Ocular trauma in counter insurgency and proxy war environment: Epidemiological study, 1992-2004.

BACKGROUND: To analyze the epidemiology of hospitalized ocular injuries occurring in counter insurgency and proxy war environment in a forward area of northern India over a period of 13 years. METHODS: Retrospective observational study of medical records was performed of 458 patients with ocular injuries primarily treated at zonal referral hospital of Indian Army between January 1992 and December 2004. RESULTS: A total of 559 eyes with ocular injuries were studied. The average age of the victims was 30 years. In 77% cases, injuries were sustained by army personnel and remaining by paramilitary forces. Of all cases, 86.5% cases were due to combat-related (militant action), of which 93.9% cases were caused by splinters from munitions. Among the eyes injured due to militant action, 60.36% were open globe injuries, 31.19% were closed globe injuries and 8.45% were isolated adnexal injuries. Among the eyes injured, 76.33% of the eyes with open globe injuries owing to militant action had perforating injuries, whereas in closed globe injuries, 47.74% eyes had corneal foreign body. Among eyes with open globe injuries, Corneo-scleral, scleral and corneal lacerations were seen in 45%, 28% and 27% eyes respectively. 15.75% of eyes with ocular injuries underwent eviscerations. CONCLUSION: The study reveals that splinter eye injuries from munitions were the most common cause of ocular morbidity in counter insurgency and proxy war. Implementation of use of protective glasses by the personnel deployed in such hostile environment and strict compliance of preventive measures would be effective in saving eyes and also medical and economic resources.

Should sputum-negative presumptive TB patients be actively followed to identify missing cases in India?

Setting: Sputum smear microscopy, the primary diagnostic tool used for diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in India's Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP), has low sensitivity, resulting in a significant number of TB cases reported as sputum-negative. As the revised guidelines pose challenges in implementation, sputum-negative presumptive TB (SNPT) patients are subjected to 2 weeks of antibiotics, followed by chest X-ray (CXR), resulting in significant loss to care among these cases. Objective: To determine whether reducing delays in CXR would yield additional TB cases and reduce initial loss to follow-up for diagnosis among SNPT cases. Methods: In an ongoing intervention in five districts of Maharashtra, SNPT patients were offered upfront CXR. Results: Of 119 male and 116 female SNPT patients with a mean age of 45 years who were tested by CXR, 32 (14%) were reported with CXR suggestive of TB. Administering upfront CXR in SNPT patients yielded twice as many additional cases, doubling the proportion of cases detected among all those tested as against administering CXR 2 weeks after smear examination. Conclusion: Our interventional study showed that the yield of TB cases was significantly greater when upfront CXR examination was undertaken without waiting for a 2-week antibiotic trial.

Contexte : La microscopie de frottis de crachats, le premier outil utilisé dans le diagnostic de la TB dans le programme national TB révisé d'Inde (RNTCP), a une faible sensibilité, ce qui aboutit à un nombre significatif de cas de TB rapportés comme étant à frottis négatif. Comme la mise en œuvre des directives révisées reste un défi, les patients présumés TB à frottis négatif (SNPT) sont soumis à 2 semaines d'antibiotiques suivis par une radiographie pulmonaire (CXR), d'où un nombre significative de cas de SNPT perdus de vue.Objectif : Déterminer si la réduction du délai de CXR aboutit à détecter des cas de TB supplémentaires et réduit les pertes de vue initiales parmi les cas de SNPT.Méthodes : Dans le cadre d'une intervention en cours dans cinq districts de Maharashtra, on a offert aux cas de SNPT une CXR immédiate.Résultats : Un total de 119 hommes et 116 femmes, patients SNPT, d'âge moyen 45 ans, ont eu une CXR. Parmi ces 235 patients, 32 (14%) ont eu une CXR suggestive de TB. Le recours immédiat à une CXR chez les patients présumées TB à frottis négatif a produit deux fois plus de cas supplémentaires et doublé la proportion de cas détectés parmi les patients ayant bénéficié d'une CXR immédiate par rapport à ceux l'ayant eue 2 semaines après la microscopie de frottis.Conclusion : Notre étude d'intervention a montré que la détection de cas de TB était significativement plus importante en faisant une CXR immédiate sans attendre les 2 semaines de traitement d'essai par antibiotiques.

Marco de referencia: La baciloscopia del esputo es el principal instrumento utilizado en el diagnóstico de la tuberculosis (TB) en el marco del Programa Revisado de Control de la Tuberculosis de la India (RNTCP) y ofrece una baja sensibilidad, con lo cual un gran número de casos de TB se notifican con baciloscopia negativa. Dadas las dificultades de aplicación de una revisión reciente de las directrices, en los pacientes con presunción clínica de TB y un resultado negativo de la baciloscopia se administran antibióticos de amplio espectro durante 2 semanas seguidos de una radiografía de tórax (CXR), con la consiguiente pérdida de la atención de muchos de los pacientes con baciloscopia negativa.Objetivo: Determinar si el hecho de acortar la demora en la realización de la CXR mejora el rendimiento diagnóstico de casos de TB y disminuye las pérdidas iniciales durante el seguimiento de los casos con baciloscopia negativa.Método: En el marco de una intervención en curso en cinco distritos de Maharashtra, se propuso a los pacientes con presunción clínica de TB y baciloscopia negativa practicar de inmediato la CXR.Resultados: Se practicó la CXR en pacientes con presunción de TB pulmonar y baciloscopia negativa; participaron 119 pacientes de sexo masculino y 116 de sexo femenino, con una edad promedio de 45 años. De estas 235 personas, en 32 casos el informe de la CXR refería imágenes indicativas de TB (14%). La práctica inmediata de la CXR en los pacientes con presunción clínica de TB que reciben un resultado negativo de la baciloscopia aportó el doble de casos adicionales y duplicó así la proporción de casos detectados en todas las personas examinadas, en comparación con la CXR practicada 2 semanas después de la baciloscopia.Conclusión: El presente estudio de intervención reveló un aumento considerable del rendimiento diagnóstico de casos de TB cuando se practica la CXR de inmediato, en lugar de esperar el resultado de una antibioterapia de prueba de 2 semanas.

Urinary biomarkers in the early diagnosis of acute kidney injury.

A change in the serum creatinine is not sensitive for an early diagnosis of acute kidney injury. We evaluated urinary levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) as biomarkers for the detection of acute kidney injury. Urine samples were collected from 44 patients with various acute and chronic kidney diseases, and from 30 normal subjects in a cross-sectional study. A case-control study of children undergoing cardio-pulmonary bypass surgery included urine specimens from each of 20 patients without and with acute kidney injury. Injury was defined as a greater than 50% increase in the serum creatinine within the first 48 h after surgery. The biomarkers were normalized to the urinary creatinine concentration at 12, 24, and 36 h after surgery with the areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curve compared for performance. In the cross-sectional study, the area under the curve for MMP-9 was least sensitive followed by KIM-1 and NAG. Combining all three biomarkers achieved a perfect score diagnosing acute kidney injury. In the case-control study, KIM-1 was better than NAG at all time points, but combining both was no better than KIM-1 alone. Urinary MMP-9 was not a sensitive marker in the case-control study. Our results suggest that urinary biomarkers allow diagnosis of acute kidney injury earlier than a rise in serum creatinine.

Crystalloids versus colloids for resuscitation in shock.

The optimal composition of fluid for volume resuscitation in critically ill patients has been the subject of controversy for decades. Clinicians are faced with several options, including crystalloid solutions of varying tonicity, several colloid preparations (albumin and others), and blood products. Some of these solutions may be differentially distributed between the intra- and extravascular, and intra- and extracellular compartments, accounting for a variety of physiological effects. Two recently published meta-analyses concluded that colloids afford no survival benefit in critically ill patients compared with crystalloids. Albumin infusion may be of more value in patients with cirrhosis, or in those at high risk of acute renal failure. Additional randomized trials will be needed to establish the optimal composition and volume of colloid or crystalloid solutions for resuscitation in shock.

Positron emission tomography using [(18)F]-fluorodeoxy-D-glucose to predict the pathologic response of breast cancer to primary chemotherapy.

PURPOSE: To determine whether [(18)F]-fluorodeoxy-D-glucose ([(18)F]-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) can predict the pathologic response of primary and metastatic breast cancer to chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty patients with noninflammatory, large (> 3 cm), or locally advanced breast cancers received eight doses of primary chemotherapy. Dynamic PET imaging was performed immediately before the first, second, and fifth doses and after the last dose of treatment. Primary tumors and involved axillary lymph nodes were identified, and the [(18)F]-FDG uptake values were calculated (expressed as semiquantitative dose uptake ratio [DUR] and influx constant [K]). Pathologic response was determined after chemotherapy by evaluation of surgical resection specimens. RESULTS: Thirty-one primary breast lesions were identified. The mean pretreatment DUR values of the eight lesions that achieved a complete microscopic pathologic response were significantly (P =.037) higher than those from less responsive lesions. The mean reduction in DUR after the first pulse of chemotherapy was significantly greater in lesions that achieved a partial (P =.013), complete macroscopic (P =.003), or complete microscopic (P =.001) pathologic response. PET after a single pulse of chemotherapy was able to predict complete pathologic response with a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 74%. Eleven patients had pathologic evidence of lymph node metastases. Mean pretreatment DUR values in the metastatic lesions that responded did not differ significantly from those that failed to respond (P =.076). However, mean pretreatment K values were significantly higher in ultimately responsive cancers (P =.037). The mean change in DUR and K after the first pulse of chemotherapy was significantly greater in responding lesions (DUR, P =.038; K, P =.012). CONCLUSION: [(18)F]-FDG PET imaging of primary and metastatic breast cancer after a single pulse of chemotherapy may be of value in the prediction of pathologic treatment response.

Cognitive correlates of anxious and depressive symptomatology: an examination of the Helplessness/Hopelessness model.

Expectancies about future life events were assessed in anxious and depressed patients to test predictions of the Helplessness/Hopelessness model of anxiety and depression (Alloy, Kelly, Mineka, & Clements, 1990). In addition to expectancies for future events, patients from affective and anxiety treatment clinics completed anxiety and depression symptom ratings and positive and negative affects scales. Findings revealed partial support for the model. Negative outcome and helplessness expectancies were related specifically to depression. Cognitions regarding future positive events were interrelated and associated with symptom measures more strongly than were cognitions regarding negative events. Additionally, positive affects was more strongly related to depression than to anxiety symptom ratings. Implications and limitations of these findings are discussed.

Mechanoreceptive afferents exhibit functionally-specific activity dependent changes in conduction velocity.

Impulse activity in axons generates aftereffects on membrane excitability that can alter the conduction velocity of subsequently conducted impulses. We used a computerized stimulus pattern (a 1 Hz stimulus period followed by a period of repeated short bursts at 200 Hz) to assess in vivo activity-dependent changes in conduction latency of functionally identified rat cutaneous afferents conducting in the A beta range. Several different parameters of activity dependence were measured: burst supernormality, the average increase in conduction latency following conditioning with a single preceding impulse during high frequency burst stimulation; burst subnormality, the average latency increase during each burst; depression, a long-term increase in latency caused by the high frequency stimulation. The data show that different mechanosensitive A beta afferents with overlapping resting conduction velocities exhibit activity-dependent changes in conduction latency that are characteristic of their particular functions.

Behavioral evidence of thermal hyperalgesia in non-obese diabetic mice with and without insulin-dependent diabetes.

The non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse, a model of Type 1 diabetes in humans, has proven useful for the study of genetic, immunologic and epidemiologic aspects of inherited diabetes. Behavioral evidence of hyperalgesia may also be present in the NOD mouse but has not been described. This study examined NOD mice with (NOD+) and without (NOD-) insulin-dependent diabetes, and control strain (ILI) mice for evidence of hyperalgesia to a noxious thermal stimulus. Interestingly, both NOD+ and NOD- mice showed reduced mean hindpaw withdrawal latencies when compared with non-diabetic ILI mice. NOD+ and NOD- mice were also abnormal in their general appearance, activity level, posture, gait and muscle bulk when compared with ILI mice. These findings raise the possibility that hyperalgesia in insulin-dependent NOD mice, or insulin-dependent humans with Type 1 diabetes, may be independent of diabetes and due to a primary disturbance within sensory pathways.

Inert placebo versus active medication. Patient blindability in clinical pharmacological trials.

Patient blindability was examined in clinical, psychopharmacological, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials involving medications for obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depression. Based on the presence of clinical improvement and side effects, patients were able to determine correctly whether they took medication versus placebo. On the basis of these preliminary findings, the authors question the blindability of patients in clinical trials. Implications for the continued use of double-blind, placebo-controlled trials are discussed.

Self-derogations and the interpersonal theory.

The interpersonal theory of personality has been applied to explain depressed people's dilemma: The depressed person's submissive behavior invites dominating reactions from other people, and those reactions sustain the depressed person's depression. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that self-derogations connote submissiveness but are generally judged to be neutral in affiliation. Experiment 3 tested implications for the behavior of dysphoric and nondysphoric Ss as they interacted with a self-derogating, other-derogating, or nonderogating confederate partner. Ss selected a topic from a list and talked about it for 1 min: the confederate's script was fixed. The S's judgments of the confederate, choice of topics, satisfaction with the interaction, and actual responses were analyzed. Self-derogators were judged to be submissive, elicited dominating reactions, and selected more topics with negative content.