Direct detection of the (229)Th nuclear clock transition.

Today's most precise time and frequency measurements are performed with optical atomic clocks. However, it has been proposed that they could potentially be outperformed by a nuclear clock, which employs a nuclear transition instead of an atomic shell transition. There is only one known nuclear state that could serve as a nuclear clock using currently available technology, namely, the isomeric first excited state of (229)Th (denoted (229m)Th). Here we report the direct detection of this nuclear state, which is further confirmation of the existence of the isomer and lays the foundation for precise studies of its decay parameters. On the basis of this direct detection, the isomeric energy is constrained to between 6.3 and 18.3 electronvolts, and the half-life is found to be longer than 60 seconds for (229m)Th(2+). More precise determinations appear to be within reach, and would pave the way to the development of a nuclear frequency standard.

Distal Pancreatic Resection with Splenectomy in the Rat: A Pancreatic Fistula Model to Investigate Postsurgical Damage?

BACKGROUND: Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) is a major complication in pancreatic surgery and can cause considerable postoperative morbidity. Advanced surgical-technical approaches to prevent POPF did not yield a substantial improvement. To investigate innovative treatments, experimental animal models of distal pancreatic resection and pancreaticoduodenectomy are of fundamental importance. After a failed attempt to replicate a previously described rat model for pancreatic fistula induction, we proceeded to distal pancreatic resection with splenectomy to provoke pancreatic leakage and generate a suitable animal model. METHODS: Distal pancreatic resection with splenectomy was performed in 40 rats. The rats were sacrificed on postoperative day (POD) 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10, and the abdominal cavity was explored. Ascites probes were collected pre- and postoperatively for the detection of pancreas amylase and lipase. Tissue samples from the naïve pancreas (POD 0) and the postoperatively harvested remnant were evaluated histologically. The extent of necrosis was determined, and samples were examined for neutrophil infiltration. TUNEL staining served for the verification of necrosis in distinct cases. Immunohistochemistry of Ki67, von Willebrand factor, and CD68 was performed to evaluate proliferation, blood-vessel sprouting, and macrophage invasion. RESULTS: The rats showed no clinical symptoms or severe complications in the postoperative course up to 10 days. Abdominal exploration revealed adhesions in the upper abdomen, but no intra-abdominal fluid accumulations were found. Signs of inflammation and tissue damage were evident at the pancreatic resection margin on histological examination whereas the naïve pancreatic tissue was widely unaffected. Statistically significant differences were seen between the preoperative and postoperative extent of necrosis, the presence of neutrophil infiltrate, and levels of ascitic amylase and lipase. Immunohistochemical staining on Ki67, von Willebrand factor, and CD68 did not reveal any workable results on nonstatistical examination, and it was therefore not considered for further analyses. CONCLUSION: Creating a functional animal model of pancreatic fistula that reflects the clinical and pathophysiological impact of pancreatic leakage in humans has not been achieved. Our approach of left pancreatic resection recapitulated inflammation and tissue damage, early events in the development of fistulas, and it could be suitable for the experimental testing of novel targeting methods.

Capturing and displaying microscopic images used in medical diagnostics and forensic science using 4K video resolution - an application in higher education.

To analyze, interpret and evaluate microscopic images, used in medical diagnostics and forensic science, video images for educational purposes were made with a very high resolution of 4096 × 2160 pixels (4K), which is four times as many pixels as High-Definition Video (1920 × 1080 pixels). The unprecedented high resolution makes it possible to see details that remain invisible to any other video format. The images of the specimens (blood cells, tissue sections, hair, fibre, etc.) are recorded using a 4K video camera which is attached to a light microscope. After processing, this resulted in very sharp and highly detailed images. This material was then used in education for classroom discussion. Spoken explanation by experts in the field of medical diagnostics and forensic science was also added to the high-resolution video images to make it suitable for self-study.

Celiac disease-like enteropathy due to antihypertensive therapy with the angiotensin-II receptor type 1 inhibitor eprosartan.

An 83-year-old woman with hypertension received the angiotensin-II receptor type 1 blocker (ARB) eprosartan for more than 10 years. Six months ago, the dosage of the drug was doubled, and the patient reported a sudden onset of diarrhea. Duodenal biopsies showed a celiac disease-like pathology with flattened mucosa and an increase of intraepithelial lymphocytes and eosinophils, but serology of celiac disease remained negative. Celiac disease-like changes have been previously reported to be associated with other ARBs. This is the first case following eprosartan medication. In celiac-disease-like pathology of the small bowel with negative serology, drug-induced changes, for example due to ARBs, should be excluded.

Fracture Resistance of Repaired 5Y-PSZ Zirconia Crowns after Endodontic Access.

This study analyzed the fracture load before and after a chewing simulation of zirconia crowns that were trepanned and repaired using composite resin. Overall, 3 groups with 15 5Y-PSZ crowns in each group were tested. For group A, the fracture load of the unmodified crowns was evaluated. For group B, the crowns were trepanned and repaired using composite resin, also followed by a fracture test. For group C, crowns were prepared like in group B but received thermomechanical cycling before the final fracture tests. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray microscopy (XRM) analysis were performed for group C. The mean fracture loads and standard deviation were 2260 N ± 410 N (group A), 1720 N ± 380 N (group B), and 1540 N ± 280 N (group C). Tukey-Kramer multiple comparisons showed a significant difference between groups A and B (p < 0.01) and groups A and C (p < 0.01). After ageing, surface fissures were detected via SEM, but no cracks that reached from the occlusal to the inner side of the crown were detected via XRM. Within the limitations of this study, it can be stated that trepanned and composite-repaired 5Y-PSZ crowns show lower fracture loads than 5Y-PSZ crowns without trepanation.

Influence of cobalt on the properties of load-sensitive magnesium alloys.

In this study, magnesium is alloyed with varying amounts of the ferromagnetic alloying element cobalt in order to obtain lightweight load-sensitive materials with sensory properties which allow an online-monitoring of mechanical forces applied to components made from Mg-Co alloys. An optimized casting process with the use of extruded Mg-Co powder rods is utilized which enables the production of magnetic magnesium alloys with a reproducible Co concentration. The efficiency of the casting process is confirmed by SEM analyses. Microstructures and Co-rich precipitations of various Mg-Co alloys are investigated by means of EDS and XRD analyses. The Mg-Co alloys' mechanical strengths are determined by tensile tests. Magnetic properties of the Mg-Co sensor alloys depending on the cobalt content and the acting mechanical load are measured utilizing the harmonic analysis of eddy-current signals. Within the scope of this work, the influence of the element cobalt on magnesium is investigated in detail and an optimal cobalt concentration is defined based on the performed examinations.

Efficacy of Inhaled N-Chlorotaurine in a Mouse Model of Lichtheimia corymbifera and Aspergillus fumigatus Pneumonia.

N-chlorotaurine (NCT) can be used topically as a well-tolerated anti-infective at different body sites. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of inhaled NCT in a mouse model of fungal pneumonia. Specific pathogen-free female C57BL/6JRj seven-week-old mice were immune-suppressed with cyclophosphamide. After 4 days, the mice were inoculated intranasally with 1.5 × 10E7 spores of Lichtheimia corymbifera or 1.0 × 10E7 spores of Aspergillus fumigatus. They were randomized and treated three times daily for 10 min with aerosolized 1% NCT or 0.9% sodium chloride starting 1 h after the inoculation. The mice were observed for survival for two weeks, and fungal load, blood inflammation parameters, bronchoalveolar lavage, and histology of organs were evaluated upon their death or at the end of this period. Inhalations were well-tolerated. After challenge with L. corymbifera, seven out of the nine mice (77.8%) survived for 15 days in the test group, which was in strong contrast to one out of the nine mice (11.1%) in the control group (p = 0.0049). The count of colony-forming units in the homogenized lung tissues came to 1.60 (1.30; 1.99; median, quartiles) log10 in the test group and to 4.26 (2.17; 4.53) log10 in the control group (p = 0.0032). Body weight and temperature, white blood count, and haptoglobin significantly improved with NCT treatment. With A. fumigatus, all the mice except for one in the test group died within 4 days without a significant difference from the control group. Inhaled NCT applied early demonstrated a highly significant curative effect in L. corymbifera pneumonia, while this could not be shown in A. fumigatus pneumonia, probably due to a too high inoculum. Nevertheless, this study for the first time disclosed efficacy of NCT in pneumonia in vivo.

Induction Heating in Underwater Wet Welding-Thermal Input, Microstructure and Diffusible Hydrogen Content.

Hydrogen-assisted cracking is a major challenge in underwater wet welding of high-strength steels with a carbon equivalent larger than 0.4 wt%. In dry welding processes, post-weld heat treatment can reduce the hardness in the heat-affected zone while simultaneously lowering the diffusible hydrogen concentration in the weldment. However, common heat treatments known from atmospheric welding under dry conditions are non-applicable in the wet environment. Induction heating could make a difference since the heat is generated directly in the workpiece. In the present study, the thermal input by using a commercial induction heating system under water was characterized first. Then, the effect of an additional induction heating was examined with respect to the resulting microstructure of weldments on structural steels with different strength and composition. Moreover, the diffusible hydrogen content in weld metal was analyzed by the carrier gas hot extraction method. Post-weld induction heating could reduce the diffusible hydrogen content by -34% in 30 m simulated water depth.

Investigations into Flux-Free Plasma Brazing of Aluminum in a Local XHV-Atmosphere.

As a lightweight construction material, aluminum plays a key role in weight reduction and, thus, sustainability in the transport industry. The brazing of aluminum and its alloys is impeded by the natural passivating oxide layer, which interferes with the brazing process. The presented study investigates the possibility of using a thermal silane-doped argon plasma to reduce this oxide layer in situ and thus eliminating the need to use hazardous chemical fluxes to enable high-quality brazing. Using plasma spectroscopy and an oxygen partial pressure probe, it was shown that a silane-doped argon plasma could significantly reduce the oxygen concentration around the plasma in a thermal plasma brazing process. Oxygen concentrations below 10-16 vol.-% were achieved. Additionally, metallographic analyses showed that the thickness of an artificially produced Al2O3-Layer on top of AlMg1 samples could be substantially reduced by more than 50%. With the oxide layer removed and inhibition of re-oxidation, silane-doped plasma brazing has the potential to become an economically efficient new joining method.

Effect of pore size on tissue ingrowth and osteoconductivity in biodegradable Mg alloy scaffolds.

Magnesium has mechanical properties similar to those of bone and is being considered as a potential bone substitute. In the present study, two different pore sized scaffolds of the Mg alloy LAE442, coated with magnesium fluoride, were compared. The scaffolds had interconnecting pores of either 400 (p400) or 500 µm (p500). ß-TCP served as control. Ten scaffolds per time group (6, 12, 24, 36 weeks) were implanted in the trochanter major of rabbits. Histological analyses, µCT scans, and SEM/EDX were performed. The scaffolds showed slow volume decreases (week 36 p400: 9.9%; p500: 7.5%), which were accompanied by uncritical gas releases. In contrast, ß-TCP showed accelerated resorption (78.5%) and significantly more new bone inside (18.19 ± 1.47 mm3). Bone fragments grew into p400 (0.17 ± 0.19 mm3) and p500 (0.36 ± 0.26 mm3), reaching the centrally located pores within p500 more frequently. In particular, p400 displayed a more uneven and progressively larger surface area (week 36 p400: 253.22 ± 19.44; p500: 219.19 ± 4.76 mm2). A better osseointegration of p500 was indicated by significantly more trabecular contacts and a 200 µm wide bone matrix being in the process of mineralization and in permanent contact with the scaffold. The number of macrophages and foreign body giant cells were at an acceptable level concerning resorbable biomaterials. In terms of ingrown bone and integrative properties, LAE442 scaffolds could not achieve the results of ß-TCP. In this long-term study, p500 appears to be a biocompatible and more osteoconductive pore size for the Mg alloy LAE442.

Characterization of the Interface between Aluminum and Iron in Co-Extruded Semi-Finished Products.

Within the framework of the Collaborative Research Center 1153, we investigated novel process chains for the production of bulk components with different metals as joining partners. In the present study, the co-extrusion of coaxially reinforced hollow profiles was employed to manufacture semi-finished products for a subsequent die-forging process, which was then used for the manufacture of hybrid bearing bushings. The hybrid hollow profiles, made of the aluminum alloy EN AW-6082 paired with either the case-hardening steel 20MnCr5, the stainless steel X5CrNi18-10, or the rolling bearing steel 100Cr6, were produced by Lateral Angular Co-Extrusion. Push-out tests on hybrid hollow sections over the entire sample cross-section showed shear strengths of 44 MPa ± 8 MPa (100Cr6) up to 63 MPa ± 5 MPa (X5CrNi18-10). In particular, the influence of force and form closure on the joint zone could be determined using specimen segments tested in shear compression. Locally, shear strengths of up to 131 MPa (X5CrNi18-10) were demonstrated in the shear compression test. From these samples, lamellae for microstructural analysis were prepared with a Focused Ion Beam. Detailed analyses showed that for all material combinations, a material bond in the form of an ultra-thin intermetallic phase seam with a thickness of up to 50 nm could be established.

In vivo investigation of open-pored magnesium scaffolds LAE442 with different coatings in an open wedge defect.

The magnesium alloy LAE442 showed promising results as a bone substitute in numerous studies in non-weight bearing bone defects. This study aimed to investigate the in vivo behavior of wedge-shaped open-pored LAE442 scaffolds modified with two different coatings (magnesium fluoride (MgF2, group 1)) or magnesium fluoride/calcium phosphate (MgF2/CaP, group 2)) in a partial weight-bearing rabbit tibia defect model. The implantation of the scaffolds was performed as an open wedge corrective osteotomy in the tibia of 40 rabbits and followed for observation periods of 6, 12, 24, and 36 weeks. Radiological and microcomputed tomographic examinations were performed in vivo. X-ray microscopic, histological, histomorphometric, and SEM/EDS analyses were performed at the end of each time period. µCT measurements and X-ray microscopy showed a slight decrease in volume and density of the scaffolds of both coatings. Histologically, endosteal and periosteal callus formation with good bridging and stabilization of the osteotomy gap and ingrowth of bone into the scaffold was seen. The MgF2 coating favored better bridging of the osteotomy gap and more bone-scaffold contacts, especially at later examination time points. Overall, the scaffolds of both coatings met the requirement to withstand the loads after an open wedge corrective osteotomy of the proximal rabbit tibia. However, in addition to the inhomogeneous degradation behavior of individual scaffolds, an accumulation of gas appeared, so the scaffold material should be revised again regarding size dimension and composition.

Increased expression of GABAA receptor subunits associated with tonic inhibition in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy.

Epilepsy animal models indicate pronounced changes in the expression and rearrangement of GABAA receptor subunits in the hippocampus and in para-hippocampal areas, including widespread downregulation of the subunits α5 and δ, and upregulation of α4, subunits that mediate tonic inhibition of GABA. In this case-control study, we investigated changes in the expression of subunits α4, α5 and δ in hippocampal specimens of drug resistant temporal lobe epilepsy patients who underwent epilepsy surgery. Using in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and α5-specific receptor autoradiography, we characterized expression of the receptor subunits in specimens from patients with and without Ammon's horn sclerosis compared to post-mortem controls. Expression of the α5-subunit was abundant throughout all subfields of the hippocampus, including the dentate gyrus, sectors CA1 and CA3, the subiculum and pre- and parasubiculum. Significant but weaker expression was detected for subunits α4 and δ notably in the granule cell/molecular layer of control specimens, but was faint in the other parts of the hippocampus. Expression of all three subunits was similarly altered in sclerotic and non-sclerotic specimens. Respective mRNA levels were increased by about 50-80% in the granule cell layer compared with post-mortem controls. Subunit α5 mRNA levels and immunoreactivities were also increased in the sector CA3 and in the subiculum. Autoradiography for α5-containing receptors using [3H]L-655,708 as ligand showed significantly increased binding in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus in non-sclerotic specimens. Increased expression of the α5 and δ subunits is in contrast to the previously observed downregulation of these subunits in different epilepsy models, whereas increased expression of α4 in temporal lobe epilepsy patients is consistent with that in the rodent models. Our findings indicate increased tonic inhibition likely representing an endogenous anticonvulsive mechanism in temporal lobe epilepsy.

Development of a Laser Powder Bed Fusion Process Tailored for the Additive Manufacturing of High-Quality Components Made of the Commercial Magnesium Alloy WE43.

Additive manufacturing (AM) has become increasingly important over the last decade and the quality of the products generated with AM technology has strongly improved. The most common metals that are processed by AM techniques are steel, titanium (Ti) or aluminum (Al) alloys. However, the proportion of magnesium (Mg) in AM is still negligible, possibly due to the poor processability of Mg in comparison to other metals. Mg parts are usually produced by various casting processes and the experiences in additive manufacturing of Mg are still limited. To address this issue, a parameter screening was conducted in the present study with experiments designed to find the most influential process parameters. In a second step, these parameters were optimized in order to fabricate parts with the highest relative density. This experiment led to processing parameters with which specimens with relative densities above 99.9% could be created. These high-density specimens were then utilized in the fabrication of test pieces with several different geometries, in order to compare the material properties resulting from both the casting process and the powder bed fusion (PBF-LB) process. In this comparison, the compositions of the occurring phases and the alloys' microstructures as well as the mechanical properties were investigated. Typically, the microstructure of metal parts, produced by PBF-LB, consisted of much finer grains compared to as-cast parts. Consequently, the strength of Mg parts generated by PBF-LB could be further increased.

The Applicability of the Standard DIN EN ISO 3690 for the Analysis of Diffusible Hydrogen Content in Underwater Wet Welding.

The European standard ISO 3690 regulates the measurement of diffusible hydrogen in arc-welded metal. It was designed for different welding methods performed in dry atmosphere (20% humidity). Some details of the standard are not applicable for wet underwater welding. The objective of this study was to extend the applicability of DIN EN ISO 3690:2018-12 to underwater wet-shielded metal arc welding (SMAW). Four different aspects regulated within the standard were accounted for: (1) sample dimensions and number of samples taken simultaneously; (2) time limitations defined by the standard regarding the welding and the cleaning process; (3) time, temperature, and method defined for analysis of the diffusible hydrogen content; (4) normalization of the hydrogen concentration measured. Underwater wet welding was performed using an automated, arc voltage-controlled welding machine. The results are discussed in light of standard DIN EN ISO 3690, and recommendations are provided for the analysis of diffusible hydrogen content upon underwater wet welding.

Comparison of two pore sizes of LAE442 scaffolds and their effect on degradation and osseointegration behavior in the rabbit model.

The magnesium alloy LAE442 emerged as a possible bioresorbable bone substitute over a decade ago. In the present study, using the investment casting process, scaffolds of the Magnesium (Mg) alloy LAE442 with two different and defined pore sizes, which had on average a diameter of 400 µm (p400) and 500 µm (p500), were investigated to evaluate degradation and osseointegration in comparison to a ß-TCP control group. Open-pored scaffolds were implanted in both greater trochanter of rabbits. Ten scaffolds per time group (6, 12, 24, and 36 weeks) and type were analyzed by clinical, radiographic and µ-CT examinations (2D and 3D). None of the scaffolds caused adverse reactions. LAE442 p400 and p500 developed moderate gas accumulation due to the Mg associated in vivo corrosion, which decreased from week 20 for both pore sizes. After 36 weeks, p400 and p500 showed volume decreases of 15.9 and 11.1%, respectively, with homogeneous degradation, whereas ß-TCP lost 74.6% of its initial volume. Compared to p400, osseointegration for p500 was significantly better at week 2 postsurgery due to more frequent bone-scaffold contacts, higher number of trabeculae and higher bone volume in the surrounding area. No further significant differences between the two pore sizes became apparent. However, p500 was close to the values of ß-TCP in terms of bone volume and trabecular number in the scaffold environment, suggesting better osseointegration for the larger pore size.

Comparative immunopathogenesis in a murine model of inhalative infection with the mucormycetes Lichtheimia corymbifera and Rhizopus arrhizus.

Pathogenic mucormycetes induce diseases with considerable morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Virulence data comparing different Mucorales species and various underlying risk factors are limited. We therefore compared the pathogenesis of inhalative infection by Rhizopus (R.) arrhizus and Lichtheimia (L.) corymbifera in murine models for predominant risk factors for onset of infection. Mice with diabetes or treated with cyclophosphamide or cortisone acetate were challenged via the intranasal route with an isolate of R. arrhizus or L. corymbifera, respectively. Clinical, immunological and inflammation parameters as well as efficacy of posaconazole prophylaxis were monitored over 14 days. Whereas immunocompetent mice showed no clinical symptoms after mucormycete infection, mice treated with either cyclophosphamide (CP) or cortisone acetate (CA) were highly susceptible. Animals infected with the isolate of R. arrhizus showed prolonged survival and lower mortality, compared to those exposed to the L. corymbifera isolate. This lower virulence of R. arrhizus was risk factor-dependent, since diabetic mice died only after infection with Rhizopus, whereas all Lichtheimia-infected diabetic animals survived. Under posaconazole prophylaxis, both mucormycetes were able to establish breakthrough infections in CA- and CP-treated mice, but the course of infection was significantly delayed. Detailed analysis revealed that susceptibility of CA- and CP-treated mice could not be mimicked by exclusive lack or downmodulation of neutrophils, platelets or complement, but can be supposed to be the consequence of a broad immunosuppressive effect induced by the drugs. Both Lichtheimia corymbifera and Rhizopus arrhizus induce invasive mycoses in immunocompromised hosts after inhalative infection. Key parameters such as virulence and immunopathogenesis vary strongly according to fungal species and underlying risk group. Selected neutropenia is no sufficient risk factor for onset of inhalative mucormycosis.

Investigation of degraded bone substitutes made of magnesium alloy using scanning electron microscope and nanoindentation.

Degradable bone substitutes made of magnesium alloys are an alternative to biological bone grafts. The main advantage is that they can be manufactured location- and patient-specific. To develop and scale appropriate implants using computational models, knowledge about the mechanical properties and especially the change in the properties during the degradation process is essential. Therefore, degraded open-pored implants were investigated using scanning electron microscope and nanoindentation to find their material composition and mechanical properties. Using both techniques the correlation of the material composition and the average modulus was determined. It could be shown that the average modulus of the degradation layer is distinctly lower than that of the base material. The local average modulus of degrading implant highly depends on the magnesium concentration and the accumulation of elements from the environment. A decrease in magnesium concentration leads to a decrease in the average modulus. Thus, the degrading implant had a lower stiffness than the initial structure.

A simulation model for the degradation of magnesium-based bone implants.

The development of degradable bone implants, in particular made of metal materials, is an emerging field. The advantage of degradable implants is that they do not have to be removed later. In order to be able to develop and scale appropriate implants for different applications, it is necessary to know the change in mechanical properties of the implant during the degradation process in general and at different locations. One area of bone implants are bone substitute materials. They are deployed when there is a defect in the bone which cannot be filled autonomously by the body. In this study, a numerical degradation model of magnesium-based bone substitute materials is developed using the finite element method. Computational models are being developed to reduce experimental animal research in future. Magnesium is a naturally occurring material which is needed to build enzymes in the body. Additionally, magnesium has a Young's modulus close to native bone, wherefore it is attractive for medical applications with bone contact. The simulation model is based on the assumption that the degradation is a diffusion-controlled process driven by the dissolution of magnesium. The model is adapted to a 3D open-pored structure made of the magnesium alloy LAE442. Previous studies showed that implants made of LAE442 lose stiffness without a volume reduction. To simulate the change in mechanical properties, a concentration-dependent Young's modulus is assumed. With this model the formation of the degradation layer is computable as well as the change in mechanical properties, as measured by the effective Young's modulus of the structure. The movement of the interface between the not-degraded and degraded material is modelled using the level set method.

The Austrian Brain Tumour Registry: a cooperative way to establish a population-based brain tumour registry.

In Austria, registration of malignant brain tumours is legally mandatory, whereas benign and borderline tumours are not reported. The Austrian Brain Tumour Registry (ABTR) was initiated under the auspices of the Austrian Society of Neuropathology for the registration of malignant and non-malignant brain tumours. All Austrian neuropathology units involved in brain tumour diagnostics contribute data on primary brain tumours. Non-microscopically verified cases are added by the Austrian National Cancer Registry to ensure a population-based dataset. In 2005, we registered a total of 1,688 newly diagnosed primary brain tumours in a population of 8.2 million inhabitants with an overall age-adjusted incidence rate of 18.1/100,000 person-years. Non-malignant cases constituted 866 cases (51.3%). The incidence rate was higher in females (18.6/100,000) as compared to males (17.8/100,000), while 95/1,688 (5.6%) cases were diagnosed in children (<18 years). The most common histology was meningioma (n = 504, 29.9%) followed by glioblastoma (n = 340, 20.1%) and pituitary adenoma (n = 151, 8.9%). Comparison with the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS) database showed high congruency of findings. The ABTR model led by neuropathologists in collaboration with epidemiologists and the Austrian National Cancer Registry presents a cooperative way to establish a population-based brain tumour registry with high quality data. This setting links cancer registration to the mission of medical practice and research as defined by the World Medical Association in the Declaration of Helsinki. The continued operation of ABTR will aid in monitoring changes in incidence and in identifying regional disease clusters or geographic variations in brain tumour morbidity/mortality.