group 2) who do not use OCP were included in this prospective study. None of the patients had any history of systemic or ocular diseases. The CCT values measured by ultrasonic pachymeter (Nidek US-4000 Echoscan, Japan) and the intraocular pressure (IOP) values were measured by noncontact tonometer (Reichert 7 CR Corneal Response Technology, USA) at the time of admission to our clinic. The demographic findings and body mass index (BMI) scores of participants were also recorded. RESULTS: The mean ages were 32.8 ± 5.6 for OCP + patients (Group 1) and 31.3 ± 6.9 for OCP-patients (Group 2) (P = 0.28). The mean CCT values were significantly higher in Group 1 when compared to that of the Group 2 (540.9 ± 30.4 µm and 519.6 ± 35.6 µm, respectively) (P = 0.003). The mean IOP value was 14.3 ± 2.5 mmHg in Group 1 and 14.4 ± 2.7 mmHg in Group 2 (P = 0.96). The mean BMI scores were 24.4 ± 5.8 kg/m2 in Group 1 and 24.6 ± 3.5 kg/m2 in Group 2 (P = 0.83). CONCLUSION: Our findings revealed that CCT values were significantly higher in patients with OCP use. Ophthalmologists should be aware of potential elevated CCT levels in these patients.

Comparative Clinical Outcomes of Pediatric Patients Presenting With Eyelid Nodules of Idiopathic Facial Aseptic Granuloma, Hordeola, and Chalazia.

PURPOSE: To present the clinical features of the eyelid nodules observed in a newly determined dermatologic disorder, idiopathic facial aseptic granuloma (IFAG), and to compare them with children having acute hordeolum and chalazion. METHODS: Duration of the lesion, localization, presence of coexisting facial nodules, management strategies, and response time to topical/oral antibiotics were retrospectively reviewed in 50 children with IFAG, acute hordeolum, or chalazion. RESULTS: Fourteen children with one or more IFAG nodules on their eyelids, 28 children with one or more acute hordeolum, and 8 children with one or more chalazion were examined. Children with IFAG on their eyelids and face presented earlier than children with acute hordeolum (P = .006). The duration of this lesion was similar among patients with IFAG on their eyelids and acute hordeolum (P = .53). Duration of the lesion and treatment response time were shorter in children with IFAG on their eyelids and face (P = .004) than in those with IFAG on their eyelids (P = .013). The lesions of patients with chalazion had a longer duration compared to those with IFAG on their eyelids (P = .005), IFAG on their eyelids and face (P < .001), and acute hordeolum (P = .04). Twenty patients with acute hordeolum recovered after topical antibiotics and had a similar treatment response time to those with IFAG on their eyelids and face (P = .06) and those with IFAG on their eyelids (P = .16). CONCLUSIONS: IFAG should be considered in the differential diagnosis of painless eyelid nodules in children. Because IFAG on the eyelids has many overlapping features with hordeola/chalazia, its differentiation may be difficult in the absence of accompanying facial granulomas. Chronic subepidermal eyelid nodules resembling skin abscess should alert clinicians for IFAG. Because IFAG responds well to oral clarithromycin, unnecessary surgical interventions should be avoided in these cases. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2016;53(4):206-211.].