Effects of Velocity Loss During Bench-Press Training With Light Relative Loads.

PURPOSE: This study explored the effects of 4 bench-press (BP) training programs with different velocity-loss (VL) thresholds (0%, 15%, 25%, and 50%) on strength gains and neuromuscular adaptations. METHODS: Forty-six resistance-trained men (22.8 [4.4] y) were randomly assigned into 4 groups that differed in the VL allowed within the set: 0% (VL0), 15% (VL15), 25% (VL25), and 50% (VL50). Training loads (40%-55% 1-repetition maximum), frequency (2 sessions/wk), number of sets (3), and interset recovery (4 min) were identical for all groups. Participants completed the following tests before and after an 8-week (16-session) BP training program: (1) maximal isometric test, (2) progressive loading test, and (3) fatigue test in the BP exercise. During all tests, triceps brachii muscle electromyography was assessed. RESULTS: After completing the resistance-training program, no significant group × time interactions were noticed for isometric and dynamic BP strength variables. The dose-response relationship exhibited an inverted U-shaped relationship pattern, with VL25 showing the greatest effect sizes for almost all strength variables analyzed. The total number of repetitions performed during the training program increased as the VL magnitude increased. CONCLUSIONS: The group that trained with high VL threshold (50%), which performed a total of 876 repetitions, did not experience additional strength gains compared with those experienced by the 0%, 15%, and 25% of VL groups, which performed significantly fewer repetitions (48, 357, and 547, respectively). These findings suggest that when light loads (40%-55% 1-repetition maximum) are used, low and moderate VL thresholds (0%-25%) provide a higher training efficiency.

Dissecting the polygenic contribution of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder on school performance by their relationship with educational attainment.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are strongly associated with educational attainment (EA), but little is known about their genetic relationship with school performance and whether these links are explained, in part, by the genetic liability of EA. Here, we aim to dissect the polygenic contribution of ADHD and ASD to school performance, early manifestation of psychopathology and other psychiatric disorders and related traits by their relationship with EA. To do so, we tested the association of polygenic scores for EA, ADHD and ASD with school performance, assessed whether the contribution of the genetic liability of ADHD and ASD to school performance is influenced by the genetic liability of EA, and evaluated the role of EA in the genetic overlap between ADHD and ASD with early manifestation of psychopathology and other psychiatric disorders and related traits in a sample of 4,278 school-age children. The genetic liability for ADHD and ASD dissected by their relationship with EA show differences in their association with school performance and early manifestation of psychopathology, partly mediated by ADHD and ASD symptoms. Genetic variation with concordant effects in ASD and EA contributes to better school performance, while the genetic variation with discordant effects in ADHD or ASD and EA is associated with poor school performance and higher rates of emotional and behavioral problems. Our results strongly support the usage of the genetic load for EA to dissect the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of ADHD and ASD, which could help to fill the gap of knowledge of mechanisms underlying educational outcomes.

"If I Become a Vegetable, Then no": A Thematic Analysis of How Patients and Physicians Refer to Prognosis When Discussing Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation.

Background: Documenting decisions about the relevance cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a standard practice at hospital admission yet a complex task. Objective: Our aim was to explore how physicians approach and discuss CPR prognosis with older patients recently admitted to a post-acute care unit. Method: We recorded 43 conversations between physicians and patients about the relevancy of CPR that took place at admission at the geriatric rehabilitation service of a Swiss university hospital. Thematic analysis determined (i) who initiated the talk about CPR prognosis, (ii) at what point in the conversation, and (iii) how prognosis was referred to. Results: Prognosis was mentioned in 65% of the conversations. We categorized the content of references to CPR prognosis in five themes: factors determining the prognosis (general health, age, duration of maneuvers); life (association of CPR with life, survival); proximal adverse outcomes (broken ribs, intensive care); long-term adverse outcomes (loss of autonomy, suffering a stroke, pain, generic, uncertainty); and being a burden. Discussion and conclusion: Discussing CPR is important to all patients, including those for whom it is not recommended. Information about CPR prognosis is essential to empower and support patients in expressing their expectations from life-prolonging interventions and attain shared decision-making.

Effects of different phenylcapsaicin doses on neuromuscular activity and mechanical performance in trained male subjects: a randomized, triple-blinded, crossover, placebo-controlled trial.

Objective: This study aimed to examine the effects of phenylcapsaicin (PC) supplementation on strength performance and neuromuscular activity in young trained male subjects. Materials and methods: A total of 25 trained subjects [full-squat (SQ) one repetition maximum (1RM) = 125.6 ± 21.0 kg] were enrolled in this randomized, triple-blinded, crossover, placebo-controlled trial. The subjects performed a first session and a post-24 h session for each condition. In the first session, the subjects ingested a high dose of PC (HD, 2.5 mg), a low dose (LD, 0.625 mg), or a placebo (PLA). Their performance in SQ was assessed under a 3% × 8 × 70% 1RM protocol in the first session. Their performances in countermovement jump (CMJ), SQ with 60% 1RM, and isometric squat were measured before and after the SQ protocol in both sessions. The neural activity of the vastus lateralis (VL) and vastus medialis (VM) was recorded via surface electromyography (EMG) and averaged in both sessions. Results: Significant differences between the conditions were reported for lifting velocity, velocity loss, and the 60% load in dynamic SQ (p range = 0.02-0.04). Electrical changes were not identified for any outcome, although neural activity changed across time (p range ≤0.001-0.006). A significant condition × time effect was observed in CMJ compared to PLA (p ≤0.001) and LD (p ≤0.001). Intra-set analyses revealed higher velocities in HD compared to those in LD (p = 0.01) and PLA (p range = 0.004-0.008). Conclusion: Therefore, PC may improve the strength performance and attenuate the mechanical fatigue induced by resistance training in SQ and CMJ exercises.

Factores asociados a dolor lumbar en trabajadores sanitarios de un hospital de referencia del Perú

Introducción: El dolor lumbar es una condición inevitable en todo el personal del rubro de la salud, con llevando desde malestar físico hasta una incapacidad funcional del individuo. Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados a dolor lumbar entre los trabajadores sanitarios en un hospital de referencia del Perú. Metodología: El presente estudio es observacional, analítico, de corte transversal, temporalmente prospectivo, con muestreo no probabilístico. La población estuvo conformada por trabajadores sanitarios del Hospital Santa Rosa de Pueblo Libre durante el periodo de junio a diciembre del año 2022. Resultados: El análisis multivariado determinó que el ser hombre (OR: 2.818, p valor: 0.017), tener sobrepeso (OR:1.782, p valor: 0.013), demanda laboral alta (OR: 4.750, p valor: 0.026), realizar actividad física (OR: 3.610, p valor: 0.031) y tener antecedentes de trauma lumbar (OR: 2.423, p valor: 0.034), fueron factores estadísticamente significativos que se asociaron al dolor lumbar. Discusión: Se pudo observar que, los factores asociados a dolor lumbar fueron el sexo masculino, el sobrepeso, la demanda laboral alta, el realizar actividad física y el antecedente de trauma lumbar. Conocer estas variables permitirá realizar esquemas y charlas preventivas para afrontar esta recurrente patología.

Introduction: Low back pain is an unavoidable condition in all health personnel, ranging from physical discomfort to functional disability of the individual. Objective: To determine the factors associated with low back pain among health workers at a reference hospital in Peru. Methods: This study is observational, analytical, cross-sectional, temporally prospective, with non-probabilistic sampling. The population was made up of health workers from the Hospital Santa Rosa de Pueblo Libre during the period from June to December of the year 2022. Results: The multivariate analysis determined that being a man (OR: 2.818, p value: 0.017), being overweight (OR:1.782, p value: 0.013), high labor demand (OR: 4.750, p value: 0.026), performing physical (OR: 3.610, p value: 0.031) and having a history of low back trauma (OR: 2.423, p value: 0.034) were statistically significant factors associated with low back pain. Discussion: It was possible to observe that the factors associated with low back pain were the male sex, being overweight, high work demand, physical activity and a history of low back trauma. Knowing these variables will make it possible to carry out preventive schemes and talks to deal with this recurring pathology.

Effects of different phenylcapsaicin doses on resistance training performance, muscle damage, protein breakdown, metabolic response, ratings of perceived exertion, and recovery: a randomized, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to explore the effects of a low dose (LD) of 0.625 mg and a high dose (HD) of 2.5 mg of phenylcapsaicin (PC) on full squat (SQ) performance, active muscle (RPE-AM) and overall body (RPE-OB) ratings of perceived exertion, muscle damage, protein breakdown, metabolic response, and 24-h recovery in comparison to placebo (PLA). METHOD: Twenty-five resistance-trained males (age = 21.00 ± 2.15 years, SQ 1-repetition maximum [1RM] normalized = 1.66 ± 0.22 kg) were enrolled in this randomized, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Participants completed 2 weekly sessions per condition (LD, HD, and PLA). The first session consisted of pre-blood testing of lactate, urea, and aspartate aminotransferases (AST) and 2 SQ repetitions with 60% 1RM followed by the resistance exercise protocol, which consisted of SQ sets of 3 × 8 × 70% 1RM monitoring lifting velocity. RPE-OB and RPE-AM were assessed after each set. After the first session, 2 SQ repetitions with 60% 1RM were performed, and blood lactate and urea posttests were collected. After 24 h, AST posttest and 1 × 2 × 60% 1RM were determined as biochemical and mechanical fatigue outcomes. RESULTS: HD reported significant differences for RPE-AM, AST, and SQ performance compared to LD and PLA. Post-hoc analyses revealed that HD attained faster velocities in SQ than LD (p = 0.008). HD induced a lower RPE-AM when compared with LD (p = 0.02) and PLA (p = 0.004). PLA resulted in higher AST concentrations at 24-h post than HD (p = 0.02). No significant differences were observed for the rest of the comparisons. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that PC may favorably influence SQ performance, RPE-AM, and muscle damage compared to PLA. However, HD exhibited most of the biochemical and mechanical anti-fatigue effects instead of LD.

Efectos psicosociales de la cirugía intraocular en una unidad oftalmológica / Psychosocial effects of intraocular surgery in an Ophthalmology Unit

RESUMEN Introducción: como resultado de la elevada incidencia de la baja visión, así como sus consecuencias negativas en la esfera biológica, psicológica y social, los autores tienen en cuenta la escasez de estudios interdisciplinares que recojan los efectos psicosociales de la cirugía intraocular para la mejoría de los pacientes. Presentación del caso: paciente masculino de 20 años de edad, de raza negra, con antecedentes patológicos personales de catarata congénita bilateral, nistagmo horizontal y baja visión; antecedentes patológicos familiares oftalmológicos de catarata congénita por la línea materna. Es remitido desde su área de salud a consulta de baja visión por deterioro progresivo de la visión bilateral. Anteriormente, durante su infancia, el paciente había sido atendido en consulta de baja visión en el Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología "Ramón Pando Ferrer" donde fue rehabilitado, se insertó en el Centro de diagnóstico y orientación donde terminó sus estudios primarios, más tarde el paciente pasó a la enseñanza regular para culminar la secundaria básica. Conclusiones: puede ser un facilitador motivador que hace posible dirigir las acciones que llevan a un estudio en profundidad con respecto a las particularidades de cada uno de los casos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: as a result of the high incidence of low vision, as well as its negative consequences in the biological, psychological and social spheres, the authors take into account the insufficiency of interdisciplinary studies that collect the psychosocial effects of intraocular surgery for the improvement of the patients. Case presentation: 20-year-old black male patient with a personal pathologic history of bilateral congenital cataract, horizontal nystagmus and low vision; family ophthalmologic-pathologic history of congenital cataract through the maternal line. He was referred from his health area to a low vision consultation for progressive deterioration of bilateral vision. Previously, during his childhood, the patient had been treated in low vision consultation at Ramon Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology, where he was rehabilitated, inserted in the Diagnostic and Orientation Center where he finished his primary studies, later the patient went on to regular education to complete basic secondary education. Conclusions: it can be a motivational facilitator that makes possible to direct the actions that lead to an in-depth study regarding the particularities of each of the cases.

Conocimientos sobre VIH/SIDA en uniformados usuarios de una Clínica Regional de Tunja / Knowledge about HIV / AIDS in uniformed users of a Tunja Regional Clinic / Conhecimento sobre HIV / AIDS em usuários uniformizados de uma clínica regional de Tunja

Introducción. El Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH) es un virus que ataca el sistema inmu-nológico del ser humano, haciendo que su cuerpo sea susceptible a enfermedades e infecciones. En la actualidad el VIH continúa siendo un gran problema para la salud pública a nivel mundial pues ha causado más de 35 millones de muertes; para la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) existen poblaciones que requieren especial atención por presentar alto riesgo de infección, en particular el personal militar, expuesto en mayor medida a las infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS), incluido el Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH) debido a su entorno de trabajo, movilidad, edad, entre otros factores. Objetivo. Determinar el nivel de conocimientos sobre VIH/SIDA en los usuarios uniformados de la Clínica Regional La Inmaculada, Tunja 2018. Materiales y métodos. Investigación original de tipo observacional descriptivo en la que se aplicaron 153 cuestionarios divididos en 4 secciones: datos sociodemográficos, conocimientos sobre formas de infección, creencias erróneas y conocimientos sobre formas de prevención del VIH/SIDA. Resultados. El 59.5% de la población se encuentra en un nivel excelente sobre la sección de conoci-mientos sobre formas de infección, el 67.2 % tienen un nivel excelente para creencias erróneas y el 76.5% demostraron tener excelentes conocimientos sobre formas de prevención del VIH/SIDA. Conclusión. Los resultados mostraron que la mayoría de los usuarios uniformados se encuentran en un nivel excelente de conocimientos, no obstante, es de vital importancia reforzar los programas de salud sexual y reproductiva dirigidos a este tipo de población.

Introduction. Human Immunodeficiency Virus is a virus that attacks the immune system of the human, making the body susceptible to diseases and infections. Currently, HIV continues to be a major problem for public health worldwide because it has caused more than 35 million deaths; for World Health Organization, these populations require a special attention because they present a high risk of infection, particularly military personnel exposed to sexually transmitted infections, including the Human Immunodeficiency Virus due to their work environment, mobility, age, and other factors. Objective. Determine the level of knowledge about HIV / AIDS in uniformed users of Regional Clinic "La Inmaculada" Tunja in 2018. Materials and methods. Descriptive and observational research in which 153 questionnaires divided into 4 sections were applied: sociodemographic data, knowledge on forms of infection, erroneous beliefs and knowledge on ways to prevent HIV / AIDS. Results: 59.5% of the population has an excellent level on the knowledge on forms of infection, 67.2% have an excellent level for erroneous beliefs and 76.5% have excellent knowledge on ways to prevent HIV / AIDS. Conclusion. The results showed that the majority of uniformed users has an excellent level of knowle-dge, however, it is vital to reinforce sexual and reproductive health programs aimed to this type of population

Introdução. O vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) ataca o sistema imunológico do ser humano, tornando seu corpo suscetível a doenças e infecções. Atualmente, o HIV continua sendo um grande problema para a saúde pública em todo o mundo, porque tem causado mais de 35 milhões de mortes; para a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), existem populações que requerem atenção es-pecial porque apresentam alto risco de infecção, em particular, militares, expostos em maior medida a infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (DSTs), incluindo o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), devido ao ambiente de trabalho, mobilidade, idade, entre outros fatores.Objetivo. Determinar o nível de conhecimento sobre HIV / AIDS em usuários uniformizados da Clínica Regional La Inmaculada, Tunja 2018.Resultados. 59,5% da população está em um nível excelente na seção de conhecimento sobre formas de infecção, 67,2% têm um nível excelente de crenças equivocadas e 76,5% demonstraram conheci-mento excelente sobre maneiras de prevenir o HIV / AIDS.Conclusão. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos usuários uniformizados possui um excelente nível de conhecimento; no entanto, é de vital importância o fortalecimento de programas de saúde sexual e reprodutiva voltados para esse tipo de população.

Traducción, validación y adaptación transcultural del schoolagers´ coping strategies inventory para escolares colombianos / Tradução, validação e adaptação transcultural do Schoolagers' Coping Strategies Inventory para escolares colombianos / Cross-cultural translation, validation and adaptation of the Schoolagers' Coping Strategies Inventory for Colombian schoolchildren

OBJETIVO: Realizar la traducción, validación y adaptación transcultural del Schoolagers' Coping Strategies Inventory (Inventario de Estrategias de Afrontamiento de Escolares) (SCSI) con estudiantes colombianos. MÉTODOS: Estudio metodológico realizado entre 2015 y 2016 con alumnos entre 8 y 15 años de edad, de instituciones de enseñanza públicas y privadas de Ibagué, Colombia. Se utilizó la ficha para caracterización de la muestra y el SCSI. La validación transcultural ha sido organizada en ocho etapas: la traducción oficial para el español; la traducción del original para el inglés; la traducción reversa; la versión consensual; la validez facial y la adaptación al idioma de parte de los estudiantes; la validez facial y de contenido por especialistas; la versión final; la prueba piloto y de confiabilidad. RESULTADOS: La versión original en inglés ha sido adaptada para el idioma español de Colombia con la intervención de estudiantes, de extractos socioeconómicos altos y bajos con grupos focales y prueba piloto, utilizando sus expresiones verbales y cambiando 4 ítems; y con la colaboración de especialistas en investigación metodológica y en coping, también cambiando 4 ítems, con confiabilidad de 0,80. CONCLUSIÓN: El SCSI ha sido traducido, validado y adaptado transculturalmente para la población colombiana. La versión obtenida fue el SCSI-VCONF lo cual se mostró comprensible para la población investigada, válida y confiable para investigaciones con escolares para determinar la frecuencia de uso y la efectividad de estrategias de afrontamiento. (AU)

OBJECTIVE: To carry out the cross-cultural validation and adaptation of the Schoolagers' Coping Strategies Inventory (SCSI) with Colombian students. METHODS: Methodology research carried out from 2015 to 2016 with students aged 8 to 15 years from public and private schools in Ibagué, Colombia. A characterization form and the SCSI were used. The cross-cultural validation was organized in eight stages: official translation into Spanish, translation of the original into English, reverse translation, consensus version, facial validity and language adaptation by students, facial and content validity by experts, final version, pilot study and reliability. RESULTS: the original English version was adapted to the Spanish and Colombian language with the help from students of high and low socioeconomic statuses in focus groups and pilot study using their verbal expressions and modifying 4 items and with the collaboration of experts in methodological research and coping who also modified 4 items. Reliability was 0.80. CONCLUSION: SCSI was cross-culturally validated and adapted for the Colombian population. The final version was named SCSI-VCONF and was understandable to the target population, valid and reliable for research with schoolchildren to determine the frequency of use and effectiveness of coping strategies. (AU)

OBJETIVO: Realizar a tradução, validação e adaptação transcultural do Schoolagers' Coping Strategies Inventory (Inventário de Estratégias de Enfrentamento de Escolares) (SCSI) com estudantes colombianos. MÉTODOS: Estudo metodológico realizado entre 2015 a 2016 com alunos de 8 a 15 anos de idade, de instituições de ensino públicas e privadas, em Ibagué, Colômbia. Utilizou-se a ficha de caracterização e o SCSI. A validação transcultural foi organizada em oito etapas: tradução oficial para o espanhol; tradução do original para o inglês; tradução reversa; versão consensual; validade facial e adaptação à língua pelos estudantes; validade facial e de conteúdo por especialistas; versão final; teste piloto e confiabilidade. RESULTADOS: A versão original em inglês foi adaptada para o idioma espanhol colombiano, com a intervenção de estudantes, de estratos socioeconômicos altos e baixos, em grupos focais e teste piloto, utilizando suas expressões verbais e modificando 4 itens; e com a colaboração de especialistas em pesquisa metodológica e em coping, também modificando 4 itens, com confiabilidade de 0,80. CONCLUSÃO: O SCSI foi traduzido, validado e adaptado transculturalmente para a população colombiana. A versão obtida foi o SCSI-VCONF, o qual mostrou-se compreensível para a população-alvo e válida e confiável para pesquisas com escolares para determinar a frequência de uso e efetividade de estratégias de enfrentamento. (AU)

Cross-cultural validation of the Child Adolescent Teasing Scale for Colombian students.

OBJECTIVE: to carry out the cross-cultural validation of the instrument "Child Adolescent Teasing Scale" for the Colombian student population. METHOD: methodological study carried out with students aged 8 to 15, from public and private educational institutions in the municipality of Ibagué, Colombia. The form for the characterization of students and the Child Adolescent Teasing Scale were used. RESULTS: the cross-cultural adaptation process was organized in seven steps: comparison of the Spanish version of the instrument with the original English version, back-translation, consensus version, face validity and terminology adjustment by students, face and content validity by experts, assessment committee for the final version, pilot test and reliability. CONCLUSION: the version adapted to the Spanish spoken in Colombia of the Child Adolescent Teasing Scale (Escala de burlas para niños y adolescentes), which assesses the frequency and distress caused by teasing, showed desirable results in terms of validity and reliability.

Bullying o intimidación escolar: aportes desde la evidencia de investigación en enfermería / Bullying ou intimidação escolar: contribuições a partir da evidência da pesquisa em enfermagem / Bullying or intimidation at school: contributions from the evidence of research in nursing

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar aspectos teóricos y metodológicos relevantes desde la evidencia científica en enfermería relacionada con la intimidación escolar. Metodo: revisión integrativa de la literatura de estudios de enfermería en ocho bases de datos: PubMed, MEDLINE, Academic Search Complete, Ovid nursing, SciELO, ScienceDirect, Redalyc y Embase, con las palabras clave: bullying, nursing, child school bullying, peer aggression, adolescent y límite de tiempo entre 2004 a 2016. Se encontraron 30 estudios de los cuales se eligieron 19 estudios que cumplieron los criterios de selección. El análisis se desarrolló en seis etapas: búsqueda de estudios, selección, crítica de estudios cualitativos y cuantitativos, comparación de hallazgos/agrupación por temas, interpretación, conclusiones por niveles de evidencia de enfermería. Resultados: se identificaron cuatro temas prevalentes: consecuencias en la salud, causas, intervenciones de enfermería y afrontamiento. El principal aporte en la temática desde la evidencia de investigación en enfermería permitio identificar desarrollos investigativos tanto en el paradigma cualitativo y cuantitativo, diferentes abordajes metodológicos en los niveles de evidencia VII, VI, V, IV, III. Conclusiones: se requieren políticas de salud que intervengan em la prevención del fenómeno, conocer las causas y consecuencias relacionadas, además deben diseñarse estrategias de identificación de los escolares en riesgo para evitar consecuencias en su salud, igualmente generar estudios de intervención y apoyar los procesos de afrontamiento en escolares que reciben burla o son intimidados.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar aspectos teóricos e metodológicos relevantes a partir das evidências científicas em enfermagem relacionadas ao bullying escolar. Método: revisão integrativa da literatura de estudos de enfermagem em oito bases de dados: PubMed, MEDLINE, Academic Search Complete, Ovid Enfermagem, SciELO, ScienceDirect, Redalyc, e Embase com palavras-chave: assédio moral, enfermagem, bullying escolar infantil, agressão entre pares, adolescentes; limite de tempo de 2004 a 2016. Trinta estudos foram encontrados; sendo que 19 estudos preencheram os critérios de seleção. A análise foi desenvolvida em seis etapas: busca dos estudos, seleção, reflexão crítica de estudos qualitativos e quantitativos, a comparação dos resultados-agrupamento por assunto, interpretação, conclusões por níveis de evidência em enfermagem. Resultados: foram identificados quatro temas prevalentes: consequências para a saúde, causas, intervenções de enfermagem e enfrentamento. A principal contribuição no tema permitiu identificar desenvolvimento investigativo tanto no paradigma qualitativo e quantitativo, diferentes abordagens metodológicas em níveis de evidência VII, VI, V, IV, III. Conclus as políticas de saúde que envolvem a prevenção do fenômeno são necessários, as causas e consequências relacionadas e estratégias devem ser projetados para identificar as escolas em risco, visando evitar consequências para a saúde, bem como gerar estudos de intervenção e apoiar processos de enfrentamento em crianças em idade escolar que são provocadas ou intimidadas.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze relevant theoretical and methodological aspects from the scientific evidence in nursing related to school bullying. Method: Integrative review of nursing studies' literature in eight databases: PubMed, MEDLINE, Academic Search Complete, Ovid nursing, SciELO, ScienceDirect, Redalyc and Embase, with the keywords: bullying, nursing, child school bullying, peer aggression, adolescent and time span from 2004 to 2016. There were 30 studies of which 19 that met the selection criteria were selected. The analysis was developed in six stages: search of studies, selection, and criticism of qualitative and quantitative studies, comparison of findings/grouping by themes, interpretation, conclusions by levels of nursing evidence. Results: Four prevalent themes were identified: consequences in health, causes, nursing interventions and coping. The main contribution in the theme from the evidence of research in nursing allowed to identify research developments in both the qualitative and quantitative paradigm, different methodological approaches in the levels of evidence VII, VI, V, IV, III. Conclusions: health policies that intervene in preventing the phenomenon, know the causes and related consequences are needed; in addition, strategies for identifying schoolchildren at risk should be designed to avoid consequences to their health, also generate intervention studies and support coping processes for schoolchildren who are mocked or bullied.

Cross-cultural validation of the Child Adolescent Teasing Scale for Colombian students / Validação transcultural da Child Adolescent Teasing Scale para estudantes colombianos / Validación transcultural del Child Adolescent Teasing Scale para escolares colombianos

ABSTRACT Objective: to carry out the cross-cultural validation of the instrument "Child Adolescent Teasing Scale" for the Colombian student population. Method: methodological study carried out with students aged 8 to 15, from public and private educational institutions in the municipality of Ibagué, Colombia. The form for the characterization of students and the Child Adolescent Teasing Scale were used. Results: the cross-cultural adaptation process was organized in seven steps: comparison of the Spanish version of the instrument with the original English version, back-translation, consensus version, face validity and terminology adjustment by students, face and content validity by experts, assessment committee for the final version, pilot test and reliability. Conclusion: the version adapted to the Spanish spoken in Colombia of the Child Adolescent Teasing Scale (Escala de burlas para niños y adolescentes), which assesses the frequency and distress caused by teasing, showed desirable results in terms of validity and reliability.

RESUMO Objetivo: realizar a validação transcultural do instrumento "Child Adolescent Teasing Scale" para a população de estudantes colombianos. Método: estudo metodológico com estudantes de 8 a 15 anos, de instituições educacionais públicas e privadas de Ibagué, Colômbia. Utilizou-se o formulário de caracterização e a "Child Adolescent Teasing Scale". Resultados: o processo de adaptação transcultural foi organizado em sete etapas: comparação da versão em espanhol do instrumento com a versão original em inglês, retrotradução, versão consenso, validade facial e adaptação da terminologia pelos estudantes, validade facial e de conteúdo por especialistas, comissão de avaliação para a versão final, teste piloto e confiabilidade. Conclusão: a versão adaptada ao espanhol usado na Colômbia da "Child Adolescent Teasing Scale" (Escala de zombarias para crianças e adolescentes), que mede a frequência e o incômodo devido às zombarias, mostrou resultados recomendáveis em termos de validade e confiabilidade.

RESUMEN Objetivo: realizar la validación transcultural del instrumento "Child Adolescent Teasing Scale" para la población de escolares colombianos. Método: estudio metodológico con escolares de 8 a 15 años, de instituciones educativas públicas y privadas de Ibagué, Colombia. Se usó la ficha de caracterización y el Child Adolescent Teasing Scale. Resultados: el proceso de adaptación transcultural se organizó en siete etapas: comparación de la versión en español del instrumento con la versión original en inglés, retrotraducción, versión consenso, validez facial y adaptación al lenguaje por escolares, validez facial y de contenido por expertos, comité de evaluación para la versión final, prueba piloto y confiabilidad. Conclusión: la versión adaptada al español usado en Colombia del Child Adolescent Teasing Scale (Escala de burlas para niños y adolescentes), que mide frecuencia y molestia por las burlas, mostró resultados recomendables de validez y confiabilidad.

Evaluación de las condiciones de crecimiento celular para la producción de astaxantina a patir de la microalga Haematococcus pluvialis / Evaluation of Cell Growth Conditions for the Astaxanthin Production as of Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae

Resumen En la actualidad la astaxantina de origen natural es uno de los pigmentos carotenoides con importantes aplicaciones en la industria alimenticia, farmacéutica y cosmética, debido a sus grandes propiedades dentro de las que se destaca su gran poder antioxidante, efecto preventivo del cáncer, incremento de la respuesta inmune, inhibición de los radicales libres entre muchas otras. Haematococcus pluvialis es una microalga verde de agua dulce y es una de las fuentes naturales con mayor producción de astaxantina ya que es capaz de acumular hasta un 3% de astaxantina en peso seco. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el medio de cultivo y las condiciones óptimas para el crecimiento y la producción de astaxantina a partir de Haematococcus pluvialis. La influencia de diferentes factores como el pH, temperatura, agitación, aireación CO2 e iluminación favorecen el crecimiento celular, al darle un ambiente óptimo a la microalga. Para determinar las condiciones nutricionales óptimas, se evaluó el efecto de diferentes medios de cultivo (BBM, OHM, RM) en Birreactores de 500mL con 350mL de medio y 1x104cel/ml de inóculo en fase exponencial, las condiciones de cultivo empleadas fueron: pH. 6.7 a 7, CO2 al 5%, fotoperiodo de 16 horas luz 8 oscuridad, irradianza 70μE/m2s; Los resultados mostraron que el mayor crecimiento o producción celular se obtuvo en el medio RM con 7,5 x 105 cel/ml en el día 36, y la mayor producción de astaxantina se obtuvo en el medio RM con una concentración de 8.3 μg/ml en el tratamiento 4.

Abstract Currently astaxanthin of natural origin is one of the carotenoids with important applications in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics, due to their large properties within its powerful antioxidant, cancer preventive effect, increase the immune response, inhibiting free radicals among many others. Haematococcus pluvialis is a freshwater green microalgae and is one of the largest natural sources of astaxanthin production as it is able to accumulate up to 3% astaxanthin by dry weight. The aim of this study was to determine the culture medium and the optimal conditions for growth and production of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis. The influence of different factors such as pH, temperature, agitation, aeration and lighting, CO2, promote cell growth, by giving an optimal environment to microalgae. To determine the optimal nutritional conditions for cell growth the effect of different culture media (BBM, OHM, RM) in bioreactors of 500 ml with 350mL of medium and 1x104 cells/ml inoculum was evaluated in exponential phase, the culture conditions employed they were: pH. 6.7 to 7, 5% CO2, 16 hours photoperiod Light 8 dark, irradiance 70 μE / m2s; The results showed that the highest growth and cell reproduction was obtained in the middle RM with 7.5 x 105 cells /ml on day 36, and increased production of astaxanthin was obtained in the middle RM with a concentration of 8.3 ug / ml in the treatment 4.

Validez de dos instrumentos para medir la relación interpersonal de la enfermera con el paciente y su familia en la unidad de cuidado intensivo / Validity of Two Instruments to Measure Interpersonal Relationship of Nurses with Patients and their Families in the Intensive Care Unit / Validade dos instrumentos para medir a relação interpessoal da enfermeira com o paciente e sua família na unidade de terapia intensiva

Objetivo: Construir, refinar, validar facialmente y de contenido dos instrumentos para medir la relación interpersonal enfermera-familia y enfermera-paciente adulto en la unidad de cuidado intensivo (UCI). Método: Estudio metodológico de abordaje cuantitativo, realizado por fases, para el diseño, validación facial, de contenido y refinamiento de dos instrumentos. Se consideraron los criterios de redacción, gramática, cohesión y coherencia en la validez facial, y la pertinencia y concordancia de cada ítem en la validez de contenido. Resultados: Dos instrumentos; valoración de la relación interpersonal enfermera-paciente en la UCI (VRIEP-UCI) y valoración de la relación interpersonal enfermera-familia o acompañante del paciente en la UCI (VRIEF-UCI), instrumentos a los cuales se les realizó validación facial mediante el juicio de 7 expertas, y de contenido mediante el coeficiente de concordancia de Kappa, superior a 0,50 con una fuerza de concordancia moderada según Landis y koch. Esto permitió ajuste en su diseño y refinamiento con mejor seguridad y exactitud. Conclusión: Esta investigación aporta dos instrumentos diseñados, validados y estructurados para la práctica del cuidado de enfermería en la UCI con población colombiana adulta, que permiten crear evidencia al valorar en el cuidado la relación interpersonal entre la enfermera y el paciente, y entre la enfermera y la familia del paciente.

Objective: Building, refining, and establishing the face validity of the contents of two instruments to measure the interpersonal nurse-family and nurse-adult patient relationships in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Method: Methodological study with a quantitative approach, carried out in stages, for the design, face validity, content validation, and refining of two instruments. We took into account the criteria of grammar, cohesion, and coherence for face validity, and relevance and concordance of each item for the content validation Results: Two instruments; assessment of the interpersonal relationship nurse-patient in the ICU (VRIEP-ICU), and assessment of the interpersonal relationship nurse-family or caretaker of the patient in the ICU (VRIEF - ICU). Face validity was carried out on these instruments by means of the opinion of 7 experts, and content validation was carried out by means of the Kappa concordance quotient, higher than 0.50, with an almost perfect concordance robustness, according to Landis and Koch. This allowed for adjustments in its design and refining with greater security and precision. Conclusion: This research provides two instruments that were designed, validated, and structured for the practice of nursing care in the ICU, with adult Colombian population, which enables the creation of evidence by assessing during care the interpersonal relationship between the nurse and the patient and the nurse and the family of the patient.

Objetivo: Construção, refinação, validação facial e de conteúdo de dois instrumentos para medir a relação interpessoal enfermeira-família, e enfermeira-paciente adulto, na unidade de terapia intensiva (UCI). Método: Estudo metodológico de abordagem quantitativa, realizado por fases, para o desenho, validação facial, de conteúdo e refinação de dois instrumentos. Consideraram-se os critérios de redação, gramática, coesão e coerência e cada item na validação de conteúdo. Resultados: Dois instrumentos; valoração da relação interpessoal enfermeira-paciente na UTI (VRIEP-UTI) e valoração da relação interpessoal enfermeira-família ou acompanhante do paciente na UTI (VRIEFUTI), instrumentos dos quais se realizou validação facial mediante o julgamento de 7 especialistas, e de conteúdo mediante o coeficiente de concordância Kappa, superior a 0,50 com uma força de concordância quase perfeita segundo Landis e Koch, que permitiu ajustar o desenho e refinação deles com maior certeza e exatidão. Conclusão: Esta pesquisa contribui com dois instrumentos desenhados, validados e estruturados para a prática do cuidado de enfermagem na UTI com população colombiana adulta, que permitem criar evidência ao valorizar no cuidado a relação interpessoal entre a enfermeira e o paciente, e entre a enfermeira e a família o paciente.

Soledad en la adolescencia: análisis del concepto / Loneliness during adolescence: analysis of the concept

La soledad es una experiencia conocida por todos los seres humanos, inherente a la necesidad de pertenecer y que actualmente es considerada como una epidemia de la sociedad moderna, un problema de salud pública que por sus consecuencias físicas, mentales y sociales requiere un abordaje desde múltiples perspectivas. Así mismo, la adolescencia es una etapa especialmente vulnerable para experimentar sentimientos de soledad que son un factor significativo para la salud y la calidad de vida de los adolescentes y como tal es relevante para el cuidado de enfermería. Este articulo tiene como objetivo analizar el concepto de soledad en la adolescencia a través de la metodología propuesta por Walker y Avant, estrategia a través de la cual se examinan las características que definen un concepto y sus atributos. El conocimiento de este fenômeno permitirá proponer estrategias de prevención e intervención, y guiar la práctica de cuidado en este grupo de edad.

Loneliness is an experience known to all human beings. Inherent in the need to belong, it is regarded as an epidemic in modern society, a public health problem that needs to be addressed from a variety of perspectives, given its physical, mental and social consequences. Adolescence is a particularly vulnerable stage for experiencing feelings of loneliness, which are a significant factor for adolescent health and quality of life and, as such, it is relevant to nursing care. The purpose of this article is to analyze the concept of loneliness during adolescence through the method proposed by Walker and Avant, which is a strategy for examining the characteristics that define a conceptand its attributes. An understanding of this phenomenon will make it possible to propose strategies for prevention and intervention, and to guide care for this age group.

Significado, un conocimientopara la práctica de enfermería / Meaning, knowledge to practice nursing / Significado, conhecimento para a prática da enfermagem

Uno de los desafíos para el cuidado de enfermería del presentesiglo es el rescate de la unidad del ser a través de procesosde investigación relacionados con la capacidad de lasenfermeras de interrogarse, establecer la naturaleza de los fenómenosy los valores relacionados.Este reto se centra en gran medida en poder conocer ycomprender la esencia de las experiencias en los fenómenostanto de salud como de enfermedad en la cotidianidad de losseres humanos. La epistemología como ciencia del desarrollodel conocimiento proporciona herramientas para abordar elsignificado o significados, entendido este como uno de losconceptos del dominio de la práctica de enfermería.El significado se puede establecer desde diferentes áreasdel saber; entre otras, la filosofía con enfoques metodológicoscomo la fenomenología y la hermenéutica, al igual que la lingüística,la pedagogía, la psicología social y la etnografía. Estasdiversas formas de concebir el conocimiento conllevan distintosabordajes que dan soporte a la práctica.La enfermera, en el proceso de dar cuidado, debe trascenderde la noción exclusivamente lingüística del significado haciael rescate de la unidad del ser, considerando el lenguajecomo un elemento necesario, pero no exclusivo, para comprendere interpretar en las narrativas la experiencia y los significadosque se atribuyen.