Goat milk consumption modulates liver divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) expression and serum hepcidin during Fe repletion in Fe-deficiency anemia.

Iron deficiency is the most prevalent micronutrient deficiency worldwide. In spite of the crucial role of hepatocyte divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) and hepcidin in Fe metabolism, to date, no studies have directly tested the role of these proteins in liver Fe metabolism during Fe repletion after induced Fe-deficiency anemia. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to assess the effect of goat or cow milk-based diets on Fe metabolism in one of the main body storage organs, the liver, during the course of Fe repletion with goat or cow milk-based diets in anemic rats. Animals were placed on a preexperimental period of 40 d, a control group receiving a normal-Fe diet and the Fe-deficient group receiving a low-Fe diet (5 mg of Fe/kg of diet). Rats were fed for 30 d with goat or cow milk-based diets with normal Fe content (45 mg of Fe/kg of diet). The hematological parameters, serum hepcidin, hepatosomatic index, liver Fe content, and liver DMT1 expression were determined. During the recovery of the anemia with milk-based diets, the restoration of liver Fe content and hematological parameters, especially with goat milk, increased the red blood cell count, favoring the oxygen supply and weight gain. Moreover, goat milk consumption potentiates liver DMT1 expression, enhancing Fe metabolism and storage. In addition, the increase in serum hepcidin in anemic rats observed in the current study also explains and supports the higher liver Fe content after supplying goat milk, because it blocks the liberation of Fe from hepatocytes, increasing its storage in liver.

Goat milk during iron repletion improves bone turnover impaired by severe iron deficiency.

The effect of goat or cow milk-based diets, with either normal Fe content or an Fe overload, on bone turnover and the mineralization process was studied in control and anemic rats during chronic Fe repletion. One hundred eighty male Wistar rats were studied during a pre-experimental period of 40 d in which they were randomly divided into 2 groups, a control group receiving the AIN-93G diet with normal Fe content (45 mg/kg of diet) and the Fe-deficient group receiving the AIN-93G diet with low Fe content (5mg/kg of diet) for 40 d. After the pre-experimental period, the rats were fed for 10, 30, or 50 d with goat or cow milk-based diets with a normal Fe content (45 mg/kg of diet) or an Fe overload (450 mg/kg of diet). In anemic rats, goat milk with normal Fe content increased levels of the biomarker of bone formation N-terminal propeptides of type I procollagen and diminished parathyroid hormone levels after only 10 d of supplying this diet, indicating the beginning of restoration of the bone demineralization induced by the anemia, which was not observed with cow milk. After 30 d of supplying the milk-based diets with normal Fe content or an Fe overload, biomarkers of bone formation and bone resorption were not different between control and anemic rats, indicating that the bone demineralization induced by the Fe-deficiency anemia had recovered, although the process of stabilization of bone turnover began earlier in the animals fed goat milk. In addition, a higher Ca deposit was observed in femur, which positively affects bone mineralization, as well as an increase of Fe in sternum, which indicates that the hematopoietic process essentially recovered earlier on the goat milk diet compared with the cow milk diet.

Efecto de la anemia ferropénica nutricional sobre el contenido en hueso de Ca, P y Fe / Iron deficiency anemia effect of nutrition on the content in bone, Ca, P and Fe

La anemia ferropénica nutricional provoca una alteración de gran importancia en el metabolismo fosfocálcico. Con este estudio pretendemos comprobar cómo la anemia ferropénica nutricional afect ael depósito de Ca y P en fémur y el contenido de Fe en esternón, para ello determinamos Fe y Ca por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica y de P por espectrofotometría ultravioleta visible en ratas macho raza Wistar albina ferrodeficientes. El depósito de Ca y P en el fémur es significativamente (P <0.001) más bajo para el grupo anémico. Esto puede deberse al incremento de los niveles séricos de PTH y cortisol, inducidos por la ferrodeficiencia severa (Campos y col., 2007). Además se produce una drástica disminución (P < 0.001) en el contenido de Fe en esternón, hecho que incide de manera muy negativa en el proceso hematopoyético(AU)

Nutritional iron-deficiency anemia provokes a noteworthy alteration in the phosphorus and calcium metabolism. With the current study we tried to check how the nutritional iron deficiency anemia affects Ca and P deposit in femur and the Fe content in sternum. We determined Fe and Ca by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and P by ultraviolet /visibly spectrophotometry in Fe-deficient male wistar albino rats. Ca and P deposit in femur is significantly lower in the anaemic group. This can be due to the increase of the serum levels of PTH and cortisol, induced by the severe Fe-deficiency. In addition, a drastic decrease in the Fe content in sternum was recorded, fact that affects in a very negative way in the haematopoietic process(AU)

Utilización nutritiva de hierro en el transcurso de la ferrodeficiencia / Nutritive utilization of iron during the evolution of a iron deficiency

Se ha estudiado la utilización digestiva y metabólica de hierro durante la evolución (20,30, 40 días) de una ferrodeficiencia nutricional en ratas en periodo de crecimiento. Se han usado 48 ratas (Ratusnovergicus, raza Wistar albina) con un peso inicial aproximado de 45-50. Los animales se dividieron en 6 grupos: tres grupos controles (C) y tres grupos ferrodeficientes (FD) que recibieron una dieta AIN93G con contenido normal (45 mg Fe/kg dieta) o con un bajo contenido de hierro (5 mg/Fe Kg dieta)respectivamente durante 20, 30 ó 40 días. Los resultados obtenidos indican que la utilización nutritiva de hierro aumenta progresivamente en todos los periodos, siendo esta diferencia significativa, si comparamos el día 40 con el 20, esto es debido a que dicha patología produce una depleción de los depósitos corporales de Fe, lo cual favorece la entrada a favor de gradiente de concentración por difusión simple de dicho mineral(AU)

The digestive and metabolic utilization of iron during the evolution (20, 30, 40 days) of a nutritional Fe-deficiency has been studied in growing rats. 48 rats (Ratus novergicus, Wistar albino breed) wereused with an initial approximate weight of 45-50g. The animals were divided in 6 groups: three groups control (C) and three groups Fe-deficient (FD) receiving a diet AIN 93G with normal-Fe content (45mg/kg diet) or with a low-Fe content (5 mg/Kg diet) respectively during 20, 30 ó 40 days. The results obtained indicate that the nutritive utilization of iron increases progressively in all the periods, being this difference significant, if we compare the day 40 with 20, due to the above mentioned pathology produces a depletion of the Fe body stores, which favours the up take in favour of gradient of concentration by simple diffusion(AU)

Utilización nutritiva de fósforo en el transcurso de la anemia ferropénica nutricional / Nutritive utilization of phosphorus during the course of nutritional ferropenic anaemia

Se ha estudiado el efecto de la evolución de la anemia ferropénica nutricional sobre la utilización digestiva y metabólica de fósforo en tres periodos 20, 30 y 40 días. Los animales de experimentación han sido 48 ratas macho de la raza Wistar albina que se dividieron en 6 grupos: tres grupos controles(C) y tres grupos ferrodeficientes (FD) que recibieron una dieta AIN 93G con contenido normal (45mg Fe/kg dieta) o con un bajo contenido de hierro (5 mg/Fe Kg dieta) respectivamente durante 20, 30 ó 40 días. Se ha encontrado un aumento significativo en la utilización digestiva y metabólica de fósforo en el transcurso de la anemia ferropénica nutricional, efecto que se va haciendo más patente a medida que evoluciona la ferrodeficiencia. Este incremento en la utilización nutritiva de fósforo es debido principalmente al mecanismo pasivo de absorción de fósforo que opera principalmente en el yeyuno-íleon y es predominante en situación de anemia ferropénica nutricional(AU)

The evolution of the nutritional iron deficiency anemia on the digestive and metabolic utilization of phosphorus has been studied during three periods: 20, 30 and 40 days. 48 male Wistar albino breedrats were divided in 6 groups: three control groups (C) and three Fe-deficient groups (FD) receiving AIN 93G with normal-Fe content (45 mg /kg diet) or with a low-Fe content (5 mg/Kg diet) respectively during 20, 30 ó 40 days. A significant increase in the digestive and metabolic utilization of phosphorus has been found in the course of the nutritional iron deficiency anemia, effect that become more pronounced as the ferrodeficiency is instaured. This increase in the nutritive utilization of phosphorus is due mainly to the passive mechanism of phosphorus absorption which operates principally in the jejunum-ileum and is predominant in situation of nutritional iron deficiency anemia(AU)

Valoración del estatus de hierro en un grupo de estudiantes de la universidad de Granada: influencia del estilo de vida / Assessment of iron status in a group of students at the university of ranada: lifestyle influence

INTRODUCCIÓN: La deficiencia de hierro por carencias nutricionales es la principal causa de anemia en el mundo 1. Cuando el aporte de hierro es insuficiente para cubrir los requerimientos se produce deficiencia de hierro. Según un estudio realizado en Andalucía el 12,7% de la población adulta observada presentaba déficit de hierro 2. OBJETIVO: Conocer el estatus de hierro en una población de jóvenes sanos de la Universidad de Granada y establecer la relación que existe con el estilo de vida y hábitos alimenticios. METODOLOGÍA: El estudio se ha llevado a cabo con 71 estudiantes sanos (15 hombres y 56 mujeres) de la Universidad de Granada con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 31 años. Se les extrajo muestras de sangre para proceder a la determinación en suero de los parámetros bioquímicos de estado nutricional en hierro, hemoglobina, índices hematológicos, hematíes, hematocrito y reticulocitos. Se determinaron parámetros antropométricos como índice de masa corporal. Se efectuó una encuesta a cada uno de ellos en la que se recopiló información referida a su estilo de vida como actividad física, consumo de alcohol y tabaco. Además se realizó una encuesta nutricional de frecuencias de consumo para una serie de alimentos relacionados con el metabolismo del hierro(AU)

CONCLUSIÓN/DISCUSIÓN: Tanto en hombres como en mujeres se observan valores normales de hemoglobina por lo que se descarta la presencia de anemia. Sin embargo, existe déficit de hierro sérico con un porcentaje correspondiente al 20% de los hombres y 14,5% de las mujeres. Se encontraron valores disminuidos de hematocrito en 6% de los hombres y 1,8% de las mujeres. El 1,8% de las mujeres presenta valores de VCM inferiores a 80 fL. En el análisis estadístico se observan diferencias significativas (P<0.001) entre el sexo y las variables hemoglobina, hematocrito y concentración de hematíes siendo estos parámetros menores en mujeres que en hombres. Existen diferencias significativas (P<0.04) entre edad y concentración de hierro sérico resultando menor en el grupo de edad comprendidos entre 18 y 24 años que en el de 25 a31años. Los hábitos de consumo de tabaco y alcohol y realización de ejercicio físico no parecen influir significativamente sobre estos parámetros y en estas condiciones experimentales. Los hábitos de consumo de alimentos son los adecuados, incluyendo alimentos ricos en hierro hemo y no hemo. En conclusión, el estatus de hierro de los jóvenes de la Universidad de Granada objeto del estudio está dentro de los valores normales tanto en ingesta de hierro como en sus indicadores nutricionales a pesar de las dificultades de este colectivo en conseguir una alimentación equilibrada cuanti y cualitativamente debido a su estilo de vida(AU)

INTRODUCTION: Iron deficiency, as a result of a nutritional deficiency, is the leading cause of anaemia in the world 1. When iron input is insufficient to meet the requirements, iron deficiency starts to develop. According to a study in Andalusia, 12.7% of the observed adult population had iron deficiency 2. OBJECTIVE: To determine the status of iron in a healthy young group in the University of Granada and establish the relationship between this and their lifestyle and dietary habits. METHODS: The study has been done with 71 healthy students (15 men and 56 women) from the University of Granada, aged from 18 to 31 years old. Blood samples were obtained to proceed to the determination of serum biochemical markers of the nutritional iron status, haemoglobin, haematological indexes, red blood cells, haematocrit and reticulocytes. Anthropometric parameters as body mass index were determined. A survey was made to each of them, which compiled information related to lifestyle such as physical activity, alcohol consumption and smoking habits. We also carried out a nutritional survey on consumption frequency for a number of foods associated with iron metabolism(AU)

CONCLUSION / DISCUSSION: In both men and women it is observed normal haemoglobin value, so that we can rule out the presence of anaemia. However, there is a serum iron deficiency with a share of 20% in the observed men and 14.5% in the women. Decreased haematocrit values are foundin 6% of the men and 1.8% of the women. 1.8% of women presented MCV values below 80 fL. In the statistical analysis significant differences (P <0.001) are observed between sex and the variables haemoglobin, haematocrit and red cells concentration, being these parameters lower in the women observed than in the men. There are significant differences (P <0.04) between age and serum iron concentration being lower in the age group between 18 and 24 years old than in the group from 25 to31 years old. Smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity do not seem to significantly influence on these parameters and on these experimental conditions. Consumption patterns of food are adequate, including foods rich in heme and non heme iron. In conclusion, the iron status of young people at the University of Granada object of our study is within the normal range in both iron intake and iron nutritional markers in spite of the difficulties of this group to get a balanced diet quantitatively and qualitatively because of their lifestyle(AU)

Estudio epidemiológico sobre el metabolismo proteico y su relación con diversos hábitos en jóvenes universitarios / Epidemioligic research of the metabolism of proteins and its relationship with several university students´ habits

INTRODUCCIÓN: El consumo de alcohol y el ejercicio físico podría afectar a los valores de proteínas totales, creatinina y enzimas implicadas en el metabolismo hepático. OBJETIVO: Estudiar la influencia del ejercicio físico y del consumo de alcohol sobre los niveles de proteínas totales, creatinina y enzimas del metabolismo hepático en una población sana de jóvenes universitarios de Granada. METODOLOGÍA: Se ha realizado un estudio en 71 jóvenes (56 mujeres y 15 hombres) universitarios de la Universidad de Granada con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 31 años. Se realizó una encuesta sobre nivel de ejercicio físico (nulo, ligero, moderado e intenso), consumo de alcohol (tipo: cerveza/vino, destilados) y frecuencia del mismo. Las muestras de sangre fueron obtenidas en la Escuela de Análisis Clínicos de la Universidad de Granada y se midieron los niveles séricos de proteínas totales, creatinina y enzimas del metabolismo hepático (ALT, AST, GGT)(AU)

CONCLUSIÓN /DISCUSIÓN: Tras el análisis estadístico realizado podemos determinar que no existen diferencias significativas en los niveles de transaminasas de la población estudiada en función del tipo de alcohol consumido, quedando abierta la duda de si ello es debido a que las cantidades de consumo de alcohol no son lo suficientemente relevantes como para causar diferencias en los niveles de enzimas del metabolismo hepático estudiadas. Por otro lado si se encontraron diferencias significativas (p < 0,05) entre el tipo de alcohol consumido y los niveles de proteínas totales, en concreto se detectaron mayores niveles de proteínas totales en los consumidores de bebidas destiladas frente a los consumidores de cerveza/vino, lo que nos lleva a pensar que un consumo de bebidas destiladas con mayor gradación tiene un efecto negativo sobre las proteínas totales, aunque sin llegar a ser patológico. En relación al nivel de proteínas totales se observó que el 15,7 % de la población se encuentra por encima de los valores de referencia. Sería aconsejable plantear un estudio paralelo relacionando el mismo factor (alcohol) con otras enzimas de importancia en el metabolismo del alcohol como podría ser la alcohol deshidrogenasa. Por último estudiamos como afecta el ejercicio físico en los niveles de creatinina resultando que no existen diferencias significativas en la población estudiada, probablemente debido a que la cantidad de ejercicio realizada por los individuos más activos encuestados no es lo suficientemente destacable como para causar diferencias(AU)

INTRODUCTION: The ingestion of alcohol and exercise may affect the values of the Total Proteins, Creatinine and Enzimas involved in the hepatic metabolism. OBJETIVE: The study of the influence of exercise and the consume of alcohol on the levels of Total Protein, Creatinine and Enzimas involved in a healthy population of students from the University of Granada. METHOD: A research over 71 University of Granada students (56 females and 15 males) has been made, with ages from 18 to 31. A survey on exercise (void, light, moderate and intense), alcohol ingestion ( type: wine/ beer, distilled) and the frecuency of them was made. Blood samples were obtained from the School of Clinic Analysis of the University of Granada and the levels of Total Protein, Creatinine and Enzimas involved in the hepatic metabolism were measured(AU)

CONCLUSION: After the stadistic analysis we are able to assure that there are not significative differencies in the levels of transaminasae on the study itself according to the type of alcohol comsumed, remaining therefore the doubt of the relationship between the amount of alcohol comsumed and significant changes on the levels of the enzimas of the hepatic metabolism studied. On the other hand, we did find significatives differencies ( p + 0.05) between the type of alcohol consumed and the Total Protein levels, specially higher levels of Total Protein level were found in the high degree distilled drinks comsumers, wich leads us to believe that a high degree distilled drinks consume has a negative effect on the Total Protein, without getting to be patologic. According to the Total Protein levels, we observed that the 15,7% of the population is over the reference values. It would be comprehensible to set out a parallel research connecting the same factor (alcohol) with another relevan enzimas of the metabolism of alcohol, such as alcohol deshidrogenasa. Finally we studied how the exercise affects the levels of creatinine, resulting that there are not significative differencies in the population of this research, probably due to the quantity of exercise that the more active population in the survey get to make is not outstanding enough to cause differencies(AU)

Estudio del metabolismo proteico en una población de jóvenes sanos: factores asociados / Results from the application of a quality management system in the community pharmacy

INTRODUCCIÓN: La ingesta de proteína en la población andaluza presenta valores cercanos al 200% de la IR1, pudiendo afectar a la función hepática y renal. En esta situación, los niveles de biomarcadores específicos de la función de dichos órganos se verán alterados pudiendo causar daños a veces irreversibles. OBJETIVOS: En el presente estudio se analizan la frecuencia de ingesta proteica y parámetros relacionados con el metabolismo proteico en una muestra de jóvenes procedentes de la provincia de Granada. METODOLOGÍA: El estudio se ha llevado a cabo con 71 estudiantes sanos (15 hombres y 56 mujeres) de la Universidad de Granada con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 31 años. Se procedió a la extracción de muestras de sangre para la obtención de suero y la posterior determinación de los parámetros bioquímicos de estado nutricional proteico. Se determinaron parámetros antropométricos, como talla, peso e índice de masa corporal. Se efectuó una encuesta de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos de origen proteico. RESULTADOS: los resultados obtenidos muestran una frecuencia de consumo superior a la recomendada en aves del 20,3% para la ternera el 1% y para el cerdo el 6%. Curiosamente se encontró una correlación significativa positiva entre el pulso y la ingesta de ternera. Con respecto a los resultados obtenidos en los niveles de creatinina, urea y ácido úrico se observó que un 13% de la población mostraba niveles de urea superiores a los de referencia. Las determinaciones realizadas en orina mantienen la normalidad en el 100% de los casos. Igualmente se obtuvo correlación significativa negativa entre los niveles de creatinina y ácido úrico con la talla y positiva entre los niveles de urea y la edad(AU)

CONCLUSIÓN: nuestros resultados confirman los datos esperados y referidos por otros autores 2, ya que las ingestas proteicas altas encontradas pueden alterar los valores de referencia en los biomarcadores de daño renal tales como la urea, el ácido úrico y la creatinina. Por tanto seria aconsejable mejorar la formación preventiva de la población sobre las recomendaciones de la ingesta de alimentos proteicos, intentando cambiar hábitos de consumo clásicos frecuentes en la población española(AU)

INTRODUCTION: Protein intake in andalusian population presents values near 200% recommended intake 1, can affect kidney and liver function. In this situation, levels of specific biomarkers of the function of these organs will be altered and can cause irreversible damage sometimes. OBJECTIVES: This study analyzed the frequency of protein intake and parameters related to protein metabolism in a sample of young people from the province of Granada. METHODOLOGY: The study was conducted with 71 healthy students (15 men and 56 women) from the University of Granada, aged between 18 and 31 years. We proceeded to the extraction of blood samples to obtain serum and the subsequent determination of biochemical parameters of protein nutritional status. We determined anthropometric parameters, such as size, weight and body mass index. We made a survey of frequency of consumption of high protein foods. RESULTST: he results show a frequency of consumption higher than recommended in birds of 20.3%, for1% beef and pork in 6%. Interestingly we found a significant positive correlation between pulse and intake of beef. With respect to the results in levels of creatinine, urea and uric acid was observed that 13% of the population showed urea levels higher than reference. Determinations made on urine remains normal in 100% of cases. Equally significant negative correlation was obtained between the levels of creatinine and uric acid with positive size and between the levels of urea and age. CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm the expected data and reported by other authors 2, since high protein intake can alter the values found for reference in the renal damage biomarkers such as urea, uricacid and creatinine. It would therefore be advisable to improve preventive training the population on the recommendations of the intake of protein foods, trying to change traditional habits common in Spanish population(AU)

Metabolismo lipídico y hábitos saludables en un grupo de jóvenes universitarios de la población de Granada / Lipidic metabolism and healthy habits in a group of university students from Granada

INTRODUCCIÓN: En la actualidad la población joven universitaria tiende a tener hábitos poco saludables: consumo de comida rápida con exceso de grasas, tabaco, alcohol, poco ejercicio físico.Todo ello conduce a un mayor riesgo de aparición de enfermedades cardiovasculares. OBJETIVO: Evaluar en una población de jóvenes sanos de la provincia de Granada la relación existente entre los hábitos de consumo de alimentos, tabaco y alcohol y realización de ejercicio físico con algunos parámetros del metabolismo lipídico y el índice de masa corporal. METODOLOGÍA: Se ha realizado un estudio en 71 jóvenes (56 mujeres y 15 hombres) con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 31 años, que voluntariamente acudieron a la Escuela de Análisis Clínicos de la Facultad de Farmacia de la Universidad de Granada y aceptaron la participación en el estudio. Se realizaron extracciones de muestras de sangre que fueron procesadas rápidamente para su posterior análisis. En suero se midieron parámetros relacionados con el metabolismo lipídico como colesterol total, HDL-colesterol, LDL-colesterol y triglicéridos. Se determinaron parámetros antropométricos como peso, talla e índice de masa corporal. Se preguntó por el consumo de tabaco, alcohol y si realizaba algún tipo de ejercicio físico. Por último, se realizó una encuesta nutricional de frecuencia de consumo (número de veces por semana) para un grupo de 28 alimentos de consumo básico en nuestra población mediterránea(AU)

CONCLUSIÓN /DISCUSIÓN: En nuestros resultados, es destacable el consumo diario de aceite de oliva (p <0,001) frente al de otro tipo de grasas como son la mantequilla, la margarina y los embutidos. Además, predomina el consumo de carne de pollo frente a la ternera y el cerdo (p<0,05). De 1-4 veces por semana ingieren pescado en todas sus variedades, azul, blanco y en conserva. Prefieren los derivados lácteos como yogur y queso a la leche. Es destacable el consumo de legumbres así como de frutas y verduras. El 73% de la población de estudio presenta un índice de masa corporal ideal. Además, un 60 % realizan ejercicio físico ligero y no fuman un 62,86%. Respecto al metabolismo lipídico, los análisis realizados revelan que los niveles de colesterol total, HDL y LDL y triglicéridos están dentro de los márgenes normales para su edad y sexo. En conclusión podemos decir que la población de jóvenes de Granada estudiada presenta parámetros de metabolismo lipídico e índice de masa corporal dentro de la normalidad gracias a unos buenos hábitos nutricionales y de salud(AU)

INTRODUCTION: Currently, the young population attending University have a tendency to eat unhealthily: fast food consumption, with fat excess; tobacco, alcohol consumption, not much exercise. All the above lead a bigger risk of cardiovascular diseases. PURPOSE: To evaluate the young healthy population of Granada and the relationship existent between eating habits, tobacco, alcohol use and the realisation of exercising with the parameters of the lipid metabolism and the body mass index. METHODS: This study was taken from a survey of 71 young people (56 women and 15 men) between the ages 18-31 years, who voluntarily attended the Clinical Analysis School of the Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Granada and they accepted to participate in this study. Blood samples were taken for analysis. In serum, several parameters relating with the lipid metabolism were measured out, as well as the total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglicerids. Anthropometrics parameters were determined through weight, height and BMI. Everyone was asked about their tobacco consumption, alcohol habits and if they exercised regularly. Finally, a nutricional test was conducted about the frequency of consumption (times per week) of 28 basic foods consumed in our Mediterranean population. The statistic model which the analysis of our facts were based on was by means of frequence studies and contigency tables, which resulted in a contrast of parameter hypothesis, through the means of the Chi-cuadrado test(AU)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In our results, the daily consumption of olive oil was important (p<0,001) in comparison with other kinds of fats as in butter, margarine and sausages. Moreover, the consumption of chicken meat is greater than that of veal and pig (p <0,005). They eat fish in all its varieties (blue and white fish, and canned) around 1- 4 times per week. They prefer the lacteos from products such as yoghurt and cheese instead of the milk. It emphasizes the consumption of pulses, as well as the fruits and vegetables. 73 % of the population of this study have an ideal body mass index. Also, a 60 % do light physic activity and a 62,86 % don’t smoke. About the lipid metabolism, the analysis realized develop the levels of total cholesterol, HDL and LDL, and triglicerids are inside the normality for these ages and sex. CONCLUSION: The normal parameters obtained for the lipid metabolism and BMI, on the students studied, its produced thanks to a good eating habits and a healthy lifestyle(AU)

Relación hepatosomática y depósito de hierro en hígado durante la instauración de anemia ferropénica nutricional / Hepatosomatic index and iron liver stores during the instauration of nutritional ferropenic anaemia

El hígado es el principal órgano de almacén de hierro en el organismo y juega un papel crucial en la homeostasis de dicho mineral. Los niveles de hierro en se consideran un fiel reflejo del estatus de hierro en el organismo, hecho que nos indujo a determinar la relación hepatosomática y el contenido de hierro en hígado durante la instauración de la anemia ferropénica nutricional inducida experimentalmente en ratas en crecimiento. Los depósitos de hierro estaban profundamente deplecionados, el peso corporal y el peso hepático fue menor en animales anémicos. Como consecuencia, la relación hepatosomática se incrementó en animales ferrodeficientes. Durante la ferrodeficiencia, varios factores reguladores de la hepcidina se alteran, aumenta la demanda eritropoyética por disminución de los parámetros hematológicos, hay un menor aporte de oxígeno a los tejidos y se deplecionan los depósitos corporales, alterándose el metabolismo de hierro, hechos que conducen a una disminución de dicha hormona, lo cual se traducirá en una menor interacción con la ferroportina 1, evitando su internalización y degradación, de manera que aumenta el flujo de salida de hierro ferroso desde los hepatocitos y consecuentemente se reduce su depósito. Por otra parte, la ferrodeficiencia afectó el peso corporal, hecho que se puede atribuir a los menores niveles de hormonas tiroideas encontrados en esta patología. Puesto que hay una clara reducción de la hemoglobina y recuento de hematíes, el suministro de oxígeno a las células se limita considerablemente e incide negativamente en la síntesis de ATP e incremento de peso(AU)

Liver is main storage organ of iron in the organism and plays a crucial role in the homeostasis of this mineral. The levels of iron are considered a routine index of the iron status in the body, fact that encouraged us to asses the hepatosomatic index and the iron content in liver, during iron-deficiency anaemia in growing rats. In rats with iron-deficiency anaemia, iron deposits were deeply depleted, body weight and hepatic weight were lower, moreover the hepatic iron deposits were lower in anaemicrats. During the iron-deficiency, several regulatory factors of the hepcidin are impaired (the erythropoietic demand increase due to the decrease of the haematological parameters, there is a minor supply of oxygen to the tissues and the body stores are depleted, being the iron metabolism altered), facts that leads to a decrease of the above mentioned hormone, which will be translated in a minor interaction with the ferroportin1, avoiding its internalization and degradation, therefore increases the outflow of ferrous iron from the hepatocytes and consistently its storage diminishes in the above mentioned organ. On the other hand, the iron-deficiency impaired the body weight, fact that can be related with the lower levels of thyroid hormones found in this pathology. Moreover, since in iron deficiency situation the haemoglobin and red blood cells count diminish drastically, the supply of oxygen to the cells limits itself considerably, which affects in a negative way to the ATP synthesis andincrease of weight(AU)

Estudio del metabolismo proteico en una población de jóvenes sanos: actores asociados / Study of the protein metabolism in a population of healthy young people: associate factors

La ingesta de proteína en la población andaluza presenta valores cercanos al 200% de la ingesta recomendada, pudiendo afectar a la función hepática y renal. En esta situación, los niveles de biomarcadores específicos de la función de dichos órganos se verán alterados pudiendo causar daños a veces irreversibles. El estudio se ha llevado a cabo con 70 jóvenes sanos (14 hombres y 56 mujeres) de la Universidad de Granada con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 31 años. Se procedió a la extracción de muestras de sangre venosa para la obtención de suero y la posterior determinación de los parámetros bioquímicos de estado nutricional proteico. Se determinaron parámetros antropométricos, como peso talla e índice de masa corporal. Y también se realizó una encuesta de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos de origen proteico. Los resultados obtenidos muestran una frecuencia de consumo superior a la recomendada, del 20,3% para las aves, del 1% para la ternera y del 6% para el cerdo. El 5,6% de la población mostraba niveles séricos de urea superiores a los de referencia. Las determinaciones realizadas en orina mantienen la normalidad en el 100% de los casos. Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio indican que las ingestas proteicas encontradas en la población universitaria estudiada no alteran significativamente los valores de referencia en los biomarcadores de fisiología renal tales como la urea, ácido úrico y creatinina. Por tanto los hábitos de consumo de alimentos proteicos en este grupo de estudio parecen ser los adecuados(AU)

Protein intake in the andalusian population shows values near to 200 % of the recommended dietary intake, being able to affetct the hepatic and renal function. In this situation, the levels of specifics biomarkers of the above mentioned organs will be altered being able to cause irreversible hurts. The study has been carried out in 70 healthy young persons (14 men and 56 women) of the University of Granada by ages understood between 18 and 31 years. Samples of venous blood were extracted to obtain serum and the later determination of the biochemical parameters of nutritional status. Anthhropometrics parameters such as weight and index of corporal mass were determined, and also there was realized a survey of frequency of protein consumption. The results obtained show a frequency of consumption higher to the recommended: 20.3 % for the birds, of 1 % for the veal and of 6 % for the pork. 5.6 % of the population was showing urea serum levels higher to those of reference. The determinations realized in urine are normal in 100 % of the cases. The results obtained in this study indicate that the protein intake found in the studied population do not alter significantly the values of reference in the biomarkers of renal physiology as the urea, uric acid and creatinine.Therefore the habits of consumption of proteic food in this group of study seem to be the suitable ones(AU)

Utilización nutritiva de magnesio durante el desarrollo de la anemia ferropénica nutricional / Nutritive utilization of magnesium during the development of nutritional iron deficiency anaemia

Dada la alta prevalencia de la anemia ferropénica y la diversidad de población a la que afecta es de interés conocer durante el desarrollo de la anemia las repercusiones de la deficiencia de hierro sobre el aprovechamiento nutritivo de otros minerales como el magnesio, para ello se ha determinado la utilización digestiva y metabólica a los 20, 30 y 40 días de suministrar una dieta con bajo contenido en hierro en ratas en crecimiento. La anemia incrementa la utilización nutritiva de magnesio en el día 30 del estudio. En los tres periodos estudiados, la utilización digestiva de magnesio en ratas controles presenta valores similares; en cambio, la relación magnesio retenido respecto al ingerido se eleva significativamente dadas las menores pérdidas urinarias de este mineral hacia el final del estudio. En ratas anémicas, el aprovechamiento digestivo y metabólico de magnesio aumenta en los últimos periodos estudiados debido al incremento del componente pasivo de la absorción de magnesio, ya que en situación de ferrodeficiencia la energía metabólica está disminuida y por tanto el componente activo de la absorción se encuentra reducido considerablemente(AU)

Taking into account the high prevalence of the iron deficiency anemia and the diversity of population affected, it is of great interest to know the repercussions of the iron deficiency during the development of the pathology on the nutritive utilization of other minerals such as magnesium, therefore we decided to study the digestive and metabolic utilization to 20, 30 and 40 days of supplying a diet with low content in iron in growing rats. The anemia increases the nutritive utilization of magnesium in the day 30 of the study. In the three studied periods, the digestive utilization of magnesium in control rats shows similar values; on the other hand, the relation magnesium retained with regard to the intake rises significantly because of the lower urinary losses of this mineral towards the end of the study. In anaemic rats, the digestive and metabolic utilization of magnesium increases in the last periods studied due to the increase of the passive component of the absorption of this mineral, since in situation of Fe-deficiency the metabolic energy is diminished and therefore the active component of the absorption is reduced considerably(AU)

La grabación en video es una herramienta que mejora la práctica docente / The visualization on video it is a good tool to improve the educational practice

Los profesores de Universidad en muchas ocasiones comienzan su carrera docente sin tener una preparación adecuada para el desarrollo de su profesión. Se tienen que enfrentar a un alumnado numeroso y diverso en conocimientos. Utilizan unas técnicas docentes que casi siempre son las que han visto en sus propios profesores y están perdidos en un mundo nuevo que se les puede hacer muy difícil sino reciben ayuda. En este sentido, la Universidad de Granada puso hace dos años en marcha un proceso de mentorización de profesores que se iniciaban en la docencia por profesores veteranos que ya tenían al menos 20 años de experiencia docente. Una de las técnicas para la mejora de la práctica docente es la grabación en video de clases impartidas por los profesores principiantes. Durante el curso académico se graban clases en varias ocasiones dejando un plazo mínimo de un mes entre cada una. Los videos los visualizan por separado, profesores noveles y mentores, para hacer una crítica que después ponen en común en la observación conjunta. Se responde a unos cuestionarios que repasan los aspectos posturales, de lenguaje, de metodología, de evaluación, de integración, de respuesta etc. Los resultados evaluados por los profesores principiantes y mentores se comentan para obtener unas conclusiones y así actuar para corregir los fallos detectados. Por la experiencia que hemos tenido la visualización en video es una buena herramienta para mejorar la práctica docente(AU)

The University teachers in many occasions begin their educational career without having a preparation adapted for the development of their profession. They have to face to numerous students with diverse previous knowledge. The University teachers use educational technologies that almost always are those that they have seen in their own teachers and are lost in a new world that can make them very difficult if they do not receive help.In this sense, the University of Granada started two years ago a process of tutoring of new teachers who were introduced in teaching by veteran teachers who already had at least 20 years of educational experience. One of the technologies for the improvement of the educational practice is the video recording of classes given by the teacher beginners. During the academic year, classes are recorded in several occasions leaving a minimal time of one month between each other. The videos were visualized separately by new and senior teachers, to do a critique that later they discussed in a joint observation. It was answered also to a few questionnaires that revise the postural aspects, language, methodology, evaluation, integration, response, etc. The results evaluated by beginners and veteransare commented to obtain a few conclusions used to correct detected failures. For the experience that we have had, the visualization on video it is a good tool to improve the educational practice(AU)

Goat milk feeding causes an increase in biliary secretion of cholesterol and a decrease in plasma cholesterol levels in rats.

The hypocholesterolemic effect of goat milk with respect to cow milk observed in a previous study led us to examine the influence of goat and cow milk in the diet on certain aspects of biliary physiology in normal rats. The fat content in all diets was 10% but the lipid quality was varied: the standard diet was based on virgin olive oil, and the other 2 diets included fat obtained from lyophilized cow milk and goat milk. We characterized the bile secretion, including biliary phospholipid, cholesterol, and bile acid outputs, the interrelation between bile acids and bile lipids, and the lithogenic index. The consumption of goat milk in the diet, compared with that of cow milk, caused an increase in the biliary secretion of cholesterol together with a decrease in plasma cholesterol concentration, whereas values for bile phospholipids, biliary acid concentrations, and the lithogenic index remained normal. Moreover, consumption of this type of milk decreased plasma triglyceride concentration and therefore had a positive effect, similar to that of olive oil (standard diet), on the lipid metabolism; hence, it may be recommended for consumption by the general population.

Beneficial effect of goat milk on bioavailability of copper, zinc and selenium in rats.

We studied the effects of dietary inclusion of freeze-dried goat and cow milk on the utilization of copper, zinc and selenium, and on the metabolic fate of copper and zinc, in rats using a standard (non-milk) control diet recommended by the American Institute of Nutrition and diets based on goat or cow milk. For animals given the goat milk diet, the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of copper is similar to that obtained with the standard diet and higher than that in animals given the cow milk diet. The copper balance was higher among the rats given the goat milk and the standard diets than among those given cow milk. The ADC and retention of zinc and selenium were higher for the goat milk diet than for the other two diets. The copper content in the kidneys and in the femur was greater when the animals consumed a goat milk diet than a cow milk diet. Zn deposits in femur, testes, liver, kidney, heart and longissimus dorsi muscle were greatest with the goat-milk diet, followed by the standard diet and were lowest for the rats given cow-milk diet. This study shows that the goat-milk has an important and beneficial effect on the bioavailability of copper, zinc and selenium.

Study of nutritive utilization of protein and magnesium in rats with resection of the distal small intestine. Beneficial effect of goat milk.

The search for diets to improve the nutritive utilization of protein and magnesium in malabsorption syndrome led us to study goat milk, because of its particular nutritional characteristics, and to compare it with cow milk, which is most commonly consumed. We studied the nutritive utilization of protein and magnesium in transected rats (control) and in rats with resection of 50% of the distal small intestine. The diets used were the standard diet recommended by the American Institute of Nutrition and diets based on lyophilized goat or cow milk. The consumption of goat milk produces better protein efficiency ratio and food conversion efficiency values, particularly in rats with intestinal resection, together with a higher nutritive utilization of protein. Magnesium apparent digestibility coefficient is not modified by intestinal resection in rats fed with goat milk-based diet, on the contrary to the standard and cow milk diets. Magnesium apparent digestibility coefficient is greater for the goat milk group, which is reflected in the greater quantity of this mineral stored in bone. These results demonstrate the beneficial effect of goat milk on the nutritive utilization of protein and on magnesium bioavailability, especially in animals with resection of the distal small intestine.

Beneficial effect of goat milk on nutritive utilization of iron and copper in malabsorption syndrome.

The search for diets that improve the digestive and metabolic use of iron and copper in malabsorption syndrome led us to study goat milk for particular nutritional characteristics and compare it with cow milk, which is usually supplied. We studied the metabolism of iron and copper in transected rats (control) and in resected rats (resection of 50% of the distal small intestine). The diets used were the standard diet recommended by the American Institute of Nutrition and diets based on goat or cow milk. Intestinal resection reduced the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of iron in the three diets tested. In the transected and resected rats, the ADC of iron was highest with the goat milk diet, followed by the standard diet and lowest with the cow milk diet. The ADC of copper was not affected by intestinal resection in the animals fed the goat milk diet, and was higher than that in the two groups of animals fed the other diets. Intestinal resection reduced the ADC of copper with the standard diet and the cow milk diet. When both groups of animals were fed the goat milk diet, the deposit of iron in the organs was greater than with those fed the cow milk diet and similar to that in those animals given the standard diet. The copper content in the kidneys was lower in the resected than in the transected animals, except in the case of those fed the goat milk diet, in which it was similar to that of the control (transected) rats. This study shows the beneficial effect of goat milk, with respect to cow milk, on the metabolism of iron and copper in control rats, especially those with malabsorption syndrome.