Preparing schools for future pandemics: Insights on water, sanitation and hygiene solutions from the Brazilian school reopening policies.

Post-COVID-19, schools urgently need to enhance infection control and prevention (IPC) measures, including water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), to prepare for future outbreaks and pandemics. Particularly in Brazil, that is of particular concern, as students are still recovering from the 20th longest school closure in the world. Hence, the current study had two goals: (i) to describe WASH solutions outlined in policies released at the federal, state, and capital city levels in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic for the safe reopening of schools and (ii) to discuss their potential to enhance school's capacity to remain operational during a new pandemic or outbreak. With a qualitative exploratory approach, we performed content analysis to discuss the direction (what, where, how and for whom?) of 66 public policies by integrating four frameworks. Solutions were discussed in the light of the principles of human rights and the human rights to water and sanitation, international guidelines for WASH and IPC in schools and the Sphere minimum standards for humanitarian aid. One hundred and fifty-nine solutions, spanning five thematic areas and five population groups, including software and hardware interventions, were compiled for potential use in Brazil and beyond. While suggested solutions have the potential to provide a cleaner and safer learning environment, it is essential to exercise caution when implementing these measures and adapt them to the specific circumstances of each school.

Estado, naturaleza: Instituciones de salud pública y atención médica en São Paulo entre los siglos XIX y XX / State, nature: Public health and medical care institutions in São Paulo between the 19th and 20th centuries

El artículo tiene como objetivo discutir la noción de naturaleza y salud pública durante la transición del Imperio a la República, específicamente en São Paulo, en la región sureste de Brasil. La calidad de la naturaleza de São Paulo fue repetidamente destacada, incluso después de la llegada de las grandes epidemias de fiebre amarilla y cólera a partir de 1850. Los principales cambios que tuvieron lugar en ese período fueron el aumento de la densidad democrática, la sustitución del trabajo esclavizado por trabajadores blancos y el cambio de régimen político. El objetivo aquí es discutir de manera panorámica el lugar de asistencia brindado por las Santas Casas de Misericordia en el cambio del siglo XIX al XX, en un período en que la atención a la salud todavía era la principal preocupación del gobierno. Veremos que, con la creación de los servicios sanitarios en el período republicano, las nociones de benignidad del clima y de las tierras de São Paulo se transformaron en la apreciación del avance sanitario y la calidad del marco civilizador de São Paulo.(AU)

The article aims to discuss the notion of nature and public health during the transition from Empire to Republic, specifically in São Paulo, in the southeastern region of Brazil. The quality of nature in São Paulo was repeatedly highlighted, even after the arrival of the great epidemics of yellow fever and cholera from 1850 onwards. The main changes that took place in that period were the increase in democratic density, the replacement of slave labour by white workers and the change of political regime. The aim here is to discuss in a panoramic way the place of assistance provided by the Santas Casas de Misericordia at the turn of the nineteenth to the twentieth century, in a period when health care was still the main concern of the government. We will see that, with the creation of health services in the republican period, notions of the benignity of the climate and lands of São Paulo were transformed in the appreciation of the sanitary progress and the quality of the civilising framework of São Paulo.(AU)

Evidence of waste management impacting severe diarrhea prevalence more than WASH: An exhaustive analysis with Brazilian municipal-level data.

Adequate housing protects from diarrhea, which is a substantial health concern in low- and middle-income countries. The purpose of this study was to quantify the relationship between severe diarrhea and housing features at the municipal level to help in public health planning. Regression analyses were performed on annual (2000-2012) datasets on Brazilian municipalities (5570) in six household feature categories (e.g., waste management) and four severe diarrhea outcomes (e.g., diarrhea deaths of under-5 children). Household data were not available elsewhere of this magnitude and granularity, highlighting the scientific value-add of this study. Municipalities were clustered prior to regression analysis because of data heterogeneity. The compositional household feature data were also subjected to principal component analysis to diminish feature variable multicollinearity. The highest explanatory power was found for diarrhea deaths of under-5 children (R2 = 10-22 %), while those in the over-5 population were the least best explained (R2 = 0.3-7 %). Household features predicted diarrhea outcomes more accurately in the "advanced" housing municipality cluster (R2 = 16-22 %) than in the "mid-level" (R2 = 7-20 %) and "basic" (R2 = 6-12 %) ones (over-5 diarrhea deaths excluded). Under-5 children's diarrhea death prevalence was three times higher in the "basic" cluster than in the "advanced" cluster. Importantly, the impact of waste management was overall the largest of all household features, even larger than those of WASH, i.e., water supply, sanitation, and household drinking water treatment. This is surprising in the context of existing literature because WASH is generally regarded as the most important household factor affecting gastrointestinal health. In conclusion, public health interventions could benefit from customizing interventions for diarrhea outcomes, municipality types, and household features. Waste management's identified stronger association with diarrhea compared to WASH may have important implications beyond the water field and Brazil.

Basic Sanitation Policy in Brazil: ideas, institutions and challenges in the Twenty-first Century. / Política Pública de Saneamento Básico no Brasil: ideias, instituições e desafios no Século XXI.

This paper describes the challenges currently facing Brazil's basic sanitation sector. The sector's characteristic profitability and dynamism have brought State-run Water & Sewage (W&S) services into the spotlight of the structural reform agenda on the argument that governments do not have the resources necessary to universalize coverage. There is a pattern of W&S services' operating with a surplus, which helps explain the intense dispute in recent years in favour of legal changes to the market position of CESBs and local providers to favour an expanding role for private agents. Converging with the structural reform agenda, Law 14,026, sanctioned on 15 July 2020, made far-reaching changes to the legal framework for sanitation and provided for the State's complete withdrawal from the sector. The new regulatory framework prohibited programme contracts, required tender processes for sanitation service contracts, encouraged regionalization without CESBs, set out national guidelines for States and municipalities to access federal funding and introduced a national regulation regime under the National Waters and Basic Sanitation Agency. The model of cooperation that operates in the SUS could serve as a reference for constructing a social pact in the sector.

Este trabalho aborda os desafios contemporâneos do setor de saneamento básico brasileiro. As características de rentabilidade e dinamismo setorial puseram os serviços estatais de A & E no foco da agenda das reformas estruturais sob o argumento de que os governos não dispõem de recursos necessários para universalizar a cobertura. A agenda da reforma dos serviços de A & E advoga a concessão a empresas privadas da comercialização do abastecimento de água e do tratamento do esgotamento sanitário. Em convergência com esta agenda de reforma estrutural, a aprovação em 15 de julho de 2020 da Lei 14.026 alterou em profundidade o marco legal do saneamento, adotando integralmente a pauta da desestatização do setor. O novo marco regulatório veta o contrato de programa, torna obrigatória a licitação para contratação do serviço de saneamento, estabelece diretrizes nacionais para que estados e municípios acessem recursos federais e institui o regime de regulação nacional por meio da Agência Nacional de Águas e Saneamento Básico. O modelo cooperativo praticado no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) pode servir como referência para a construção de um pacto social no setor.

The health Care Management of farmers who use pesticides in Northeast Brazil: use of pesticides and the Care Management.

In Brazil, the health of communities that use pesticides is still neglected due to the lack of greater social understanding of damage to health and an insufficient care network. The objective of the research was to investigate health management practices, from the perspective of the expanded health care network (RAS), focusing on riverside farmers who use pesticides in the municipalities of Petrolina (PE) and Juazeiro (BA) in the Northeast of Brazil. The study aimed to explore these practices from the perspective of the healthcare network (RAS). This is a qualitative research, with a methodological framework based on the Grounded Theory in a constructivist way (CGT). Twenty-six health professionals and RAS managers participated, at the municipal and regional levels in Petrolina (PE) and Juazeiro (BA). Two sample groups were composed for data collection, carried out through semi-structured interviews. The analysis resulted in six categories, which, when integrated, made up the theoretical model "Model of care management for riverside farmers". The RAS must have teams trained in the care of riverside farmers who use pesticides in primary care, and specialized teams in secondary and tertiary care, who are a reference. The theoretical model formulated considers that the RAS, strengthened in terms of diversity of actions and services, will provide better care management for farmers.

Large hydropower projects increase stress despite compensation efforts: Evidence from the Brazilian Amazon.

Large hydropower projects continue to be built in developing nations, despite their known negative impacts. Large-scale energy projects strain local infrastructure and reduce access to infrastructure for households that live near them. Here we investigate the link between large-scale hydropower projects and stress. Our results suggest that these projects create stress through two mechanisms: strains on community resources and through the process of displacement. We also ask how compensation and resettlement programs condition these relationships. Using data from the Madeira river basin in the Brazilian Amazon, we find that hydropower projects increase stress by reducing access to energy, water, sanitation and land. Compensation provided was not sufficient to moderate this effect.

Sewerage as a protective factor for prevalence of hookworm infection in schoolchildren in Brazil: A multilevel ecological analysis of national prevalence surveys (1950-2018).

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of hookworm infection in Brazil has decreased considerably in recent decades. However, there is no definitive consensus as to which changes have contributed to this reduction. A hypothesis is that improvements in environmental factors have contributed to lowering the parasite load and the level of host-parasite contact. METHODS: This is an ecological study using unbalanced panel data from two Brazilian surveys (1947-1953 and 2010-2015), with municipalities as the analysis unit. The sample comprised 1428 municipalities, in which a total of 745,983 schoolchildren aged 7 to 14 were examined. Zero-inflated Poisson regression models, with fixed and random effects were estimated to evaluate the association of potential explanatory variables with the prevalence of hookworm infection at a significance level of 5 %. RESULTS: We identified a significant decrease in the prevalence between the first and last analyzed periods (RR 0.096; CI 0.086-0.107); The following variables were found to have a protective effect: access to sanitary sewage systems (RR 0.984, CI 0.982-0.986), urbanization (RR 0.995, CI 0.993-0.997), and gross domestic product (RR 0.929, CI 0.912-0.945). CONCLUSION: The findings of this study show a decrease in the prevalence of hookworm infections over six decades in schoolchildren in the Brazilian municipalities. Environmental, demographic, and economic factors were associated with this trend. A historical analysis indicates that interventions aimed at improving sanitation contributed to reducing the disease prevalence.

[Health and sanitation: an evaluation of public policies for the prevention, control, and contingency of arboviruses in Brazil]. / Saúde e saneamento: uma avaliação das políticas públicas de prevenção, controle e contingência das arboviroses no Brasil.

Arboviruses, especially those transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, have become a serious public health problem in Brazil. In order to analyze how sanitation is addressed in the basic guidelines of public policies to control arboviruses in the country, content analysis was performed on eight governmental reference documents. As a result, it was possible to identify that aspects related to communication and social mobilization, vector control, and management are the themes most addressed in the documents analyzed. On the other hand, the components of basic sanitation, especially rainwater management and drainage, and sewage control, are not addressed in the instruments. Intersectorality is mentioned, however, there are no specific proposals to implement the plan and ensure its implementation. The Ministry of Health's National Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Dengue Epidemics is the most complete document on the subject. The conclusion drawn is that basic sanitation is not sufficiently addressed in the instruments for combatting arboviruses, which can contribute to the low effectiveness of public intervention and, consequently, this discrepancy needs to be focused on by public policies in Brazil.

As arboviroses, sobretudo as transmitidas pelo mosquito Aedes aegypti, têm-se constituído em grave problema de saúde pública no Brasil. Com o intuito de analisar como o saneamento básico é abordado em instrumentos norteadores das políticas públicas de controle das arboviroses no país, foi realizada uma análise de conteúdo em oito documentos governamentais de referência. Como resultados, foi possível identificar que aspectos relacionados à comunicação e mobilização social, controle vetorial e gestão são os temas mais abordados nos documentos analisados. Já as componentes do saneamento básico, destacando-se o manejo e a drenagem das águas pluviais e o esgotamento sanitário não são abordados nos instrumentos. A intersetorialidade é mencionada, no entanto, não existem proposições específicas que apontem e assegurem sua implementação. As Diretrizes Nacionais para a Prevenção e Controle de Epidemias de Dengue, do Ministério da Saúde, constitui-se no documento mais completo sobre o assunto. Conclui-se que o saneamento básico não está suficientemente abordado nos instrumentos de enfrentamento às arboviroses o que pode contribuir para a baixa efetividade de intervenção pública e que, portanto, tal contradição precisa ser superada pelas políticas públicas no Brasil.

Water, sanitation and schistosomiasis mansoni: a study based on the Brazilian National Prevalence Survey (2011-2015).

This study aimed to explore the association between water, sanitation, and the prevalence of schistosomiasis mansoni in students aged 7 to 17 years from all 27 federative units in Brazil. It was a cross-sectional study conducted based on data on the prevalence of schistosomiasis mansoni referring to 197,567 students from 521 Brazilian municipalities, who participated in the National Survey on the Prevalence of Schistosomiasis Mansoni and Soil-transmitted Helminth Infections (2011-2015). Univariable and multivariable generalized linear models of the negative binomial type were adjusted using 25 and 5% significance levels, respectively, considering municipalities as the unit of analysis. While a protective association was found between access to filtered water in schools and schistosomiasis mansoni prevalence, sanitation in schools was indicated as a risk factor. The collection of wastewater through a network is not universal in Brazil, and even when present, it is not necessarily carried out by the treatment of collected effluents, thus often resulting in the direct discharge of raw sewage into water resources. Regarding septic tanks, only the presence of infrastructure alone does not guarantee its correct use by the population.

Social effectiveness and private sanitation concessions: the CEDAE auction in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. / A efetividade social e a concessão do saneamento à iniciativa privada: o caso do leilão da CEDAE no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

Changes in the regulatory and legal framework for Brazil's water and sanitation sector (Law 14,026, July 15, 2020) require competitive bidding for service contracts, even in cases where the provision of services was previously delegated to state-owned utilities under program contracts. The aim of this study was to identify the actors who benefited from these changes to the legislation and assess the social effectiveness of the privatization of water supply and sewerage services in the state of Rio de Janeiro by investigating the auction of services provided by the public utility CEDAE in four blocks comprising 35 municipalities in April 2021. We conducted an exploratory analysis of secondary data and used the systemic integration method to identify the main actors involved in the concession process and the role they played. It is concluded that federal, state, and municipal governments, the Brazilian Development Bank, and the concessionaires have gained from the concessions, while the percentage of low-income populations connected to the sewage collection or drainage network is lower and tariffs are higher in municipalities served by the private sector when compared to the municipalities encompassed by the auction.

A alteração no marco legal do saneamento (Lei 14.026, de 15 de julho de 2020) passou a exigir licitação no Brasil, mesmo nos casos de prestação do serviço de saneamento antes delegada pelos municípios às companhias estaduais, mediante contrato de programa. O objetivo foi identificar os atores que se beneficiaram com a mudança na lei e observar a efetividade social do processo de desestatização, que ocorreu em abril de 2021 com o leilão dos serviços de abastecimento de água e esgotamento sanitário prestados pela Companhia Estadual de Águas e Esgotos do Rio de Janeiro (CEDAE) em 35 municípios do estado. Adotou-se a análise exploratória de dados secundários e a metodologia da integração sistêmica, que possibilita identificar o papel e a atuação de atores sociais na concessão dos serviços operados pela CEDAE no Rio de Janeiro. Concluiu-se que os governos federal, estadual e municipais, o Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social e grupos privados ganharam com as concessões, mas quanto à efetividade social dos serviços, observou-se que é menor a proporção de população de baixa renda com redes de afastamento do esgoto sanitário nos municípios do estado operados pela iniciativa privada e que as tarifas praticadas são em média maiores ao comparar com os municípios que participaram do leilão.

Desempenho da gestão organizacional dos serviços hospitalares no Brasil / Organizational management performance of hospital services in Brazil / Desempeño de la gestión organizativa de los servicios hospitalarios en Brasil

Objetivo: avaliar o Desempenho da Gestão Organizacional dos Serviços Hospitalares no Brasil. Método: estudo transversal que utilizou dados do Programa Nacional de Avaliação dos Serviços de Saúde-PNASS 2015-2016 para avaliar o Desempenho da Gestão Organizacional de 1.665 hospitais do Brasil. Foram utilizados 30 itens de verificação distribuídos em 5 critérios (Gestão de Contratos; Gestão de Pessoas; Gestão da Informação; Planejamento e Organização; e Modelo Organizacional), que compuseram um escore de avaliação. O desempenho foi avaliado segundo os indicadores: porte hospitalar; nível de complexidade; esfera administrativa; tipo de gestão; e região do país. Verificou-se associação entre Desempenho da Gestão Organizacional dos hospitais com os indicadores Taxa de Ocupação, Média de Permanência e Valor Médio da AIH. Utilizou-se Análise de Componentes Principais para verificar a relação de dependência entre as variáveis e explicar a variabilidade dos dados. Foi utilizado o modelo de regressão logística ajustado para verificar variáveis que melhor explicam o Desempenho da Gestão Organizacional. Resultados: a média de Desempenho da Gestão Organizacional dos hospitais foi 63,83. Os melhores desempenhos estão nos hospitais da região Sul, de nível de Complexidade 8, acima de 150 leitos, de Esfera Administrativa Público Federal e de Gestão Estadual. Na análise de regressão logística, o desempenho se mostrou associado com: Taxa de Ocupação (p<9.87E-09), Porte hospitalar (p<4.49E-10), gestão municipal (p<0.004), Nível Hierárquico Nível 7 (p<0.042), Nível 8 (p<0.022) região Sul (p<0.004), Sudeste (p<0.002). Conclusão: o PNASS se mostrou adequado para avaliar o desempenho da gestão dos hospitais, sendo constatada relação entre melhor desempenho e maior porte e complexidade do hospital.(AU)

Objective: to assess the organizational management performance of hospital services in Brazil. Method: a cross-sectional study that resorted to data from the 2015-2016 National Program for the Evaluation of Health Services (Programa Nacional de Avaliação dos Serviços de Saúde, PNASS) to assess the Organizational Management Performance in 1,665 Brazilian hospitals. A total of 30 verification items distributed into 5 criteria (Contract Management; People Management; Information Management; Planning and Organization; and Organizational Model) were used, which comprised an evaluation score. Performance was assessed according to the following indicators: hospital size; complexity level; administrative sphere; type of management; and region of the country. An association was verified between the hospitals' Organizational Management Performance and the Occupancy Rate, Mean Hospitalization Time and Mean HA Value indicators. Principal Components Analysis was used to verify the dependence relationship between the variables and to explain data variability. An adjusted logistic regression model was used to verify variable that best explain Organizational Management Performance. Results: the hospitals' mean Organizational Management Performance was 63.83. The best performance levels correspond to the hospitals from the South region, Complexity level 8, more than 150 beds, belonging to the Federal Public Administrative Sphere and with State Management. In the logistic regression analysis, performance proved to be associated with: Occupancy Rate (p<9.87E-09), Hospital size (p<4.49E-10), Municipal Management (p<0.004), Hierarchical Level 7 (p<0.042), Level 8 (p<0.022), South region (p<0.004), and Southeast region (p<0.002). Conclusion: the PNASS proved to be adequate to assess the hospitals' management performance, verifying a relationship between better performance and larger hospital size and higher complexity.(AU)

Objetivo: evaluar el Desempeño de la Gestión Organizativa de los Servicios Hospitalarios en Brasil. Método: estudio transversal que utilizó datos del Programa Nacional de Evaluación de Servicios de Salud-PNASS 2015-2016 para evaluar el Desempeño de la Gestión Organizativa de 1665 hospitales en Brasil. Se utilizaron 30 elementos de verificación distribuidos en 5 criterios: Gestión de Contratos, Gestión de Personas, Gestión de la Información, Planificación y Organización, Modelo Organizativo, que compusieron una puntuación de evaluación...(AU)

Adaptação transcultural e validação do "health sciences evidence based practice questionnaire" para o português do Brasil / Cross-Cultural Adaptation And Validation Of The "Health Sciences Evidence-Based Practice Questionnaire" Into Brazilian Portuguese / Adaptación Transcultural Y Validación Del "Health Sciences Evidence Based Practice

Introdução: o instrumento "Health Sciences Evidence Based Practice Questionnaire" avalia as diferentes dimensões da construção da prática baseada em evidência como um processo para responder às situações decorrentes da prática clínica diária. Objetivos: adaptar culturalmente o instrumento "Health Sciences Evidence Based Practice Questionnaire" para a língua portuguesa do Brasil e avaliar suas qualidades psicométricas. Método: estudo metodológico. A primeira etapa compreendeu o processo de tradução e adaptação transcultural do instrumento. Na segunda etapa, o instrumento Questionário de Prática Baseada em Evidências e Efetividade Clínica foi aplicado para a validação convergente, utilizando-se o índice de correlação de Pearson, nível de significância 0,05 e realizada Análise Fatorial Confirmatória (AFC), de acordo com o modelo de equações estruturais. A confiabilidade foi avaliada pelo teste-reteste, utilizando o coeficiente de correlação r de Pearson. A consistência interna foi obtida por meio do coeficiente alpha de Cronbach. Resultados: Validade de conteúdo obtida na terceira rodada, título final: Questionário HS-EBP ­ Prática Baseada em Evidência nas Ciências da Saúde, aplicado a 305 profissionais da saúde. A confiabilidade foi verificada por meio do coeficiente alfa de Cronbach (0,970), similar à versão original, e da estabilidade teste-reteste pelo índice de correlação r de Pearson (r = 0,766) que indicou uma correlação forte. Para a validação convergente foi aplicado o índice de correlação de Pearson (r = 0,683) positivo e com correlação moderada entre os instrumentos. O teste qui-quadrado foi significativo (<0,001) para todos os modelos obtidos, em todos os modelos testados. Conclusão: o instrumento se mostrou válido e confiável para a reprodutibilidade na versão brasileira.(AU)

Introduction: The instrument "Health Sciences Evidence-Based Practice Questionnaire" assesses the different dimensions of building evidence-based practice as a process to respond to situations arising from daily clinical practice. Objectives: Culturally adapt the instrument "Health Sciences Evidence-Based Practice Questionnaire" to the Brazilian Portuguese language and evaluate its psychometric qualities. Method: Methodological study. The first step comprised the process of translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the instrument. In the second step, the instrument Evidence-Based Practice and Clinical Effectiveness Questionnaire was applied for convergent validation, using Pearson's correlation index, significance level 0.05, and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed, according to the structural equation model Reliability was assessed by test-retest using Pearson's r correlation coefficient Internal consistency was obtained using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Results: Content validity obtained in the third round, final title: HS-EBP Questionnaire ­ Health Sciences Evidence-Based Practice, applied to 305 healthcare professionals. Reliability was verified using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.970), similar to the original version, and test-retest stability was verified using Pearson's r correlation index (r = 0.766), which indicated a strong correlation. For convergent validation, Pearson's correlation index (r = 0.683) was applied, positive and with moderate correlation between the instruments. The chi-square test was significant (<0.001) for all models obtained, in all models tested. Conclusion: The instrument proved to be valid and reliable for reproducibility in the Brazilian version.(AU)

Introducción: el instrumento "Health Sciences Evidence Based Practice Questionnaire" evalúa las diferentes dimensiones de la construcción de la práctica basada en la evidencia como un proceso para responder a las situaciones derivadas de la práctica clínica diaria. Objetivos: adaptar culturalmente el instrumento Health Sciences Evidence Based Practice Questionnaire al portugués de Brasil y evaluar sus cualidades psicométricas. Método: Estudio metodológico. La primera etapa comprendía el proceso de traducción y adaptación transcultural. En la segunda etapa, se aplicó el instrumento Cuestionario de Práctica Basada en la Evidencia y Efectividad Clínica para la validación convergente, utilizando el índice de correlación de Pearson, nivel de significación 0,05 y el Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC), según el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. La fiabilidad se evaluó mediante una prueba y una segunda prueba, utilizando el coeficiente de correlación r de Pearson. La consistencia interna se obtuvo mediante el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: validez de contenido obtenida en la tercera ronda, título final: Cuestionario HS-EBP - Práctica Basada en la Evidencia en Ciencias de la Salud, aplicado a 305 profesionales sanitarios. La fiabilidad se verificó mediante el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach (0,970), similar al de la versión original, y la estabilidad de una prueba y una segunda prueba mediante el índice de correlación r de Pearson (r = 0,766), que indicaba una fuerte correlación. En cuanto a la validación convergente, el índice de correlación de Pearson (r = 0,683) fue positivo y con una correlación moderada entre los instrumentos. La prueba Chi-Cuadrado fue significativa (<0,001) para todos los modelos obtenidos, en todos los modelos probados. Conclusión: el instrumento demostró ser válido y confiable para la reproducibilidad en la versión brasileña.(AU)

Apoyo institucional y acciones antituberculosas en Atención Primaria de Salud en Brasil / Institutional support and anti-tuberculosis actions in Primary Health Care in Brazil / Apoio institucional e ações antituberculose na Atenção Primária à Saúde no Brasil

Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre el apoyo institucional y las acciones de control de la tuberculosis (TB) desarrolladas por los equipos de Atención Primaria de Salud (aps). Métodos: Estudio transversal de enfoque cuantitativo, basado en los datos de la evaluación externa del 2º ciclo del Programa Nacional de Mejora del Acceso y de la Calidad de la Atención Básica realizado en 2014. Se utilizó el Software for Statistics and Data Science para la realización de frecuencias y asociaciones mediante el análisis multinivel. Resultados: El porcentaje de registro de la estimación anual del número de casos confirmados de TB y sintomáticos respiratorios en los equipos de salud de la APS alcanzó el 81,7%, en todo Brasil, pero sólo el 55,6% de los equipos informaron tener usuarios con TB en el territorio, entre estos las acciones de control fueron satisfactorias manteniéndose por encima del 77%. En el análisis multinivel, se identificó que las acciones de apoyo institucional ofrecidas a los equipos de salud mostraron que la mayoría de ellas aumentan las posibilidades de que los equipos desarrollen acciones de control de la TB. Mientras menor sea la evaluación por parte del equipo del rendimiento en relación con el trabajo del ayudante institucional, menores serán las posibilidades de cura, de la realización del tratamiento directamente observado y de la realización de la vigilancia de los contactos. Conclusión: El desarrollo de las acciones de apoyo institucional ofrecidas a los equipos fortalece las acciones de control de la TB en la APS.

Objective: Evaluate the association between institutional support and tuberculosis (TB) control actions carried out by Primary Health Care (APS) teams. Methods: Cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, based on data from the external evaluation of the 2nd cycle of the Program for Improvement of Access and Quality of Basic Care carried out in 2014. The Software for Statistics and Data Science was used for it realization of frequencies and associations through multilevel analysis. Results: The annual estimate record percentage of the number of confirmed TB cases and respiratory symptoms in the APS health equipment reached 81.7% in all of Brazil, but only 55.6% of the equipment reported There are users with TB in the territory, among them the control actions have been satisfactory, remaining above 77%. In the multilevel analysis, it was identified that the institutional support actions offered to the health teams showed that the majority of them increase the possibilities that the teams will develop TB control actions. The lesser the evaluation by the team of performance in relation to the work of the institutional assistant, the lesser the chances of cure, the realization of directly observed treatment and the realization of the surveillance of contacts. Conclusion: The development of institutional support actions offered to the teams strengthens TB control actions in APS.

Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre apoio institucional e ações de controle da tuberculose (TB) desenvolvida pelas equipes da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Métodos: Estudo transversal de abordagem quantitativa, com base nos dados da avaliação externa do 2º ciclo do Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica realizado em 2014. Utilizou-se o Software for Statisticsand Data Science para realização de frequências e associações por meio da análise multinível. Resultados: O percentual de registro da estimativa anual do número de casos confirmados de TB e sintomáticos respiratórios nas equipes de saúde da APS atingiu 81,7%, em todo Brasil, porém apenas 55,6% das equipes reportaram ter usuários com TB no território, dentre estes as ações de controle foram satisfatórias mantendo-se acima de 77%. Na análise multinível, identificou-se que as ações de apoio institucional ofertadas às equipes de saúde, mostrou que em sua maioria aumenta as chances das equipes desenvolverem as ações de controle da TB. Quanto menor a avaliação pela equipe do desempenho referente ao trabalho do apoiador institucional menores chances de cura, realização de tratamento diretamente observado e realização de vigilância dos contatos. Conclusão: O desenvolvimento das ações de Apoio institucional ofertado às equipes fortalecem as ações de controle da TB na APS.

Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in schools in Brazil pre-and peri-COVID-19 pandemic: Are schools making any progress?

The previous paucity of data and research on water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in schools in Brazil have been preventing an assessment of how safe and healthy schools are to reopen during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed first to assess the current situation of WASH in schools in Brazil and, second, to evaluate to what extent Brazilian schools have been making any progress in providing WASH since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Data on WASH conditions in schools in Brazil was retrieved from the 2020 and 2021 Brazilian National School Census (BNSC). For the first objective, frequencies of 31 variables were calculated for the whole country and regions, considering all 173,700 schools from BNSC of 2021. Five main variables were considered as indicators of adequate WASH infrastructure in schools. T-test and ANOVA were used to assess differences in these five variables according to the locality, management model and regions. For the second objective only schools presented in both datasets (n = 170,422) were considered to compare WASH in schools pre- and peri-COVID-19 pandemic. Frequencies of 31 variables were calculated for the whole country and regions before and during the pandemic. Paired t-tests were conducted when differences in variables across the years were observed. At the present moment, the majority of schools in Brazil have bathrooms (97%), drinking water with quality suitable for human consumption (95%), improved sanitation facilities (78%) and solid waste collection (70%). Between 2020 and 2021, there was a mix of improvements and deterioration in the school's WASH infrastructure in all regions of the country. Overall, solely considering the WASH infrastructure, schools in the South and Southeast regions of the country are better prepared for the safe reopening. Nevertheless, public schools, schools located in rural areas and the North and Northeast regions of the country, are more in need of WASH interventions. Results indicate that little progress was achieved, and schools in Brazil are still in need of improvements.

Identidade profissional do psicólogo judiciário: um estudo sobre configurações identitárias / Forensic psychologist´s professional identity: a study about identity configurations / Identidad profesional del psicólogo forense: un estudio sobre configuraciones de identidad

Este estudo objetivou descrever a identidade profissional de psicólogos judiciários, partindo do cenário contemporâneo da Psicologia Jurídica brasileira, contexto que envolve crises e conflitos sobre a forma de responder a atribuições e demandas do campo legal. Pela perspectiva da sociologia das identidades profissionais de Claude Dubar, sustenta-se a hipótese de que a identidade profissional do psicólogo judiciário depende de estratégias de compatibilização entre o pertencimento à categoria e as atribuições legais e institucionais. Participaram 95 psicólogos do quadro ativo do Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo, que responderam a um formulário online sobre a percepção de si e do campo de atuação. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo. Os resultados indicam a saliência da avaliação psicológica e da interdisciplinaridade na identidade profissional, e as rupturas identitárias diante de práticas verificatórias. Tais achados apontam a necessidade de participação da categoria na construção de suas atribuições; e dificuldades para o exercício das funções por limitações à autonomia profissional.(AU)

This study aimed to describe the professional identity of forensic psychologists, considering Brazil's Legal Psychology contemporary scenario which relates to a critical issues on how practitioners respond the demands of the legal system. Based on Claude Dubar's sociology of professional identities, we support the hypothesis that forensic psychologists' professional identity depends on strategies of compatibilization between belonging their reference group and the institutional attributions. There were 95 participants, all from the current staff of the Court of Justice of the state of São Paulo, who answered an online form. The data were subjected to content analysis. The results indicate a professional identity with noted salience on psychological assessment and interdisciplinarity, and the identity crises regarding verification practices. Such findings highlight the importance of practitioners taking part on the construction of their own tasks.(AU)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir la identidad profesional de los psicólogos forenses, considerando el escenario de la Psicología Jurídica brasileña, que se relaciona con una crisis sobre si estos profesionales responden a las demandas del sistema legal. Teniendo en cuenta la sociología de las identidades profesionales de Claude Dubar, sostenemos la hipótesis de que la identidad profesional de los psicólogos forenses depende de estrategias de compatibilización entre la pertenencia a su grupo profesional y a instituciones. Participaron 95 psicólogos, quienes actuaban en el Tribunal de Justicia del Estado de São Paulo, a los cuales se aplicó un formulario en línea. Los datos se sometieron a análisis de contenido. Los resultados indican una identidad profesional saliente en cuanto a la evaluación psicológica y la interdisciplinariedad, pero también crisis de identidad en relación con las prácticas de verificación. Tales resultados señalan la importancia de que la categoría participe en la construcción de sus propias atribuciones.(AU)

Atenção primária à saúde no Brasil: uma história tecida em pensamento e práticas / Primary health care in Brazil: a story woven of reflections and practices

Revisita a história da APS como campo de pensamento e prática, colocando em foco as propostas e experiências que marcaram conjunturas importantes para sua estruturação no Brasil. Os autores optam por uma perspectiva ampliada, abrangendo os experimentos de expansão dos serviços básicos de saúde anteriores à realização da Conferência de Alma-Ata. O livro contempla cinco conjunturas diferentes e, até certo ponto, disruptivas sobre as quais os autores se debruçaram, pesquisando acervos de documentos nacionais e internacionais, assim como a literatura do campo. As descrições e análises desenvolvidas sobre esses períodos abordam dimensões da política, da organização administrativa, da estruturação dos serviços e das concepções e práticas vigentes, compondo os cinco capítulos da obra. Cada capítulo é encerrado com a apresentação de cópia, na íntegra, de um documento da época, ilustrativo das ideias discutidas ou de algum ponto de destaque.

Contribuições da avaliação para a gestão do sus no enfrentamento das hepatites virais / Contributions of the evaluation to the management of sus in the coaching of viral hepatitis / Aportes de la evaluación al manejo del sus en el coaching de las hepatitis virales

Introdução: As hepatites virais constituem-se em um grave problema de saúde pública e sua eliminação é um dos desafios nos Sistemas de Saúde. Objetivo: Refletir acerca das contribuições da avaliação para a gestão do Sistema Único de Saúde no enfrentamento às hepatites virais. Método: Estudo teórico-reflexivo fundamentado nos pressupostos da avaliação de sistemas e serviços de saúde, embasado em documentos de bases de dados da saúde, nacionais e internacionais, ancorado nas categorias: Avaliação para a gestão no enfrentamento das hepatites virais; Enfrentamento das hepatites virais: experiências internacionais e reflexões para a gestão do Sistema Único de Saúde. Resultados: Pontua-se contribuição da avaliação para o enfrentamento, sendo a primeira o arcabouço teórico documental do Programa Nacional para a Prevenção e o Controle das Hepatites Virais alinhado à estrutura de gestão do Sistema Único de Saúde para favorecer o acesso e a segunda a organização da rede de atenção e seus recursos, com olhar estratégico a programas de microeliminação. Aspectos que podem auxiliar estudos de formulação de políticas avaliativas, respaldadas nos princípios do Sistema Único de Saúde. Experiências internacionais no enfrentamento das hepatites foram listadas pelas estratégias e potência em direcionar ações avaliativas e de implementação para o Sistema Único de Saúde. Considerações Finais: Neste contexto, considera-se emergente instituir processo avaliativo para governar estratégias considerando cenários de peculiaridades das necessidades de saúde da população, da oferta de serviços, além de considerar, de modo abrangente, tecnologias e recursos necessários à atenção, com equilíbrio entre aspectos epidemiológicos, técnicos e políticos para a tomada de decisão (AU)

Introduction: Viral hepatitis is a serious public health problem and its elimination is one of the challenges in health systems. Objective: To reflect on the contributions of the evaluation to the management of the Unified Health System in coping with viral hepatitis. Method: Theoretical-reflective study based on the assumptions of the evaluation of health systems and services, based on national and international health database documents, anchored in the following categories: Evaluation for management in coping with viral hepatitis; Coping with viral hepatitis: international experiences and reflections for the management of the Unified Health System. Results: The contribution of the evaluation to the being the first the theoretical documentary framework of the National Program for the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis aligned with the management structure of the Unified Health System to favor access and the second the organization of the care network and its resources, with a strategic view to microelimination programs. Aspects that can help studies of evaluation policy formulation, supported by the principles of the Unified Health System. International experiences in coping with hepatitis were listed by strategies and power to direct evaluation and implementation actions for the Unified Health System. Final Thoughts: In this context, it is considered emerging to establish an evaluation process to govern strategies considering scenarios of peculiarities of the population's health needs, the provision of services, and consider, comprehensively, technologies and resources necessary for attention, with a balance between epidemiological, technical and political aspects for decision making (AU)

Introducción: La hepatitis viral es un grave problema de salud pública y su eliminación es uno de los desafíos en los sistemas de salud. Objetivo: Reflexionar sobre las contribuciones de la evaluación a la gestión del Sistema Único de Salud en el enfrentamiento de la hepatitis viral. Método: Estudio teórico-reflexivo basado en los supuestos de la evaluación de los sistemas y servicios de salud, basado en documentos de bases de datos nacionales e internacionales de salud, anclados en las categorías: Contribuciones de la evaluación a la gestión para proyectar la confrontación de la hepatitis viral y algunas experiencias internacionales en el enfrentamiento de la hepatitis: ¿qué es posible reflejar para el manejo del Sistema Único de Salud? Resultados: La evaluación se contribuye al afrontamiento, siendo el primero el marco teórico documental del Programa Nacional de Prevención y Control de Hepatitis Virales alineado con la estructura de gestión del Sistema Único de Salud para favorecer el acceso y el segundo a la organización de la red asistencial y sus recursos, con una visión estratégica a los programas de microelimación. Aspectos que pueden ayudar a los estudios de formulación de políticas evaluativas, apoyadas en los principios del Sistema Único de Salud. Las experiencias internacionales en el enfrentamiento de la hepatitis fueron enumeradas por estrategias y poder para dirigir acciones de evaluación e implementación al Sistema Único de Salud. Consideraciones finales: En este contexto, se considera emergente instituir un proceso de evaluación para gobernar estrategias considerando escenarios de peculiaridades de las necesidades de salud de la población, la prestación de servicios, además de considerar, de manera integral, las tecnologías y recursos necesarios para la atención, con un equilibrio entre aspectos epidemiológicos, técnicos y políticos para la toma de decisiones (AU)

MATTI - a multi-criteria decision analysis framework for assessing wastewater treatment technologies.

The variety of available technologies and the low investment power in sanitation services, especially in regions with low and emerging economies, makes the selection of an optimal wastewater treatment system design an even more complex task for decision-makers. Thus, this study aimed to develop a multi-criteria analysis-based tool to support decision-making on the optimal wastewater treatment technology for the needs and priorities of each region, the Most Appropriate Treatment Technology Index (MATTI). The methodology to apply the MATTI comprises five steps: select suitable technologies; determine the effluent quality parameters; define the most relevant variables for design; normalize and define the weighting criteria; and calculate the level of compliance (0-1, on an increasing scale of suitability). To validate the tool, two different scenarios and seven variables for the Brazilian context were simulated. Different sets of technologies scored above 0.75, and were classified as highly recommended, according to the weight criteria attributed to each scenario. MATTI not only contributed to improving the decision-making process, but also with a more global vision of the parameters to be considered in the selection of technologies to meet the needs and priorities.

Methodology for a Comprehensive Health Impact Assessment in Water Supply and Sanitation Programmes for Brazil.

Based on the broader concept of health proposed by the Pan-American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/ WHO), 2018, and the absence in the literature of indices that translate the causal relationship between sanitation and health, a methodology for assessing the health impact of a water and sanitation programmes, known as a Health Impact Assessment (HIA), was developed, specifically in the Brazilian context, and focused on a school in the northeast of the country. Through exploratory and descriptive evidence, and using documentary research as a method, a retrospective survey was carried out from 2000 to 2022 using documents proposing evaluation methodologies. A single document was found to fit the research objective, which was used to develop the proposed HIA methodology. Development of the methodology consisted of two stages: definition of the health dimensions and selection of the indicators making up each dimension. The HIA methodology was then applied to a school in northeast Brazil to test its use, before a water-efficient management intervention was going to be used. The overall score of 46% indicated that there was room for improvement, which the new management approach could facilitate. This methodology is therefore proposed to be an instrument for the evaluation of public water and sanitation policies, thus assisting managers in the decision-making process and in guiding sanitation programs and plans.