Cancer mortality in the urological department of the Sylvanus Olympio Teaching Hospital in Lome, Togo.

To determine the proportion of cancer mortality seen in the urology department of a teaching hospital in sub-Saharan Africa and to identify the contributing factors. This 10-year retrospective study took place in the urology department of the Sylvanus Olympio Teaching Hospital of Lomé (Togo) and analyzed the records of patients who died of cancer from January 2006 through December 2015. During the study period, 94 deaths were recorded in the department, 84% of them due to a urological cancer. The mean age of patients was 62 years,- and there was a significant male predominance with a sex ratio of 4.3. Prostate cancer was the most common cause of death, accounting for 49 (62%) cases. The mean duration of symptoms was 2.4 months. At diagnosis, 75.9% of patients were metastatic and 66% had comorbidities, such as high blood pressure or diabetes. Palliative treatment was instituted for 87.3% of patients. Deterioration of their general condition was the immediate cause of death in 71% of cases. Urological cancers remain a challenge for specialists in Togo, especially because they are characterized by late presentation with diagnosis at the metastatic stage. Their prognosis is aggravated by the presence of comorbidities.

[Ureterovaginal fistula after caesarean: Diagnosis and management in a resource-constrained hospital in Togo]. / La fistule urétérovaginale après césariennes : diagnostic et traitement dans un hôpital à ressources limitées au Togo.

The purpose of this study is to describe a simple, non-expensive, accessible and effective technique of ureterovaginal fistula diagnosis, and to assess the results of surgical management in a resource-constrained hospital. During a campaign of obstetric fistulas repair, we diagnosed ureterovaginal fistulas by vaginal exam with the blue methylene test associated to abdominal ultrasonography, two simple and non-expensive explorations which permitted to identify ureterovaginal fistula and to do differential diagnosis with vesicovaginal fistula. The management was surgery, by ureterovesical reimplantation. Four ureterovaginal fistulas have been diagnosed in 32 women presented with obstetrical fistula. The mean age of those fistulas was 4.85 years; it was located on the left ureter in three cases, on the right in one case. The ureteral lesion was consecutive to a caesarean section in all patients and sited on the pelvic segment of ureter. In three patients, diagnosis was performed by the negativity of the blue test and unilateral dilation of ureter and kidney while the discovery was done during the treatment of vesicovaginal and rectovaginal fistulas associated in the last patient. After effects of surgery were simple, characterized by disappearance of urine leakage and dilation of ureter kidney. In resources-constrained context, techniques such as blue test and ultrasonography are enough to perform diagnosis of ureterovaginal fistula. Ureterovesical reimplantation is an effective therapeutic method for diagnosing ureterovaginal fistula.

Apport de la radiographie conventionnelle dans les traumatismes de l'extrémité supérieure du fémur et du bassin de l'adulte dans un hôpital de district au Togo

Objectifs : Etablir le profil épidémiologique des traumatisés, répertorier et décrire les caractéristiques des lésions visibles à la radiologie conventionnelle. Matériels et méthodologie : Il s'est agi d'une étude prospective et analytique de 12 mois (mai 2010 à avril 2011) concernant l'analyse radiographique de 302 examens de la hanche ou du bassin traumatique de l'adulte, colligés dans un service de radiologie d'un centre hospitalier préfectoral. Résultats : Il était noté une prédominance masculine avec sex-ratio 2,6. L'âge moyen des patients était de 60 ans avec des extrêmes de 18 à 95.Les accidents de la voie publique (AVP) dans 60,26% constituaient les plus fréquentes circonstances de survenue des lésions dont la fréquence était de 39,40 %.La radiographie du bassin de face en position couchée (100%), le profil urétral (25%),) et le profil chirurgical d'Arcelin (2,3%) ont été réalisés. Les lésions répertoriées étaient les fractures trochantériennes (40,33 %), les fractures cervicales (30,25 %), les fractures du cotyle (15,9 %) et les luxations (13,44 %). Au niveau du massif trochantérien, les traits de fractures étaient obliques (33,33%), multi-fragmentaires (25%), spiroïdes(22,91%). Au niveau du cotyle les traits dominants étaient obliques (42, 21%) et transversales (36,84 %) . Les fractures du col étaient classées en Garden I (20%), Garden II (,4%), Garden III (48%) et Garden IV (28 %). Les luxations postérieures étaient prédominantes dans 68,75% vs 31,25% de formes antérieures. Conclusion La radiographie conventionnelle reste est un outil de diagnostic indispensable et incontournable dans l'exploration de la pathologie traumatique de la hanche dans les situations d'urgence surtout en milieu rural où font défaut les moyens d'imagerie en coupe et les mains qualifiées

Biométrie échographique de la prostate normale chez le togolais de 15 a 50 ans à Lomé

But : Etudier la biometrie echographique de la prostate normale chez le Togolais age de 15 a 50 ans. Methodologie : Il s'est agit d'une etude prospective transversale effectuee sur une periode de douze (12) mois (avril 2010 - mars 2011) au service de radiologie du CHU SYLVANUS OLYMPIO de Lome portant sur une population d'etude de 512 sujets choisis pour une echographie sus pubienne de la prostate.Resultats : La valeur minimale de la hauteur etait de 27 mm et la valeur maximale etait de 41mm avec une valeur moyenne de 34mm. La valeur moyenne de la largeur etait de 33;7mm avec des extremes de 44 mm et 27 mm. La valeur minimale de l'epaisseur etait de 12 mm et la valeur maximale etait de 36mm avec une valeur moyenne de 22;4mm. Le volume moyen de la prostate etait de 12;83cm3. Conclusion : La biometrie de la prostate croit avec l'age. Les valeurs de cette etude ont des similitudes avec la litterature

[Ulcerative colitis: a case in Togo]. / La rectocolite hémorragique : une observation au Togo.

Ulcerative colitis seems to be rare in sub-Saharan Africa. Because its clinical and radiological signs are non-specific, anatomopathologic studies are necessary for definitive diagnosis after exclusion of parasitic, bacterial, and viral causes. The purpose of this report is to describe a fatal case of ulcerative colitis in a 68-year-old woman in Togo.

[Heterogeneous testicle on ultrasonography: consider tuberculosis after cancer in endemic zone]. / Testicule hétérogène a l'echographie: penser egalement a la tuberculose après le cancer en zone d'endémie.

The purpose of this report is to describe findings of clinical examination and imaging in a 27-year-old man admitted for nonpainful left testicular enlargement. Initial diagnosis was testicular cancer based on ultrasonography and association with pulmonary metastasis. This diagnosis was revised after histological study demonstrated testicular tuberculosis.

[Kidney ultrasound scan performed on the adult patient with HIV serology positive in the University Hospital of Tokoin and campus of Lome]. / Echographie renale chez le sujet adulte porteur du VIH aux CHU Tokoin et campus de Lome.

PURPOSES: To describe the elementary lesions, to list the kidney pathologies, to determine the kidney reach frequency and to establish an interrelationship enters the gravity of the kidney reach and the kidney's structure at the ultrasound scan. PATIENT AND METHOD: It was about a prospective survey of ten (10) month, realized in the Departments of radiology of the Teaching Hospitals of Lomé (CHU Tokoin and Campus), concerning 281 patients aged of 18 to 71 years whose HIV serology is positive. RESULTS: The radiological frequency of the HIV/AIDS infection noted during our period of survey was of 3.27% (281/8583). The modal age group was of 30-40 years (32.38%). The female representativeness was 56.92% against 43.08% of men. The drivers (23.13%) follow-ups of the tradesmen were the more touched. The bachelors were more exposed (38.43%). The kidney increased size in 31.85% of the cases. The majority of the patients (88.19%) was at the echographic advanced stage of the renal suffering of which 70.08% were at the III stage. The length of the kidneys was generally normal (74.38%), their width was normal in 53.38% of the cases and increased in 44.42% of the cases. As for the thickness, it was increased in general (71.88%). The kidney suffering (49.03%) was the most dominant pathology. CONCLUSION: The wealth of the kidney pathology associated to the infection of the HIV/AIDS should bring the practitioners to integrate the ultrasound scan in the balance of this affection.

Echographie renale chez le sujet adulte porteur du VIH aux CHU Tokoin et Campus de Lomé

Objectifs : Par ce travail nous voulons decrire les lesions elementaires; repertorier les pathologies renales; determiner la frequence des atteintes renales et etablir une correlation entre la gravite de l'atteinte renale et la structure renale a l'echographie.Patients et methode : Il s'est agi d'une etude prospective de dix (10) mois; menee dans les services de radiologie des CHU Tokoin et Campus de Lome; concernant 281 patients ages de 18 a 71 ans dont la serologie VIH est positive. Resultats : La frequence radiologique de l'infection VIH/SIDA notee pendant notre periode d'etude etait de 3;27(281/8583). La tranche d'age modale etait de 30 a 40 ans (32;38). La representativite feminine etait 56;92contre 43;08d'hommes. Les chauffeurs (23;13) suivis des commercants etaient les plus touches. Les celibataires etaient les plus exposes (38;43) Le rein a augmente de taille dans 31;85des cas. La majorite des patients (88;19) etait a des stades echographiques avances de la souffrance renale dont 70;08au stade III. La longueur des reins etait generalement normale (74;38); leur largeur etait normale dans 53;38des cas et augmentee dans 44;42des cas. Quant a l'epaisseur; elle etait en general augmentee (71;88). La souffrance renale (49;03) etait la pathologie la plus dominante. Conclusion : La richesse de la pathologie renale associee a l'infection au VIH /SIDA devrait amener les praticiens a integrer l'echographie dans le bilan de cette affection

[The circumcision in newborn and infant in the operating room of the Lomé Teaching Hospital: technique using Gomco clamp versus technique using only the grips]. / La circoncision chez le nouveau-né et le nourrisson au bloc opératoire du CHU de Lomé : technique utilisant le Gomco clamp versus technique utilisant uniquement des pinces.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the various techniques used for the circumcision in newborns and infants in the operating room of the Lomé Teaching Hospital (Togo) and to compare their results. PATIENTS AND METHODS: It is about a prospective study carried out in the operating room of the Lomé Teaching Hospital from June 15th, 2007 to December 15th, 2008 (18 months). It concerned newborns and infants circumcised according to two techniques: the technique using grips only (group A: n=138; 69%) and the technique using Gomco clamp (group B: n=62; 31%). The Khi(2) test with the threshold 5% was used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: According to the duration of the intervention, 34 newborns and infants (24.6%) were circumcised within less than 15 minutes in the group A and 27 (43.5%) in the group B (p<0.05). According to the importance of the bleeding and to the type of material used, 28 newborns and infants (20.30%) had bled much in the group A and one (1,61%) in the group B (p<0.05). According to the postoperative complications and to the technique used, nine newborns and infants (9.4%) had postoperational complications in the group A and two (3.2%) in the group B. The wound had healed within less than 6 days in one infant (0.7%) in the group A and six (9.7%) in the group B (p<0.05). One hundred penises (72.46%) were considered to be very satisfying in the group A and 55 (88.7%) in the group B (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The technique using Gomco clamp for circumcision had more advantages than that using only the grips. It was much more safe for the child.

[Epidemiological, aetiological and treatment aspects of obstetrical fistula in Togo]. / Aspects épidémiologiques, étiologiques et thérapeutiques de la fistule obstétricale au Togo.

OBJECTIVE: To appreciate and to analyse the different human and materials capacities available for management in view of its total eradication. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From January 2001 to December 2005, a census of obstetrical urogenital fistulae was carried out from treatment cases notes in all the hospitals of Togo. It was a retrospective and descriptive study which included the age of the patients, the situation of the sanitary institution, the quality of the physician in charge of the obstetrical fistulae, information about the kind of the fistulae, the way in which the delivery was done and the financial incidence for the repair of the fistulae. The subject of the study, the confidentiality on the contents of the case notes and the results expected were clarified to the responders. RESULTS: One hundred and sixty-three (163) cases of obstetrical fistulae were studied. The average age was 21 years (extremes: 15 and 45). Forty-four sanitary institutions comprising 93 treatments service were visited. Hospitals were noted to be far away from patients in the north of the country. All the four hospitals able to take care of obstetrical fistulae effectively were located in the south. Eight hundred and forty health personals were questioned and 467 (55.60%) had said to be able to make the diagnosis of obstetrical fistula. A maximum of four surgeons were trained and competent to manage obstetrical fistula. Operating equipment of obstetrical fistula was inexistent in 40 hospitals, that is 90.90%. CONCLUSION: Obstetrical fistula is present in Togo and represents a public health problem to eradicate. It is more frequent in young women from rural areas and of low educational level. It constitutes also a handicap for the reproduction of humankind.

[The circumcision: why and how is it practiced in the newborn and the infant in the Lomé teaching hospital?]. / La circoncision: pourquoi et comment est-elle pratiquée chez le nouveau-né et le nourrisson au CHU de Lomé ?

OBJECTIVE: To identify the different indications, to analyze the conditions of realization of the circumcisions and to evaluate the results. PATIENTS AND METHOD: It is about a prospective survey study done in the operative room of the Tokoin teaching hospital (Lomé) and on a period of 12 months (15th June 2007 to 15th June 2008). It was about newborns and infants circumcised in the operative block by a pediatric surgeon. One hundred and thirty-four newborns and infants were circumcised during the period of our study. The medan of age was of 5.86 months (range: 1 to 27 months). RESULTS: One hundred and seven newborns and infants (79.85%) were circumcised for religious motive, 20 (14.92%) for hygiene motive, one (0.75%) for a lesion of the foreskin (burn of the foreskin by hot water), five (3.73%) for a phimosis and one (0.75%) for a paraphimosis. One hundred newborns and infants (74.63%) were circumcised under anesthesia by the fluothane associated to a caudal block, 29 (21.64%) were under local anesthesia (infiltration of anesthetic to the base of the penis) and five (3.73%) under general anesthesia by fluothane only. One hundred and two children (76.12%) were circumcised by the technique using the clamps and 32 (23.88%) by the technique using the Gomco clamp. CONCLUSION: The circumcision is a surgical act whose indications are variable in our surroundings. It is mainly practiced for a religious motive.

[Crossed renal ectopia: a case report]. / L'ectopie renale croisee : a propos d'une observation.

The authors report a case of a crossed renal ectopia with fusion discovered in an outpatient admitted for abdominal pain to recall embryologic, epidemiology and diagnosis aspects using a literature review.

[Acute scrotum in children]. / Les grosses bourses douloureuses de l'enfant.

AIMS: To evaluate the frequency, to identify the aetiologies of the acute scrotum and to describe their treatment in children. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Fifty seven children treated for acute scrotum in the paediatric surgery department of the Tokoin teaching hospital (Lomé) between January 2003 to December 2007 were studied. RESULTS: The frequency of acute scrotum was 5.80%. The average age was of 4.75 years (range: 7 days to 15 years). The aetiologies were: incarcerated inguino scrotal hernia (49.12%); spermatic cord torsion (29.83%); epididymo-orchitis (17.54%) and testicular trauma (3.51%). The delay of treatment was superior of 72 hours in 49.12%. The pain and the increase of the volume of the scrotum were present in all the patients. The emergency operation was performed in the spermatic cord torsion and the testicular trauma. The medical treatment was performed in the epididymo-orchitis cases. The patients presenting an incarcerated inguino-scrotal hernia benefited from a surgical cure in a delay of eight days after the acute episode. The operative continuations were in any cases simple. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis and the treatment must be precocious in the acute scrotum in order to avoid possible complications.

Les grosses bourses douloureuses de l'enfant

But : Evaluer la frequence; identifier les causes et decrire la prise en charge des grosses bourses douloureuses de l'enfant. Materiel et methode: Il s'agit d'une etude transversale portant sur 57 dossiers d'enfants ages de 0 a 15 ans recus et traites pour grosses bourses douloureuses. Ces enfants ont ete admis dans le service de la chirurgie pediatrique du CHU-Tokoin entre janvier 2003 et decembre 2007. Resultats : Les grosses bourses douloureuses ont represente 5;80des cas de grosse bourse. L'age moyen etait de 4;75 ans (extremes : 7 jours et 15 ans). Les principales etiologies etaient : la hernie inguino-scrotale etranglee (49;12) ; la torsion du cordon spermatique (29;83) ; l'orchi-epididymite (17;54) et le traumatisme testiculaire (3;51). Le delai de prise en charge etait superieur 72 heures dans 49;12des cas. La douleur et l'augmentation du volume de la bourse etaient presentes dans tous les cas. Le traitement avait ete chirurgical d'emblee (torsion du cordon spermatique et traumatisme testiculaire) ou en differe huit jours apres l'episode aigu (hernie inguino-scrotale etranglee); et medical (orchi-epididymites). Les suites operatoires ont ete simples dans tous les cas. Conclusion : Le diagnostic et la prise en charge des grosses bourses douloureuses doivent etre precoces afin d'eviter d'eventuelles complications

L'endométriose: une pathologie ignorée dans les centres de formation de base en santé de Lomé

Le travail realise est une evaluation sur les connaissances de l'endometriose dans les centres de formation de base en sante au Togo par une enquete afin de preciser l'ignorance ou la meconnaissance de cette affection au Togo. Une revue de la litterature sur l'endometriose a eu pour objectif de fournir aux praticiens togolais les outils recents de son diagnostic et de sa prise en charge. Resultats L'endometriose est une pathologie frequente dans la population generale. Elle est benigne mais peut induire des consequences lourdes pour les patientes en terme de qualite de vie; de projet parenteral et de traitements medicaux et chirurgicaux iteratifs. Si sa clinique et sa prise en charge sont bien connues dans les pays medicalises; cela n'est pas le cas pour les etudiants en fin de formation dans les centres de sante de base de Lome. En effet la totalite des etudiants enquetes ignore sa clinique et sa prise en charge. Sa clinique repose sur des symptomes varies domines par la dysmenorrhee; les menometrorragies; la dyspareunie; les douleurs abdomino-pelviennnes. Son diagnostic de certitude repose sur la coelioscopie et l'examen anatomopathologique. Son traitement repose sur les oestroprogestatifs qui peuvent etre utilises comme tests therapeutiques dans les pays sous medicalises comme le Togo. L'ignorance ou la meconnaissance de cette affection par le personnel medical et paramedical peut conduire les femmes atteintes vers la medecine traditionnelle et la religion. Conclusion L'endometriose est une affection ignoree dans les centres de formation de base en sante du Togo. Son existence au Togo reste a prouver grace aux tests therapeutiques oestroprogestatifs chez les femmes suspectes et si possible par la coelioscopie et l'anatomopathologie

Problématique du dépistage du cancer du col de l'utérus dans les pays en voie de developpement

Introduction et Objectifs Le travail realise est une revue de la litterature sur le depistage du cancer du col de l'uterus. Ses objectifs ont ete d'analyser quelques modeles de depistages du cancer du col dans le monde et de determiner les probables causes de l'echec des programmes de depistage dans les pays en voie de developpement (PVD) Resultats : Le cancer du col de l'uterus est le cancer le plus frequent chez la femme dans les PVD avec une incidence plus de six fois superieure a celle des pays developpes et constitue la principale cause de deces par cancer chez les femmes des PVD. Dans les pays developpes; l'incidence et le taux de mortalite dus au cancer du col de l'uterus sont en perpetuelle regression grace a la mise en place des programmes de depistage; de traitement et d'orientation structures et exhaustifs. Cependant; la mise en oeuvre de ces programmes necessite des ressources considerables et un degre eleve de coordination. Ces programmes sont donc peu pratiques et trop couteux dans le contexte des milieux a faibles ressources. Or; les femmes des PVD meritent d'avoir acces a des services de prevention du cancer du col uterin surs; efficaces et abordables. Compte tenu des obstacles reconnus quant a la mise en oeuvre de mesures de depistage fondees sur la cytologie et du caractere limite de la gamme de traitements disponibles; d'autres options de programme sont requises comme le depistage par le test IVA (Inspection Visuelle a l'Acide acetique) et IVL (Inspection Visuelle au Lugol) et des options de traitement sans hospitalisation. Bien que des efforts pour reduire l'impact sur la sante du cancer du col aient ete entrepris dans le monde entier; la plupart des tentatives ont echoue dans les PVD [14; 35; 36]. C'est le cas du Bresil; du Mexique; de la Colombie; de l'Afrique du sud; ou de l'Inde [14]. Les ressources limitees et le fait que le cancer ne constitue pas la preoccupation majeure des politiques en matiere de la sante sont les causes majeures de cet echec. Conclusion Ce travail a identifie certaines causes de l'echec des programme de depistage du cancer du col de l'uterus dans les PVD et ouvre la possibilite pour ces pays de reajuster leur programme de lutte contre le cancer du col de l'uterus pour le rendre efficace et de pouvoir releguer ce cancer au dernier rang des cancers chez la femme

[Epidemiologic and etiologic features of urinary infections in children at the pediatrics service of the CHU-Campus de Lome (Togo)]. / Aspects épidémiologiques et étiologiques de l'infection urinaire de l'enfant dans le service de pédiatrie du CHU-Campus de Lomé (Togo).

From 1st January 1989 to 31th December 1997, 175 infants (108 females and 67 males) were hospitalised and treated at the pediatric service of CHU-Campus for urinary tract infection; this study follows the observation of the increasing of urinary tract infection in several centers of health in Togo; the aim of this study was to have a list the contributing factors, to understand the mechanism of such infection in order to reduce its frequency and the high percent of the mortality; the diagnosis of urinary tract infection was given by the result of the cytobacteriological exam of the urine which shows the pathological germ; others forms of the investigation, as abdominal echography were used also to look for the etiology of the urinary tract infection; but, the deficit of the of the medical imagery or the old material of the laboratories limited the searching of urinary tract infection etiology; cured infants were declared on the basis of absence of pathological germ in the result of the cytobacteriological exam control of the urine; the prevalence of the urinary tract infection was 8.29% with an incidence of 7.84% at the pediatric service of CHU-Campus; clinics symptoms were atypic and polymorphic; but the fever was the first clinical sign in the newly born and the urological signs were clear only from two to thirty months; 141 children (80.57%) were cured and 34 presented the complications with 3.43% of mortality; preventive measures on the urinary tract infection in infancy were proposed for the children parents and the practical physicians; these measures included information, education and communication (IEC) on the urinary tract infection, the symptomatology and the cytobacteriological exam of the urine.