A propensity score-matched case-control study of laparoscopy and laparotomy for endometrial cancer.

OBJECTIVE: A surgery is essential for the management of early endometrial carcinoma. Due to the comorbidities associated with the disease, the complications of surgery are common. Laparoscopic surgery may reduce surgical complications but also have oncological risks. We aimed to compare recurrence and overall survival (OS) associated with laparoscopy and laparotomy for early endometrial cancer. METHODS: We included women treated for presumed early endometrial carcinoma at the Clinics Hospital of Ribeirão Preto Medical School from January 1998 to December 2017. We designed a 1:2 propensity score-matched case-control and compared the patients' characteristics, short-term outcomes, recurrence, and OS. RESULTS: A total of 252 women were included in this study, 168 underwent laparotomy, and 84 underwent laparoscopy. The two groups were well balanced according to most of the variables, and obesity was a characteristic of patients in both groups. Laparoscopy was associated with increased surgical time (194.7 min vesus 165.6 min; p<0.001) and reduced rate of surgical complications (6.5% versus 0; p=0.038). Laparoscopic surgery was not associated with the risk of tumor recurrence (HR: 0.41, 95%CI 0.14-1.19, p=0.100) or all-cause mortality (HR: 0.49, 95%CI 0.18-1.35, p=0.170). CONCLUSION: Laparoscopy was safe in terms of oncological outcomes and was associated with a lower rate of surgical complications. Our data support the use of minimally invasive surgery as the preferential approach in the management of early endometrial carcinoma.

Prognostic factors for response to chemotherapy in advanced tumors of the uterine cervix: the role of neoangiogenesis. / Fatores prognósticos de resposta à quimioterapia em tumores avançados do colo uterino: o papel da neoangiogênese.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), its receptor (VEGFR-2), age and histological type of advanced cervical carcinomas with respect to the clinical response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS: we studied 40 patients with cervical carcinoma (IB2 and IVA) diagnosed by biopsies prior to treatment. All patients underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy and evaluation for clinical response and expression of VEGF. We considered a tumor regression greater than 50% as a good clinical response. RESULTS: eighteen patients (45%) had good response to chemotherapy, and 22 (55%), poor response. VEGF expression was positive in 16 patients and negative in 24. When analyzed separately for response to chemotherapy, only the positive expression of VEGF was associated with good clinical response (p=0.0157). CONCLUSION: VEGF expression alone was an important marker of good response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with advanced carcinoma of the cervix.

OBJETIVO: analisar a expressão do Fator de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular (VEGF), seu receptor (VEGFR-2), idade e tipo histológico de carcinomas avançados de colo uterino com relação à resposta clínica à quimioterapia neoadjuvante. MÉTODOS: foram incluídas 40 pacientes com diagnóstico de carcinoma de colo uterino (IB2 e IVA), com biópsias prévias ao tratamento. Todas as pacientes foram submetidas à quimioterapia neoadjuvante e avaliadas quanto à resposta clínica e à expressão do VEGF. Considerou-se boa resposta clínica uma regressão tumoral total ou maior do que 50%. RESULTADOS: em relação à resposta à quimioterapia, 18 pacientes (45%) apresentaram boa resposta e 22 (55%), má resposta. Quanto à expressão do VEGF, em 16 pacientes foi considerada positiva e em 24, negativa. Quando os casos foram analisados separadamente em relação à resposta à quimioterapia, somente a expressão positiva de VEGF foi associada à boa resposta clínica (p=0,0157). CONCLUSÃO: a expressão de VEGF mostrou ser isoladamente, um importante marcador de boa resposta ao tratamento quimioterápico neoadjuvante das pacientes com carcinoma avançado de colo uterino.

Weight Gain during Systemic Oncologic Therapy for Breast Cancer: Changes in Food Intake and Physical Activity / Ganho Ponderal durante o Tratamento Oncológico Sistêmico para Câncer de Mama: Mudanças na Ingestão Alimentar e na Atividade Física / Aumento de Peso durante el Tratamiento Oncológico Sistémico para Cáncer de Mama: Cambios en la Ingestión de Alimentos y Actividad Física

Introduction: Weight gain frequently occurs during treatment for breast cancer. Objective: To evaluate changes in dietary intake and physical activity in the weight evolution of women on systemic oncologic treatment for breast cancer. Method: The prospective and comparative study included 89 women submitted to systemic oncologic treatment for breast cancer, grouped according to the occurrence of weight gain in relation to body weight documented before beginning treatment. Patients were classified as 1) Group with weight gain (those with an increase in body weight greater than or equal to 2% over pre-treatment weight); 2) Group without weight gain (those who maintained or lost weight during treatment). We calculated body mass index (BMI) of patients and analyzed their body composition by bioelectrical impedance (BIA). Changes in food intake, gastrointestinal symptoms, and physical activity level, as well as reductions in muscle and fat mass, were documented. Results:Tumor staging (p=0.24), use of antineoplastic drugs (p=0.23) and intention of treatment (p=0.61) were no different between the weight gain group (n=36) and no weight gain group (n=53). No difference was found in anthropometric and BIA data between the groups during oncologic treatment. Frequency of gastrointestinal symptoms was not different between the groups. However, increased food intake and bed rest, and a decrease in physical activity level were more frequent among women who gained weight during therapy. Conclusions: Weight gain in women undergoing systemic oncologic therapy for breast cancer may be, at least in part, caused by higher energy intake and lower physical activity.

Introdução: O ganho ponderal ocorre com frequência durante o tratamento oncológico para o câncer de mama. Objetivo: Avaliar as mudanças da ingestão alimentar e da atividade física na evolução ponderal de mulheres sob tratamento oncológico sistêmico para câncer de mama. Método: Estudo prospectivo e comparativo que incluiu 89 mulheres submetidas a tratamento oncológico sistêmico para neoplasia mamária, agrupadas de acordo com a ocorrência de aumento ponderal em relação ao peso corporal documentado antes do início do tratamento. As pacientes foram classificadas em 1) Grupo com ganho ponderal (aumento ≥2% em relação ao peso pré-tratamento); 2) Grupo sem ganho ponderal (ganho ou manutenção do peso durante o tratamento). O índice de massa corporal foi calculado e a composição corporal foi determinada por impedância bioelétrica. Foram documentadas mudanças na ingestão de alimentos e no padrão de atividade física, queixas digestivas e alterações da massa corporal muscular e adiposa. Resultados: Os grupos com ganho ponderal (n=36) e sem ganho ponderal (n=53) foram semelhantes quanto ao estadiamento tumoral (p=0,24), emprego das classes de drogas antineoplásicas (p=0,23) e modalidade de tratamento oncológico (p=0,61). Durante o tratamento oncológico sistêmico, a composição corporal foi semelhante entre os grupos de estudo. Comparadas com o grupo sem ganho de peso, houve maior proporção de aumento na ingestão alimentar e de restrição na atividade física entre as mulheres que ganharam peso. Conclusão: O ganho ponderal em mulheres com neoplasia mamária em tratamento oncológico sistêmico pode ser atribuído à maior ingestão energética e à redução na atividade física.

Introducción: El aumento de peso es frecuente durante el tratamiento oncológico para el cáncer de mama. Objetivo: Evaluar los cambios de la ingesta alimentaria y de la actividad física en la evolución ponderal de las mujeres en tratamiento oncológico sistémico para el cáncer de mama. Método: El estudio prospectivo y comparativo incluyó 89 mujeres sometidas a tratamiento sistémico oncológico por neoplasia mamaria, agrupadas de acuerdo con la ocurrencia de aumento ponderal en relación al peso corporal al início del tratamiento. Las pacientes fueron clasificadas en 1) Grupo con ganancia ponderal (≥2% en relación al peso pretratamiento); 2) Grupo sin ganancia ponderal (mantenimiento o pérdida de peso durante el tratamiento). El índice de masa corporal fue calculado y la composición corporal fue determinada por impedancia bioeléctrica. Fueron documentadas las variaciones en la ingestión de alimentos y el patrón de actividad física, quejas digestivas y redución en la masa corporal. Resultados: Los grupos con ganancia ponderal (n=36) y sin ganancia ponderal (n=53) fueron semejantes cuanto a estadificación tumoral (p=0,24), empleo de medicamentos antineoplásicos (p=0,23) y modalidad del tratamiento oncológico (p=0,61). Durante el tratamiento oncológico, la composición corporal fue semejante entre los grupos de estudio. Comparados con el grupo sin aumento de peso, se observó aumento en la ingestión de alimentos y restricción en la actividad física entre las mujeres que ganaron peso. Conclusión: El aumento de peso en mujeres sometidas a tratamiento oncológico para cáncer de mama, puede ser atribuido a mayor ingestión energética y reducción de actividad física.

Fatores prognósticos de resposta à quimioterapia em tumores avançados do colo uterino: o papel da neoangiogênese / Prognostic factors for response to chemotherapy in advanced tumors of the uterine cervix: the role of neoangiogenesis

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a expressão do Fator de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular (VEGF), seu receptor (VEGFR-2), idade e tipo histológico de carcinomas avançados de colo uterino com relação à resposta clínica à quimioterapia neoadjuvante. Métodos: foram incluídas 40 pacientes com diagnóstico de carcinoma de colo uterino (IB2 e IVA), com biópsias prévias ao tratamento. Todas as pacientes foram submetidas à quimioterapia neoadjuvante e avaliadas quanto à resposta clínica e à expressão do VEGF. Considerou-se boa resposta clínica uma regressão tumoral total ou maior do que 50%. Resultados: em relação à resposta à quimioterapia, 18 pacientes (45%) apresentaram boa resposta e 22 (55%), má resposta. Quanto à expressão do VEGF, em 16 pacientes foi considerada positiva e em 24, negativa. Quando os casos foram analisados separadamente em relação à resposta à quimioterapia, somente a expressão positiva de VEGF foi associada à boa resposta clínica (p=0,0157). Conclusão: a expressão de VEGF mostrou ser isoladamente, um importante marcador de boa resposta ao tratamento quimioterápico neoadjuvante das pacientes com carcinoma avançado de colo uterino.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), its receptor (VEGFR-2), age and histological type of advanced cervical carcinomas with respect to the clinical response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Methods: we studied 40 patients with cervical carcinoma (IB2 and IVA) diagnosed by biopsies prior to treatment. All patients underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy and evaluation for clinical response and expression of VEGF. We considered a tumor regression greater than 50% as a good clinical response. Results: eighteen patients (45%) had good response to chemotherapy, and 22 (55%), poor response. VEGF expression was positive in 16 patients and negative in 24. When analyzed separately for response to chemotherapy, only the positive expression of VEGF was associated with good clinical response (p=0.0157). Conclusion: VEGF expression alone was an important marker of good response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with advanced carcinoma of the cervix.

Cervical cancer: what's new? / Câncer de colo do útero: o que há de novo?

SUMMARY Cervical cancer is the most common gynecological cancer in Brazil. Among women, it is the second most frequent, second only to breast cancer. It is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the country, with estimated 15,590 new cases (2014) and 5,430 deaths (2013). In order to update information to improve outcomes, reduce morbidity and optimize the treatment of this cancer, this article will address the advancement of knowledge on cervical cancer. The topics covered include the role of surgery in different stages, treatment of locally advanced carcinomas, fertility preservation, the role of the sentinel lymph node technique, indications and techniques of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and some special situations.

RESUMO O câncer de colo uterino é o câncer ginecológico mais frequente em nosso meio. Entre as mulheres, é o segundo mais frequente, atrás apenas do câncer de mama. É a quarta causa de morte por câncer no Brasil, com estimativa de 15.590 casos novos (2014) e com 5.430 mortes (2013). No intuito de atualizar informações para a melhora do prognóstico, redução da morbidade e otimização do tratamento dessa neoplasia, serão abordados neste artigo os avanços nos conhecimentos sobre o câncer cervical. Entre os temas apresentados, estão o papel da cirurgia nos diferentes estádios, o tratamento dos carcinomas localmente avançados, a preservação da fertilidade, o papel da técnica do linfonodo sentinela, indicações e técnicas da radio e quimioterapia, além de situações especiais.

Cervical cancer: what's new?

Cervical cancer is the most common gynecological cancer in Brazil. Among women, it is the second most frequent, second only to breast cancer. It is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the country, with estimated 15,590 new cases (2014) and 5,430 deaths (2013). In order to update information to improve outcomes, reduce morbidity and optimize the treatment of this cancer, this article will address the advancement of knowledge on cervical cancer. The topics covered include the role of surgery in different stages, treatment of locally advanced carcinomas, fertility preservation, the role of the sentinel lymph node technique, indications and techniques of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and some special situations.

Oral health after breast cancer treatment in postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE: Oral health can affect a patient's general health and quality of life. Given the increase in breast cancer survival rates, investigations of factors influencing the quality of life of survivors have gained importance. Therefore, the objective of our study was to characterize oral health in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors. METHODS: We conducted a matched case-control study. Forty-eight women who survived breast cancer (age 62.1±9.1 years) and 48 healthy controls (age 61.8±8.6 years) were included. For each case and control, a complete oral evaluation chart was completed. RESULTS: The prevalence of chronic periodontal disease was 98% in breast cancer survivors and 87% in controls. The breast cancer survivors had a median of 16 remaining teeth, whereas controls had a median of 22 remaining teeth (p = 0.03). The percentage of sites with gingival bleeding was 16.05% (0-100%) in breast cancer survivors and 0% (0-72%) in controls (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Chronic periodontal disease and tooth loss were highly prevalent in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors. To improve survivors' quality of life, a preventive oral health evaluation should be available prior to cancer treatment.

Volume of breast tissue excised during breast-conserving surgery in patients undergoing preoperative systemic therapy / Volume de ressecção cirúrgica no tratamento conservador do câncer de mama em pacientes submetidas a tratamento neoadjuvante

PURPOSE: We aimed to determine whether clinical examination could adequately ascertain the volume of tissue to be resected during breast-conserving surgery after neoadjuvant therapy. METHODS: We reviewed the clinical reports of 279 patients with histologically diagnosed invasive breast carcinomas treated with neoadjuvant therapy followed by surgery or with primary surgery alone. We estimated volumes of excised tissues, the volume of the tumor mass and the optimal volume required for excision based on 1 cm of clear margins. The actual excess of resected volume was estimated by calculating the resection ratio measured as the volume of the resected specimen divided by the optimal specimen volume. The study endpoints were to analyze the extent of tissue resection and to ascertain the effect of excess resected tissue on surgical margins in both groups of patients. RESULTS: The median tumor diameter was 2.0 and 1.5 cm in the surgery and neoadjuvant therapy groups, respectively. The median volume of resected mammary tissue was 64.3 cm³ in the primary surgery group and 90.7 cm³ in the neoadjuvant therapy group. The median resection ratios in the primary surgery and neoadjuvant therapy groups were 2.0 and 3.3, respectively (p<0.0001). Surgical margin data were similar in both groups. Comparison of the volume of resected mammary tissues with the tumor diameters showed a positive correlation in the primary surgery group and no correlation in the neoadjuvant therapy group. CONCLUSION: Surgeons tend to excise large volumes of tissue during breast-conserving surgery after neoadjuvant therapy, thereby resulting in a loss of the correlation between tumor diameter and volume of the excised specimen.

OBJETIVO: Foi determinar se a avaliação clínica é adequada na determinação do volume a ser ressecado em cirurgias conservadoras de mama após tratamento neoadjuvante. MÉTODOS: Avaliamos 279 pacientes com diagnóstico histológico de carcinoma invasor de mama submetidas à terapia neoadjuvante seguida de tratamento cirúrgico ou tratadas com cirurgia primária. O volume de tecido excisado, o volume da massa tumoral e o volume ótimo para a excissão cirúrgica baseado em uma margem de 1 cm foram calculados. O excesso de volume excisado foi estimado pelo cálculo da taxa de ressecção determinada pelo volume de tecido excisado dividido pelo volume ótimo para a excisão cirúrgica. Analisamos a extensão da ressecção cirúrgica e o efeito do exesso de tecido ressecado na obtenção de margens cirúrgicas. RESULTADOS: A mediana do diâmetro tumoral foi de 2,0 e 1,5 cm nos grupos de cirurgia primária e terapia neoadjuvante, respectivamente. A mediana do volume de tecido mamário ressecado foi de 64,3 cm³ no grupo de cirurgia primária e de 90,7 cm³ no grupo de tratamento neoadjuvante. A taxa mediana de ressecção nos grupos de cirurgia primária e terapia neoadjuvante foram 2,0 e 3,3 respectivamente (p<0,0001). Os dados relacionados à margem cirúrgica foram similares em ambos os grupos. A comparação do volume de tecido ressecado mostrou correlação positiva no grupo de cirurgia primária, porém não no grupo de tratamento neoadjuvante. CONCLUSÃO: Existe uma tendência dos cirurgiões a removerem maior quantidade de tecido mamário durante cirurgias conservadoras de mama de pacientes que foram submetidas à tratamento neoadjuvante, resultando na perda da correlação entre o diâmetro tumoral e o volume do espécime excisado.

Mouse renal 4T1 cell engraftment as a model to study the influence of hypoxia in breast cancer progression.

PURPOSE: To develop a mouse model to study the influence of hypoxia in breast cancer progression and metastasis. METHODS: The 4T1 cell line was used to engraft the kidneys of female BALB/c mice. Placing an aneurysm clip on the kidney hilum, hypoxia can be directed to tumor site. Histological evaluation was used to analyze the morphological changes induced by ischemia in kidney cortex, and to verify the metastatic potential. RESULTS: 4T1 cells can be engrafted into the renal cortex and the renal ischemia caused by using a clip to clamp the renal hilum induces hypoxia at the tumor site. This procedure maintains the ability of 4T1 cells to metastasize. In fact, our preliminary results showed that tumor hypoxia precipitates the metastatic dissemination of tumor cells. After 14 days of engraftment, lung metastases were observed only in mice that were subjected to tumor hypoxia. CONCLUSION: This model can help us to understand how low oxygen tension mediates hypoxia-induced proteomic and genomic changes in breast cancer.

Mouse renal 4T1 cell engraftment as a model to study the influence of hypoxia in breast cancer progression

PURPOSE: To develop a mouse model to study the influence of hypoxia in breast cancer progression and metastasis. METHODS: The 4T1 cell line was used to engraft the kidneys of female BALB/c mice. Placing an aneurysm clip on the kidney hilum, hypoxia can be directed to tumor site. Histological evaluation was used to analyze the morphological changes induced by ischemia in kidney cortex, and to verify the metastatic potential. RESULTS: 4T1 cells can be engrafted into the renal cortex and the renal ischemia caused by using a clip to clamp the renal hilum induces hypoxia at the tumor site. This procedure maintains the ability of 4T1 cells to metastasize. In fact, our preliminary results showed that tumor hypoxia precipitates the metastatic dissemination of tumor cells. After 14 days of engraftment, lung metastases were observed only in mice that were subjected to tumor hypoxia. CONCLUSION: This model can help us to understand how low oxygen tension mediates hypoxia-induced proteomic and genomic changes in breast cancer.

Tumor neuroendócrino primário de mama: relato de três casos e revisão de literatura / Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast: case report and literature review

Os tumores neuroendócrinos primários de mama (TNPMs) são incomuns e não há consenso quanto a tratamento e prognóstico. No presente trabalho, foram revisados os diagnósticos de 1.184 pacientes com câncer de mama atendidos no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMRP/USP), identificando três casos que preenchiam os critérios de TNPM, segundo classificação estabelecida pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) em 2003. Foram avaliados os achados clinicopatológicos e imuno-histoquímicos e as terapias realizadas, buscando caracterizar os padrões histopatológicos e de comportamento distintos dos carcinomas convencionais de mama.

Primary neuroendocrine breast carcinomas (NECs) are uncommon. Moreover, there is no consensus as to its treatment and prognosis. In this study, the diagnoses of 1,184 cases of breast cancer treated at Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto/Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMRP/USP) were reviewed. Three among them fulfilled the criteria for primary NEC according to the classification established by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2003. Clinicopathological, immunohistochemical features and treatments were assessed in order to characterize histopathological and distinct patterns of conventional breast carcinomas.

Expression of Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α and vascular endothelial growth factor-C in locally advanced breast cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Locally advanced breast cancers are more prevalent in underdeveloped countries. Targeted therapy has been improved to identify hallmarks that are specific to these subtypes of tumors. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to prospectively assess the expression of Hypoxia inducible factor-1 α and vascular endothelial growth factor-C in locally advanced breast cancer patients. METHODS: Thirty women underwent incisional biopsies for the histopathological diagnosis of breast carcinoma and participated in neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The association of Hypoxia inducible factor-1 α and vascular endothelial growth factor-C with age, tumor size, histological grade, clinical staging, hormonal and axillary status, clinical and pathological response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors, and the presence of c-erbB-2 antigen was studied. RESULTS: Hypoxia inducible factor-1 α expression and Vascular endothelial growth factor-C expression were observed in 66.7% and 63.3% of all patients, respectively, and were marginally associated with each other (p = 0.06). Among the studied variables, only positive axillary status was associated with the presence of HIF-1α (p = 0.02). Complete pathological response was significantly associated (p = 0.04) with the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-C prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: We concluded that Hypoxia inducible factor-1 α was associated with a poor prognosis and that vascular endothelial growth factor-C could be used as a predictive factor in locally advanced breast cancer patients with complete pathological response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Breast ultrasound diagnostic performance and outcomes for mass lesions using Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System category 0 mammogram.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcomes and diagnostic performance of ultrasonography after a Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (Bi-RADS) category 0 mammogram. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective study reviewed 4,384 consecutive patients who underwent a screening mammography from January 2005 to July 2006; 391 of the 4,384 exams were classified as Bi-RADS category 0. After exclusions, 241 patients received subsequent sonogram. Ultrasonography was considered diagnostic when the Bi-RADS category was changed to 2, 4, or 5, and it was considered indeterminate (Bi-RADS 3) when the results indicated that the patients should return for a mammographic follow-up. The outcomes of these patients were assessed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of ultrasonography. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 53.3 years (ranging from 35 to 81). Of the 241 patients, ultrasonography was considered diagnostic in 146 (60.6%) patients and indeterminate in 95 (39.4%) patients. In the diagnostic group, 111 out of 146 patients (70.2%) had a sonogram result of Bi-RADS category 2 after a 2-year follow-up without evidence of malignancy. Furthermore, 35 out of 146 patients (29.8%) had a suspicious sonogram with a result of Bi-RADS category 4. After a tissue sampling procedure, 10 patients were confirmed to have breast cancer, and 25 had benign histopathological features without any evidence of malignancy after a 2-year follow-up. The sensitivity of ultrasonography was 100%, specificity was 89.1%, and overall accuracy was 89.6%. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the degree of resolution and its diagnostic performance, ultrasonography was determined to be an excellent method for the subsequent evaluation of Bi-RADS 0 mammograms.

Breast ultrasound diagnostic performance and outcomes for mass lesions using Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System category 0 mammogram

PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcomes and diagnostic performance of ultrasonography after a Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (Bi-RADS) category 0 mammogram. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective study reviewed 4,384 consecutive patients who underwent a screening mammography from January 2005 to July 2006; 391 of the 4,384 exams were classified as Bi-RADS category 0. After exclusions, 241 patients received subsequent sonogram. Ultrasonography was considered diagnostic when the Bi-RADS category was changed to 2, 4, or 5, and it was considered indeterminate (Bi-RADS 3) when the results indicated that the patients should return for a mammographic follow-up. The outcomes of these patients were assessed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of ultrasonography. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 53.3 years (ranging from 35 to 81). Of the 241 patients, ultrasonography was considered diagnostic in 146 (60.6 percent) patients and indeterminate in 95 (39.4 percent) patients. In the diagnostic group, 111 out of 146 patients (70.2 percent) had a sonogram result of Bi-RADS category 2 after a 2-year follow-up without evidence of malignancy. Furthermore, 35 out of 146 patients (29.8 percent) had a suspicious sonogram with a result of Bi-RADS category 4. After a tissue sampling procedure, 10 patients were confirmed to have breast cancer, and 25 had benign histopathological features without any evidence of malignancy after a 2-year follow-up. The sensitivity of ultrasonography was 100 percent, specificity was 89.1 percent, and overall accuracy was 89.6 percent. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the degree of resolution and its diagnostic performance, ultrasonography was determined to be an excellent method for the subsequent evaluation of Bi-RADS 0 mammograms.