Assessment of isolated glenohumeral range of motion in patients with adhesive capsulitis can help predict failure of conservative treatment: a pilot study.

PURPOSE: To prospectively evaluate a cohort of patients with adhesive capsulitis and identify predictors of failure of conservative treatment in the first 2 months of therapy. METHODS: This was a single-cohort, prospective observational study that included 20 participants (13 females/7 males; median age of 51.8 years [interquartile range: 8.65]) with primary adhesive capsulitis managed conservatively and evaluated clinically every month for at least 2 years of follow-up (29 [5] months). The evaluation included stage of the disease, treatment applied, radiological findings, pain levels and range of motion (active and passive ROM in the four planes and isolated glenohumeral passive ROM in abduction [GH-ABD], external rotation [GH-ER] and internal rotation). The main outcome assessed was failure of conservative treatment defined as the need for surgery and persistent pain or CMS below 70 points at the 1-year follow-up. RESULTS: Seven patients (7/20, 35%) were considered to have failed conservative treatment because they required arthroscopic capsular release 5.2 (2.1) months after the initial diagnosis. Of all the clinical and epidemiological variables, absence of improvement during the first 2 months in isolated glenohumeral ROM abduction and external rotation predicted failure of conservative treatment: improvement in GH-ABD (10° or more) occurred in 10/13 patients in the conservative treatment group and in 1/7 patients in the surgery group (p = 0.017). Improvement in GH-ER (10° or more) occurred in 9/13 patients in the conservative treatment group and in 0/7 patients in the surgery group (p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Precise assessment of isolated glenohumeral ROM in patients with adhesive capsulitis can help identify patients in which conservative treatment might fail. In this study, patients who did not experience early improvements in isolated glenohumeral ROM often required surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III (Prospective cohort study).

Evaluation of the inter and intraobserver reproducibility of the GRASP method: a goniometric method to measure the isolated glenohumeral range of motion in the shoulder joint.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the intra and interobserver reproducibility of a new goniometric method for evaluating the isolated passive range of motion of the glenohumeral joint in an outpatient setting. METHODS: This is a prospective observational study on healthy subjects. The Glenohumeral ROM Assessment with Scapular Pinch (GRASP) method is a new method for assessing the isolated range of motion (ROM) of the glenohumeral joint (GH) by a single examiner with a clinical goniometer. It measures the isolated glenohumeral passive abduction (GH-AB), passive external rotation (GH-ER) and internal rotation (GH-IR) with the arm at 45º of abduction. These three GH ROM parameters were measured in both shoulders of 30 healthy volunteers (15 males/15 females, mean age:41.6[SD = 10.3] years). The full shoulder passive abduction, passive external rotation and internal rotation 45º of abduction were measured by the same examiners with a goniometer for comparison. One examiner made two evaluations and a second examiner made a third one. The primary outcome was the intra- and interobserver reproducibility of the measurements assessed with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and the Bland-Altman plot. RESULTS: The intra-observer ICC for isolated glenohumeral ROM were: 0.84 ± 0.07 for GH-ABD, 0.63 ± 0.09 for GH-ER, and 0.61 ± 0.14 for GH-IR. The inter-observer ICC for isolated glenohumeral ROM were: 0.86 ± 0.06 for GH-ABD, 0.68 ± 0.12 for GH-ER, and 0.62 ± 0.14 for GH-IR. These results were similar to those obtained for full shoulder ROM assessment with a goniometer. CONCLUSION: The GRASP method is reproducible for quick assessment of isolated glenohumeral ROM. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Evolution of C-reactive protein values in the first month after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: reference values.

PURPOSE: C-reactive protein (CRP) is often used as an infection marker in orthopaedic patients and in particular after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery. The aim of this study is to obtain the reference values of CRP during the first month after an ACL reconstruction and to analyse the epidemiological and surgical parameters that affect these values. METHODS: One hundred and twenty ACL reconstructions were included. A CRP determination was performed preoperatively and 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after surgery. CRP values under 5 mg/l were considered to be normal. RESULTS: One patient developed a septic arthritis in the second week postoperatively and was excluded. One hundred and seventeen patients [93 males and 24 females; mean age (standard deviation) 31.6 years (7.6)] underwent 119 ACL reconstructions with different techniques and grafts. Preoperative CRP (n = 119) was 1.80 mg/ml (2.6). Mean values at 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days were, respectively, 8.5 mg/ml (11.6), 10.5 mg/ml (17.0), 4.5 mg/ml (3.43), 4.4 mg/ml (7.59) and 3.4 mg/ml (3.03). Multivariate analysis showed that males had postoperative CRP levels 1.7 higher than females (p < 0.0001; 95 % CI 1.8-2.5); the patients operated by less experienced surgeons had levels 2.5 times higher than those operated by a highly experienced surgeons (p = 0.007; 95 % CI 1.2-3.4) and that if microfracture of a chondral lesion was associated, the levels increased 1.9 times (p = 0.021; 95 % CI 1.1-3.4). CONCLUSIONS: There are significant variations in CRP levels after ACL reconstruction in half of patients without infectious complications. Males, patients operated by less experienced surgeons and those with chondral lesions treated with microfracture had increased postoperative CRP levels. CRP values up to five times the normal limit are common in the month after an ACL reconstruction and are not necessarily associated with infection, especially in these groups.