Occlusion development after premature loss of deciduous anterior teeth: preliminary results of a 24-month prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate occlusion development after premature loss or extraction of deciduous anterior teeth, by means of a prospective cohort study. METHODS: Fifteen infants and children aged 1 to 5 years old were longitudinally assessed (with loss or extraction of deciduous anterior teeth [n = 9], and without tooth losses [n = 6]). Photographs and dental casts at the baseline and after 24 months of follow-up were performed. Dental casts were scanned, and linear measurements were made on the digitalized models (missing tooth space, arch perimeter, arch length, arch width, intercanine length and intercanine width). The t-test was used for groups comparisons (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Individuals' mean age at baseline was 2.93 (± 1.18) years. No statistically significant differences were observed in the missing tooth space in the group with tooth loss during the 24 months of follow-up (p > 0.05). Arch perimeter, arch length, arch width, intercanine length and intercanine width did not show differences between the groups (p > 0.05). Qualitative photographic evaluation revealed other changes in the dental arches and occlusion, such as exfoliation and eruption of deciduous teeth, eruption of permanent teeth, self-correction or establishment of malocclusion, among others. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the premature loss of deciduous anterior teeth does not affect the perimeter, length and width of the dental arches; however, other alterations that lead to malocclusion could be established.

Occlusion development after premature loss of deciduous anterior teeth: preliminary results of a 24-month prospective cohort study

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to evaluate occlusion development after premature loss or extraction of deciduous anterior teeth, by means of a prospective cohort study. Methods: Fifteen infants and children aged 1 to 5 years old were longitudinally assessed (with loss or extraction of deciduous anterior teeth [n = 9], and without tooth losses [n = 6]). Photographs and dental casts at the baseline and after 24 months of follow-up were performed. Dental casts were scanned, and linear measurements were made on the digitalized models (missing tooth space, arch perimeter, arch length, arch width, intercanine length and intercanine width). The t-test was used for groups comparisons (α = 0.05). Results: Individuals' mean age at baseline was 2.93 (± 1.18) years. No statistically significant differences were observed in the missing tooth space in the group with tooth loss during the 24 months of follow-up (p > 0.05). Arch perimeter, arch length, arch width, intercanine length and intercanine width did not show differences between the groups (p > 0.05). Qualitative photographic evaluation revealed other changes in the dental arches and occlusion, such as exfoliation and eruption of deciduous teeth, eruption of permanent teeth, self-correction or establishment of malocclusion, among others. Conclusion: The results suggest that the premature loss of deciduous anterior teeth does not affect the perimeter, length and width of the dental arches; however, other alterations that lead to malocclusion could be established.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desenvolvimento da oclusão após perda prematura ou extração de dentes decíduos anteriores, por meio de um estudo de coorte prospectivo. Métodos: Quinze bebês e crianças de 1 a 5 anos foram avaliados longitudinalmente (com perda ou extração de dentes anteriores decíduos [n = 9] e sem perdas dentárias [n = 6]). Foram realizadas fotografias e modelos dentais no início e após 24 meses de acompanhamento. Os modelos dentários foram escaneados e medidas lineares foram feitas nos modelos digitalizados (espaço dentário perdido, perímetro da arcada, comprimento da arcada, largura da arcada, comprimento intercaninos e largura intercaninos). O teste t foi utilizado para comparações entre grupos (α = 0,05). Resultados: A média de idade dos indivíduos no início do estudo foi de 2,93 (± 1,18) anos. Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas no espaço dentário perdido no grupo com perda dentária durante os 24 meses de acompanhamento (p > 0,05). O perímetro da arcada, comprimento da arcada, largura da arcada, comprimento intercaninos e largura intercaninos não apresentaram diferenças entre os grupos (p> 0,05). A avaliação fotográfica qualitativa revelou alterações nas arcadas dentárias e na oclusão, como: esfoliação e erupção de dentes decíduos, erupção de dentes permanentes, autocorreção ou estabelecimento de má oclusão, entre outras. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que a perda prematura de dentes anteriores decíduos não afeta o perímetro, comprimento e largura das arcadas dentárias; entretanto, outras alterações que levam à má oclusão poderiam ser estabelecidas.

Influence of the maxillary dimensions and anterior teeth anatomy on the buccal impaction of upper permanent canines: A three-dimensional case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: The diagnosis of impacted upper permanent canines (IUPC) is a relatively common clinical finding. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the buccal impaction of upper permanent canines with their dimensions and the maxilla bone base. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cone beam computed tomography files of 66 patients were allocated into: impaction group (ICG/n=33/mean age 15.7±3.9 years), with 44 impacted canines by the buccal side; control group (CG/n=33/mean age 15.66±3.99 years), matched for age and sex, with 66 canines normally erupted. The following measurements were obtained from ICG and CG groups: linear and volumetric canine dimensions, linear measurements of upper permanent central and lateral incisors, measurements of the anterior perimeter and transverse segments of the maxilla. Independent Student's t-test was used for intergroup analysis with correction of Bonferroni (α=0,005). RESULTS: Higher values were found in the means of the variables regarding to the anterior teeth crowns in the ICG group, however, without a significant difference (P<0,005). The upper arch anterior perimeter of the individuals with canine impaction through buccal area was reduced compared to CG (P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that individuals with upper buccal impacted permanent canine showed a significantly smaller anterior perimeter of the maxillary arch when compared to the control group. Although greater canine mesiodistal diameter was found in this group, there is no statistical association with the occurrence of this condition.

Influence of the maxillary dimensions and lateral incisor anatomy on the palatal impaction of maxillary permanent canines: A three-dimensional case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: The diagnosis of impacted upper permanent canines (IUPC) is a relatively common clinical finding. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between the upper permanent canines palatal impaction, lateral incisors morphology and the maxilla bone base. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cone-beam tomography files from 62 subjects were divided into 2 groups: impaction group (ICG/n=31; mean age 14.3±2.4) with 45 canines impacted on the palatal side and age- and sex-matched control group (CG/n=31; mean age 14.3±2.3), with 62 normally erupted canines. Linear and volumetric measurements of the lateral incisors, linear transversal measures and the maxillary anterior perimeter were taken. Independent Student's t-test was used for intergroup analysis with correction of Bonferroni. RESULTS: Significant differences were found for crown length and root diameter (buccal-palatal) (P<0.005). The maxillary anterior perimeter in the ICG was reduced in relation to the GC but not significantly (P=0.008). The transverse skeletal variables of the maxilla were equivalent in the intergroup comparison (P>0.005). CONCLUSION: Smaller dimensions in the crown length and in the upper permanent lateral incisors root buccal-palatal diameter were associated with the impaction of upper permanent canines on the palatal side. The maxillary transverse morphology did not show any association with the occurrence of this condition.

Three-dimensional micromorphology of human midpalatal suture and pterygomaxillary articular complex.

BACKGROUND: Sutures exist in the craniofacial area, and the pattern of maturation and synostosis of facial sutures is largely unknown. METHODS: For a comprehensive understanding of the three-dimensional circummaxillary suture micromorphology, human midpalatal suture (MPS) and pterygomaxillary articular complex from eight subjects' (five males, three females, 72-88 years old) autopsies were longitudinally scanned with microcomputed tomography. Additional histology was performed for hematoxylin and eosin staining. Sutural micromorphology was assessed by interdigitation index (II), obliteration index (OI) and obliteration number. Intergroup comparisons were performed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U with Bonferroni correction (α = 0.005). Correlation with anteroposterior and craniocaudal gradients was assessed with Spearman's correlation test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Maxillary region of MPS presented a higher II 1.50 (0.61) and obliteration number per slice 8 (9) (P < 0.005). OI was increased in palatomaxillary 35% (47%) followed by pterygopalatine suture 25% (49%) (P < 0.005). The II and OI of the MPS exhibited only a weak anteroposterior gradient, with relatively low correlations. Obliteration areas were found sporadically along the entire MPS. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings, it is conceivable that the success of nonsurgical maxillary expansion largely depends on individual variations in sutural morphology and maturation rather than appliance design.

3D analysis of maxillomandibular morphology in hyperdivergent and hypodivergent individuals: A cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate maxillomandibular morphology in hyperdivergent and hypodivergent individuals, using 3D surface models generated by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). METHODS: The sample consisted of 60 CBCTs (30 males, 30 females) patients aged 12-30 years, divided into two groups comprising hyperdivergent (≥35°) and hypodivergent (≤30°) individuals, according to the mandibular plane (MP) angle. Multiplanar reconstructions were used to mark the landmarks, and 3D surface models were created to evaluate structures of the maxillomandibular complex, including condyle, ramus, symphysis and palatal height. Intergroup comparisons were performed by independent t-test. Pearson's correlation test was used (P < .05) to evaluate the correlation of the MP angle with the angles and linear measurements of other structures. RESULTS: Significant differences were found between the groups regarding condylar width, ramus height, condylar plus ramus height, mandibular length, gonial angle, palatal plane angle and palatal-mandibular angle. No differences (P > .05) were found for the condylar height, symphysis inclination angle or palatal height. Correlations (P < .05) were found between the MP angle and structures of the maxillomandibular complex. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperdivergent (MP ≥ 35°) and hypodivergent (MP ≤ 30°) individuals present different skeletal morphology regarding condylar width, ramus height, condylar plus ramus height, mandibular length, gonial angle, palatal plane angle and palatal-mandibular angle. There is a significant correlation between MP angle and morphological structures such as condyle, ramus, symphysis, palatal plane angle and palatal-mandibular angle.

Representações sociais de psicoterapia on-line para psicólogos clínicos na pandemia Covid-19 / Social representations of online psychotherapy for clinical psychologists in the Covid-19 pandemic / Representaciones sociales de la psicoterapia en línea para psicólogos clínicos en la pandemia de Covid-19

OBJETIVO: Os serviços tecnológicos tiveram um crescimento exponencialmente acelerado nos últimos anos, principalmente com a chegada da pandemia coronavírus. Entre esses serviços estão aqueles relacionados à saúde, como a psicoterapia on-line. OBJETIVO: Esse estudo buscou compreender as representações sociais associadas ao atendimento on-line pelos psicólogos clínicos. MÉTODO: Utilizou-se como instrumentos: 1) teste de associação livre de palavras para investigação das representações sociais da psicoterapia on-line; 2) questionário semiestruturado para investigação das práticas sociais e atitudes relativas ao objeto; 3) questionário contendo questões de caracterização dos participantes e itens sobre o posicionamento atitudinal frente ao objeto. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: Os participantes foram 151 psicólogos residentes no Brasil, acessados pela técnica snowball. Para análise utilizou-se os softwares SPSS, EVOC 2000 e IRaMuTeQ. Como resultados pode-se destacar a representação social da psicoterapia online muito relacionada a aspectos de facilidade, acesso e conexão, que parecem estar relacionadas a possibilidades de alcance de alguns grupos sociais, atrelados ao vínculo e acolhimento necessários neste serviço. Estas representações aparecem também como ancoradas nas de psicoterapia presencial. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que no momento desta pesquisa os profissionais estavam voltados à adaptação da psicoterapia presencial para a psicoterapia on-line e destaca-se a importância da ampliação dos conhecimentos sobre esse novo setting psicoterapêutico.

OBJECTIVE: Technological services have grown exponentially in recent years, especially with the arrival of the coronavirus pandemic. Among these services are those related to health, such as online psychotherapy. OBJECTIVE: This study sought to understand the social representations associated with online care by clinical psychologists. METHOD: The following instruments were used: 1) free word association test to investigate social representations of online psychotherapy; 2) a semi-structured questionnaire to investigate social practices and attitudes related to the object; 3) a questionnaire containing questions about the characterization of the participants and items about the attitudinal position towards the object. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The participants were 151 psychologists residing in Brazil, accessed through the snowball technique. For analysis, SPSS, EVOC 2000 and IRaMuTeQ software were used. As a result, the social representation of online psychotherapy can be highlighted, which is closely related to aspects of ease, access and connection, which seem to be related to the possibilities of reaching some social groups, linked to the bond and welcome needed in this service. These representations also seem to be anchored in face-to-face psychotherapy. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that at the time of this research, professionals were focused on adapting face-to-face psychotherapy to online psychotherapy, and the importance of expanding knowledge about this new psychotherapeutic setting is highlighted.

OBJETIVO: Los servicios tecnológicos han crecido exponencialmente en los últimos años, especialmente con la llegada de la pandemia del coronavirus. Entre estos servicios se encuentran los relacionados con la salud, como la psicoterapia en línea. OBJETIVO: Este estudio buscó comprender las representaciones sociales asociadas a la atención en línea por parte de psicólogos clínicos. MÉTODO: Se utilizaron los siguientes instrumentos: 1) prueba de asociación de palabras libres para investigar las representaciones sociales de la psicoterapia en línea; 2) cuestionario semiestructurado para investigar prácticas y actitudes sociales relacionadas con el objeto; 3) cuestionario que contiene preguntas sobre la caracterización de los participantes e ítems sobre la posición actitudinal hacia el objeto. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN: Los participantes fueron 151 psicólogos residentes en Brasil, accedidos a través de la técnica de bola de nieve. Para el análisis se utilizaron los software SPSS, EVOC 2000 e IRaMuTeQ. Como resultado, se puede destacar la representación social de la psicoterapia en línea, que está íntimamente relacionada con aspectos de facilidad, acceso y conexión, que parecen estar relacionados con las posibilidades de llegar a algunos grupos sociales, ligados al vínculo y acogida que se necesita en este servicio. Estas representaciones también parecen estar ancladas en la psicoterapia cara a cara. CONCLUSIÓN: Se concluye que en el momento de esta investigación, los profesionales estaban enfocados en adaptar la psicoterapia presencial a la psicoterapia en línea, y se destaca la importancia de ampliar el conocimiento sobre este nuevo escenario psicoterapéutico.

Psicodrama bipessoal no tratamento do embotamento da espontaneidade decorrente da pandemia de covid-19 / Bipersonal psychodrama in the treatment of the dullness of spontaneity resulting from the covid-19 pandemic / Psicodrama bipersonal en el tratamiento de la torpeza de la espontaneidad resultante de la pandemia de covid-19

RESUMO O isolamento social restringiu a liberdade das pessoas e intensificou o psicodrama on-line na pandemia. Este artigo objetiva compreender como o psicodrama bipessoal on-line pode tratar o embotamento da espontaneidade decorrente do isolamento social na pandemia de COVID-19, incluindo etapas, instrumentos e técnicas do atendimento. Foram realizadas cinco sessões de psicodrama bipessoal on-line, em função do contexto da pandemia de COVID-19. O isolamento social pode embotar a espontaneidade. A abordagem do psicodrama bipessoal com suas técnicas traz embasamento para a prática à distância e permite reconhecer conservas culturais, novas possibilidades de desempenho de papéis e treinar a espontaneidade para a sobrevivência após a pandemia de COVID-19.

ABSTRACT The social isolation of recent years has restricted people's freedom and intensified online psychodrama in the pandemic. This article aims to understand how online bipersonal psychodrama can treat the dullness of spontaneity resulting from social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic, including stages, instruments and techniques of care. Five sessions of bipersonal psychodrama were performed online, depending on the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Social isolation can blunt spontaneity. The approach of bipersonal psychodrama with its techniques provides a basis for distance practice and allows recognizing cultural conserves, new possibilities for role playing and training spontaneity for survival after the COVID-19 pandemic.

RESUMEN El aislamiento social restringió la libertad de las personas e intensificó el psicodrama en línea en la pandemia. Este artículo tiene como objetivo comprender cómo el psicodrama bipersonal en línea puede tratar la torpeza de la espontaneidad resultante del aislamiento social en la pandemia de COVID-19, incluidas las etapas, los instrumentos y las técnicas de atención. Se realizaron cinco sesiones de psicodrama bipersonal en línea, dependiendo del contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19. El aislamiento social puede embotar la espontaneidad. El enfoque del psicodrama bipersonal con sus técnicas, aporta fundamentación a la práctica a distancia y permite reconocer reservas culturales, nuevas posibilidades de desempeño de roles y entrenar la espontaneidad para la supervivencia después de la pandemia de COVID-19.

O tempo em terapia: possibilidades psicodramáticas / Time in therapy: psychodramatic possibilities / El tiempo en terapia: posibilidades psicodramáticas

RESUMO O presente estudo teve como objetivos compreender como as pessoas se relacionam com o tempo e apresentar possibilidades de vivências psicodramáticas em diferentes formatos de sessão. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa de estudo de caso, com análise de registros de um encontro grupal e de uma sessão bipessoal de três mulheres, cada uma em seu processo psicoterapêutico. O encontro grupal com jogos dramáticos trabalhou especificamente a relação com o tempo e apresentou as dificuldades e facilidades em lidar com o tempo, que passa rápido ou devagar, com os imprevistos e/ou o aproveitar o momento. As sessões individuais marcaram o tempo como inimigo, até a compreensão de que a rotina exaustiva ou as conservas de produtividade impediam a espontaneidade.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to understand how people relate to time and present possibilities of psychodramatic action in different session formats. Therefore, qualitative research was carried out in case study format, with analysis of records of a group meeting and a bipersonal session of three women, each in their psychotherapeutic process. The group meeting with dramatic games worked specifically the relationship with time and presented the difficulties and facilities in dealing with time that passes quickly or slowly, with the unforeseen and/ or seize the moment. The individual sessions marked time as an enemy, until the understanding that the exhaustive routine or the preservation of productivity prevented spontaneity.

RESUMEN El presente estudio tiene como objetivos comprender cómo las personas se relacionan con el tiempo y presentar posibilidades de actuación psicodramáticas a partir de diferentes formatos de sesión. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa en formato de estudio de caso, con análisis de registros de un encuentro grupal y una sesión bipersonal de 3 mujeres, cada una en su proceso psicoterapéutico. El encuentro grupal con juegos dramáticos trabajó específicamente la relación con el tiempo y presentó las dificultades y facilidades en lidiar con el tiempo que pasa rápido o lento, con los imprevistos y/o aprovechar el momento. Las sesiones individuales marcaron el tiempo como enemigo, hasta la comprensión de que la rutina exhaustiva o las conservas de productividad impedían la espontaneidad.

Ansiedade em universitários e a criança interna: psicodrama bipessoal on-line / Anxiety of college students and their inner child: online bipersonal psychodrama / La ansiedad en los estudiantes universitarios y herida infantil: psicodrama bipersonal en línea

RESUMO O estudo objetivou compreender as contribuições do psicodrama bipessoal na identificação e ação reparatória de cenas nucleares de universitários com embotamento da espontaneidade no ambiente acadêmico. Foi realizada uma pesquisa-ação em formato de psicodrama bipessoal on-line com dois estudantes universitários, acessados por meio da técnica da bola de neve. Os atendimentos seguiram as etapas de sessão psicodramática, suas técnicas e ferramentas. A análise das sessões foi realizada com base nos pressupostos teóricos da socionomia. Identificou-se que as cenas nucleares relacionadas à ansiedade dos protagonistas estavam associadas à infância. Os status nascendis foram trabalhados em ação reparatória com a criança interna ferida dos protagonistas, de modo a auxiliar no desenvolvimento da espontaneidade.

ABSTRACT The study aimed to understand the contributions of bipersonal psychodrama in the identification and reparatory action of core scenes of university students with blunted spontaneity in the academic environment. An action research was carried out in an on-line bipersonal psychodrama format with two college students, accessed through the snowball technique. The sessions followed the steps of a psychodramatic session, its techniques, and tools. The analysis of the sessions was carried out based on the theoretical assumptions of socionomics. It was identified that the core scenes related to the protagonists' anxiety were associated to childhood. The status nascendis were worked in reparatory action with the wounded inner child of the protagonists, in order to help the development of spontaneity.

RESUMEN El estudio pretendía comprender las contribuciones del psicodrama bipersonal en la identificación y acción reparatoria de escenas nucleares de estudiantes universitarios con embotamiento de la espontaneidad en el entorno académico. Se realizó una investigación-acción en formato de psicodrama bipersonal online con 2 estudiantes universitarios, a los que se accedió mediante la técnica de bola de nieve. Las sesiones siguieron las etapas de la sesión psicodramática, sus técnicas y herramientas. El análisis de las sesiones se realizó desde los supuestos teóricos de la Socionomía. Se identificó que las escenas centrales relacionadas con la ansiedad de los protagonistas estaban asociadas a la infancia. Los status nascendis se trabajaron en acción reparadora con el niño interior herido de los protagonistas, para ayudar al desarrollo de la espontaneidad.

Bengala, preconceito e dificuldade: representações e identidade social de pessoas cegas e com baixa visão / Cane, prejudice and difficulty: representations and social identity of blind and low vision people / Bengala, prejuicio y dificultad: representaciones e identidad social de personas ciegas y baja visión

Bengala, preconceito e dificuldade: representações e identidade social de pessoas cegas e com baixa visão. Representações sociais são um conjunto de crenças e explicações compartilhadas no senso comum, que auxiliam os indivíduos a se ajustarem às estranhezas cotidianas ao tornar familiar o desconhecido. Este estudo é parte de uma pesquisa que objetivou compreender a relação entre as representações sociais da deficiência visual e a identidade social para pessoas cegas e com baixa visão. Participaram 40 pessoas, 20 autodeclaradas cegas e 20 autodeclaradas com baixa visão. Foi realizado um teste de associação livre, a partir do termo indutor "cego" ou "baixa visão", solicitando-se aos participantes que falassem as cinco primeiras palavras que vinham à mente quando pensavam nos termos referidos. As palavras evocadas foram submetidas a uma análise prototípica por meio do software IRaMuTeQ 0.2. Como resultados, observou-se que a representação social de "cego" está ancorada na representação de "preconceito", enquanto a representação social de "baixa visão" está ancorada na representação de "dificuldade"; a objetificação da pessoa cega ocorre por meio da bengala; e a identidade social do grupo de pessoas cegas aparenta relativa coesão, já a do grupo de pessoas com baixa visão parece bastante fragmentada. Conclui-se pela necessidade de intervenções com foco na constituição da identidade social das pessoas com deficiência visual.(AU)

Cane, prejudice and difficulty: representations and social identity of blind and low vision people. Social representations are a set of beliefs and explanations shared in common sense, which help individuals to adjust to everyday strangeness by making the unknown familiar. This study is part of a research that aimed to understand the relationship between the social representations of visual impairment and the social identity for blind and low vision people. 40 people participated, 20 self-declared blind and 20 self-declared with low vision. A free association test was carried out, using the term "blind" or "low vision", asking participants to speak the first five words that came to mind when they thought of the terms mentioned. The evoked words were submitted to a prototypical analysis using the software IRaMuTeQ 0.2. As a result, it was observed that the social representation of "blind" is anchored in the representation of "prejudice", while the social representation of "low vision" is anchored in the representation of "difficulty"; the objectification of the blind person occurs through the cane; and the social identity of the group of blind people appears to be relatively cohesive, whereas that of the group of people with low vision appears to be quite fragmented. It concludes by the need for interventions focused on the constitution of the social identity of people with visual impairments.(AU)

Bengala, prejuicio y dificultad: representaciones e identidad social de personas ciegas y baja visión. Las representaciones sociales son un conjunto de creencias y explicaciones compartidas en sentido común, que ayudan a los individuos a adaptarse a la extrañeza cotidiana al hacer familiar lo desconocido. Este estudio es parte de una investigación que tuvo como objetivo comprender la relación entre las representaciones sociales de la discapacidad visual y la identidad social de las personas ciegas y con baja visión. Participaron cuarenta personas, 20 autodeclaradas ciegas y 20 autodeclaradas con baja visión. Se realizó una prueba de asociación libre, utilizando el término "ciego" o "baja visión", pidiendo a los participantes que pronunciaran las primeras cinco palabras que les venían a la cabeza cuando pensaban en los términos mencionados. Las palabras evocadas se sometieron a un análisis prototípico utilizando el software IRaMuTeQ 0.2. Como resultado, se observó que la representación social de los "ciegos" se ancla en la representación del "prejuicio", mientras que la representación social de la "baja visión" se ancla en la representación de la "dificultad"; la objetivación del ciego se produce a través del bastón; y la identidad social del grupo de personas ciegas parece estar relativamente cohesionada, mientras que la del grupo de personas con baja visión parece estar bastante fragmentada. Concluye por la necesidad de intervenciones enfocadas a la constitución de la identidad social de las personas con discapacidad visual.(AU)

Effect of cigarette smoke on aesthetic brackets: an in vitro study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cigarette smoke (CS) on physical and mechanical properties of ceramic, polycarbonate and alumina ceramic brackets. The null hypothesis tested was that aesthetic brackets would not be influenced by CS. METHODS: Ninety aesthetic brackets were allocated to three groups (n = 30): ceramic (GCE), polycarbonate (GCO) and alumina ceramic (GPS). Ten samples of each group were assigned to color and surface roughness analysis, performed before (T0) and after (T1) exposure to CS; and twenty samples were allocated into control and experimental groups (n = 10) (not exposed and exposed to CS, respectively) for shear bond strength test (SBS). Exposure to CS followed an adaptation of the method described by Le Mesurier. Colorimetric reading, surface morphology and roughness, SBS and adhesive remnant index (ARI) were assessed. Statistical analysis comprised independent and paired t-tests, ANOVA/Tukey and Fisher's exact tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Changes were observed in brackets' color (NBS: GCE = 2.4; GCO = 1.9; GPS = 2.1), surface roughness (ΔRa: GCE = 1.1 ± 0.8 µm; GCO = 1.9 ± 1.5µm; GPS = -0.3 ± 0.1 µm / ΔRz: GCE = 1.4 ± 1.0 nm; GPS = -0.5 ± 0.1 nm); and SBS (GPS - experimental = 221.8 ± 48.6 N) after exposure to CS (p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Exposure, in vitro, of aesthetic brackets to CS resulted in changes of color to darker and more opaque shades, surface roughness alterations, and higher SBS values. ARI scores were not associated with exposure to CS.

Influence of nasal septum deviation on fluctuating asymmetries of the nasomaxillary complex: A cross-sectional study.

An important parameter in diagnostic analysis and treatment planning of different biological areas is facial symmetry, and several etiological factors have been attributed to skeletal facial asymmetry. Although causality cannot be determined, previous studies have reported a relationship between the anatomical deviation of the nasal septum and facial development. Diagnosis is critical for patients in growth stages due to the association between nasal septum deviation (NSD) and abnormal growth of the nasomaxillary complex. To understand this relationship, this study aimed to investigate the influence of nasal septum deviation on fluctuating asymmetries (FA) of the nasomaxillary complex at different stages of skeletal maturation. Another goal was to determine whether an association exists between the degrees of septal deviation severity and asymmetry of the nasomaxillary complex. This was a retrospective, cross-sectional observational study comprising 60 selected cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans that were divided into four groups (n = 15) according to the degree of septal deviation and skeletal maturation: mild deviation (MD; <10°), moderate to severe deviation (MSD; ≥10°), early group (EG), and late group (LG). The angle and area of deviation were measured for the greatest NSD, and a geometric morphometric approach was used to evaluate the nasal septum (NS) shape. The morphology of the nasomaxillary complex and the presence of fluctuating asymmetries were evaluated using 23 two-dimensional landmarks on the nasomaxillary complex (nasal, lateral, and palatal regions) with Procrustes ANOVA and Mann-Whitney test. Additionally, Spearman's correlation and multivariate regression were used to correlate the NSD with asymmetries in these regions. No significant differences were observed in the Procrustes FA scores of the nasomaxillary complex between the MD-EG × MSD-EG and MD-LG × MSD-LG (p > 0.05). However, the results of the multivariate regression revealed more specific aspects of asymmetry (asymmetry component), there was a positive correlation between the NSD angle and the palatal regions (p = 0.035 and p = 0.047, middle and posterior, respectively), and the nasal septum shape and anterior palatal regions (p = 0.039). The nasal and lateral regions did not correlate with the NSD angle in the multivariate regression analysis (p > 0.05). The results of this study indicate that there were no significant differences in the fluctuating asymmetry of the nasomaxillary complex between the mild and moderate to severe nasal septum deviation groups, in both early and late skeletal maturation stages. However, a positive correlation was observed in the degree of nasal septum deviation angle and asymmetry components of the middle and posterior palatal regions, likewise between the nasal septum shape and asymmetry components of the anterior palatal region. The diagnosis of nasal septum deviation by both physicians and dentists is important, as a relationship was observed with fluctuating asymmetry component of the palatal region. This information can guide the decision of the treatment planning for these individuals, and should be considered, especially in cases of severe septum deviation, due to the great anatomical proximity of these structures.

Dental staining after orthodontic debonding: effectiveness of two bleaching treatment protocols - in vitro study

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two bleaching treatment protocols to treat dental staining after orthodontic debonding. Materials and Methods: Twenty four bovine teeth were submitted to orthodontic bracket (Morelli, Edgewise Prescription, Slot 22) bonding (Transbond XT, 3M) and debonding, which were divided into three groups according to the bleaching protocol: hydrogen peroxide 10% (Whiteness, FGM) simulating home bleaching protocol (Home Bleaching Group), hydrogen peroxide 35% Whiteness, FGM) simulating dental office bleaching protocol (Office Bleaching Group) and Control Group, which was not exposed to any dental bleaching protocol, and stored in distilled water at 37°C. The specimens were submitted to the following processes: aging of resin remaining tegs by ultraviolet (UV), staining with coffee solution and tooth bleaching with 10% hydrogen peroxide (G1) and 35% hydrogen peroxide (G2). The color stability analysis (CIE color space L* a* b* was performed with Vita Easyshade Compact spectrophotometer before bonding (T0), after aging and staining processes (T1) and after bleaching treatment (T2). All teeth were stored in distilled water at 37°C between experimental times. The comparison between the groups and time effect evaluation were performed using ANOVA / Tukey ( =0.05) and ANOVA-MR with Bonferroni correction ( =0.016), respectively. Results: The color stability parameters L *, a * and b * indicated, with the exception of GC, a tendency of increase in T1 (G1 - L *: 76.72 ± 13.39; a *: 6.68 ± 3.71; b *: 43.14 ± 4.04 / G2: - L *: 75.78 ± 4.66; a *: 8.13 ± 2.75; b *: 43.42 ± 8.87), which reflected the tendency to decrease brightness in T1, followed by a tendency to return to T0 values (G1 - L *: 82.92 ± 12.16; a *: 4.25 ± 3.68; b *: 39.40 ± 9.49 / G2: - L *: 83.76 ± 8.02; a *: 8.76 ± 4.08; b *: 47.90 ± 5.88). Significant differences were observed in G2 in a * (T1: 8.13 ± 2.75, T2: 8.76 ± 4.08) and b * (T1: 43.42 ± 8.87; T2: 47.90 ± 5.88), indicating that this group did not return to the values presented in T0 (a *: 1.81 ± 1.70; b *: 35.40 ± 5.08) (p <0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that home bleaching protocol presented better performance for dental surface whitening in an eventual staining after orthodontic debonding.

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficácia de dois protocolos de tratamento clareador para manchas dentárias causadas após a descolagem ortodôntica. Materiais e Métodos: Vinte e quatro dentes bovinos foram submetidos à colagem e descolagem de braquetes ortodônticos (Morelli, Prescrição Edgewise, Slot 22") (Transbond XT, 3M), que foram divididos em três grupos de acordo com o protocolo de clareamento: peróxido de hidrogênio 10% (Whiteness, FGM) simulando protocolo de clareamento caseiro (grupo clareamento caseiro), peróxido de hidrogênio 35% Whiteness, FGM) simulando protocolo de clareamento de consultório (grupo clareamento de consultório) e Grupo Controle, que não foi exposto a nenhum protocolo de clareamento dental, armazenado em água destilada a 37ºC. Os corpos de prova foram submetidos aos seguintes processos: envelhecimento das resinas remanescentes por ultravioleta (UV), manchamento em solução de café e clareamento dental com peróxido de hidrogênio 10% (G1) e peróxido de hidrogênio 35% (G2). A análise de estabilidade de cor (sistema CIE L* a* b*) foi realizada com espectrofotômetro Vita Easyshade Compact antes da colagem (T0), após os processos de envelhecimento e manchamento (T1) e após o tratamento clareador (T2). Todos os dentes foram armazenados em água destilada a 37 °C entre os tempos experimentais. A comparação entre os grupos e a avaliação do efeito do tempo foram realizadas utilizando ANOVA/Tukey ( =0,05) e ANOVA-MR com correção de Bonferroni ( =0,016), respectivamente. Resultados: Os parâmetros de estabilidade de cor L *, a* e b* indicaram, com exceção do GC, tendência de aumento em T1 (G1 - L*: 76,72 ± 13,39; a*: 6,68 ± 3,71; b*: 43,14 ± 4,04 / G2: - L* : 75,78 ± 4,66; a*: 8,13 ± 2,75; b*: 43,42 ± 8,87), o que refletiu a tendência de diminuição do brilho em T1, seguido de uma tendência de retorno aos valores de T0 (G1- L*: 82,92 ± 12,16 ; a*: 4,25 ± 3,68; b*: 39,40 ± 9,49 / G2: - L*: 83,76 ± 8,02; a*: 8,76 ± 4,08; b*: 47,90 ± 5,88). Foram observadas diferenças significativas no G2 em a* (T1: 8,13 ± 2,75, T2: 8,76 ± 4,08) e b* (T1: 43,42 ± 8,87; T2: 47,90 ± 5,88), indicando que esse grupo não retornou aos valores apresentados em T0 (a*: 1,81 ± 1,70; b*: 35,40 ± 5,08) (p<0,05). Conclusão: Com base nos resultados deste estudo, pode-se concluir que o protocolo de clareamento caseiro apresentou melhor desempenho para o clareamento da superfície dentária em um eventual manchamento após a descolagem ortodôntica.

Escola, Família e Relações Intergrupais: Representações e Identidade Social de Pessoas com Deficiência Visual / School, Family and Intergroup Relations: Representations and Social Identity of People with Visual Disabilities / Relaciones Escolares, Familiares e Intergrupales: Representaciones e Identidad Social de Personas con Discapacidad Visual

Este estudo teve como objetivo compreender a relação entre as representações sociais da deficiência visual e a identidade social para pessoas cegas e com baixa visão. Foram entrevistadas 40 pessoas, 20 autodeclaradas cegas e 20 autodeclaradas com baixa visão. Utilizou-se um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada. A transcrição das respostas compôs um corpus de análise, submetido a uma classificação hierárquica descendente pelo software IRaMuTeQ 0.2. Como resultados, observou-se a ancoragem da representação da deficiência visual nas representações de acessibilidade - sobretudo na escola -, dependência - principalmente na família - e limitação; a objetivação da pessoa cega expressa na bengala; e a identidade social das pessoas cegas relativamente coesa, enquanto das com baixa visão bastante fragmentada, além de ambas negarem seus grupos de pertença para se inserir no grupo de pessoas sem deficiência. Concluiu-se pela emergência de pesquisas e intervenções que enfoquem o trabalho com familiares e professores enquanto agentes de formação da identidade social para pessoas com deficiência visual.

This study aimed to understand the relationship between social representations of visual impairment and social identity for blind and low vision people. 40 people were interviewed, 20 self-declared blind and 20 self-declared with low vision. A semi-structured interview script was used. The transcription of the answers made up a corpus of analysis, submitted to a descending hierarchical classification by the software IRaMuTeQ 0.2. As a result, the representation of visual impairment was anchored in representations of accessibility - especially at school -, dependence - mainly in the family - and limitation; the objectification of the blind person expressed in the cane; and the social identity of blind people relatively cohesive, while of those with low vision quite fragmented, in addition to both denying their belonging groups to be inserted in the group of people without disabilities. It concludes by the emergence of research and interventions that focus on working with family members and teachers as agents of formation of social identity for people with visual impairments.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender la relación entre las representaciones sociales de la discapacidad visual y la identidad social de las personas ciegas y con baja visión. Se entrevistaron 40 personas, 20 autodeclaradas ciegas y 20 autodeclaradas con baja visión. Se utilizó un guión de entrevista semiestructurado. La transcripción de las respuestas compuso un corpus de análisis, sometido a una clasificación jerárquica descendente por el software IRaMuTeQ 0.2. Como resultado, la representación de la discapacidad visual se anclo en representaciones de accesibilidad - especialmente en la escuela -, dependencia - principalmente en la familia - y limitación; la objetivación del ciego expresada en el bastón; y la identidad social de las personas ciegas relativamente cohesionadas, mientras que las de aquellos con baja visión fragmentada, además de negar ambos grupos de pertenencia para insertarse en el grupo de personas sin discapacidad. Se concluye que es importante el surgimiento de investigaciones e intervenciones que se enfocen en trabajar con familiares y docentes como agentes de formación de la identidad social de las personas con discapacidad visual.

Ser mulher: estratégias de sobrevivência a importunação sexual / Being a woman: estrategies for surviving sexual importunation / Ser mujer: estrategias para sobrevivir la importunación sexual

Estratégias de Sobrevivência referem-se a cursos de ação, gerais ou específicos, concebidos para lidar com uma situação, adotados por instituições e indivíduos, valendo-se também de um pensamento estratégico contínuo e recorrente (IRIGARAY, FREITAS, 2013). Essas estratégias são usadas por mulheres depois que essas passam por situações de Importunação Sexual, definida na Lei nº 13.718, de 2018, Art. 215-A. A pesquisa tem o objetivo de compreender quais as possíveis estratégias utilizadas por mulheres entre 18 e 30 anos diante da ocorrência da Importunação Sexual. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa por utilizar análise estatística descritiva dos dados e qualitativa por realizar análise de conteúdo. A seleção das participantes foi feita utilizando o critério de acessibilidade, via técnica metodológica bola de neve. O instrumento utilizado para a coleta de dados foi um formulário virtual. A hipótese de que mulheres, após sofrerem importunações sexuais, passem a utilizar de Estratégias de sobrevivência, buscando amenizar o efeito destes abusos em suas vidas foi confirmada. Assim, a pesquisa identificou que as Estratégias mais utilizadas pelas mulheres participantes da pesquisa são as estratégias de Evitação, Cooperativas, de Atenção e de Planejamento; observando assim que a liberdade da mulher vem sendo cerceada como reflexo do patriarcalismo.(AU)

Survival Strategies refer to courses of action, general or specific, designed to deal with a situation, adopted by institutions and individuals, also using continuous and recurring strategic thinking (IRIGARAY, FREITAS, 2013). These strategies are used by women after they go through sexual harassment situations, defined in Law nº 13.718, of 2018, Art. 215-A. The research aims to understand the possible strategies used by women between 18 and 30 years old in the face of the occurrence of sexual harassment. It is a quantitative research for using descriptive statistical analysis of the data and qualitative for performing content analysis. The selection of participants was made using the accessibility criterion, via the snowball methodological technique. The instrument used for data collection was a virtual form. The hypothesis that women, after suffering sexual harassment, start using Survival Strategies, seeking to mitigate the effect of these abuses in their lives has been confirmed. Thus, the research identified that the Strategies most used by the women participating in the research are the Avoidance, Cooperative, Attention and Planning strategies; thus observing that women's freedom has been curtailed as a reflection of patriarchy.(AU)

Las Estrategias de Supervivencia se refieren a cursos de acción, generales o específicos, diseñados para enfrentar una situación, adoptados por instituciones e individuos, utilizando también un pensamiento estratégico continuo y recurrente (IRIGARAY, FREITAS, 2013). Estas estrategias son utilizadas por las mujeres luego de pasar por situaciones de acoso sexual, definidas en la Ley nº 13.718, de 2018, Art. 215-A. La investigación tiene como objetivo comprender las posibles estrategias que utilizan las mujeres entre 18 y 30 años ante la ocurrencia de acoso sexual. Es una investigación cuantitativa para utilizar análisis estadístico descriptivo de los datos y cualitativa para realizar análisis de contenido. La selección de los participantes se realizó mediante el criterio de accesibilidad, mediante la técnica metodológica de bola de nieve. El instrumento utilizado para la recolección de datos fue un formulario virtual. Se ha confirmado la hipótesis de que las mujeres, luego de sufrir acoso sexual, comienzan a utilizar Estrategias de Supervivencia, buscando mitigar el efecto de estos abusos en sus vidas. Así, la investigación identificó que las Estrategias más utilizadas por las mujeres que participan en la investigación son las de Evitación, Cooperativa, Atención y Planificación; observando así que la libertad de las mujeres se ha reducido como reflejo del patriarcado.(AU)

Skeletal and alveolar changes in conventional rapid palatal expansion (RPE) and miniscrew-assisted RPE (MARPE): a prospective randomized clinical trial using low-dose CBCT.

BACKGROUND: This prospective randomized clinical trial aimed to evaluate the immediate and short-term skeletal, dentoalveolar, and periodontal effects of rapid palatal expansion (RPE) and miniscrew-assisted RPE (MARPE) in adolescent and young adult patients. METHODS: This study followed a two-arm, parallel, randomized clinical trial design that recruited patients with transverse maxillary deficiency in a 1:1 allocation ratio. Forty patients (14 men and 26 women) requiring maxillary expansion were randomly allocated to the RPE (n = 20, age = 14.0 ± 4.5) or MARPE (n = 20, age = 14.1 ± 4.2) groups. The assignment was performed via computer-generated block randomization, with a block size of four. Upon identical (35 turns) amount of expansion, low-dose cone-beam computed tomography images were taken before treatment (T0), immediately after expansion (T1), and after a 3-month consolidation period (T2). The primary outcome of this study comprised the assessment of midpalatal suture separation. Secondary outcomes included, skeletal, dentoalveolar, and periodontal measurements, which were performed at each time point. RESULTS: The frequency of midpalatal suture separation was 90% (18/20) and 95% (19/20) for the RPE and MARPE groups, respectively. A greater increase in nasal width in the molar region (M-NW) and greater palatine foramen (GPF) was observed immediately after the expansion (T1-T0) and consolidation periods (T2-T0) in the MARPE group compared to the RPE group (P < 0.05). The MARPE and RPE groups showed similar dentoalveolar changes except for the maxillary width (PM-MW, M-MW). The MARPE group presented greater bilateral first premolar (PM-MW) and molar (M-MW) maxillary width in relation to the RPE group (P < 0.05). Through the expansion and consolidation periods (T2-T0), lesser buccal displacement of the anchor teeth was observed in the MARPE group (PM-BBPT, PM-PBPT, M-BBPT [mesial and distal roots], and M-PBPT)( P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Midpalatal suture separation was observed in 90% and 95% of patients in the RPE and MARPE groups, respectively. Both RPE and MARPE groups exhibited significant triangular basal bone expansion and skeletal relapse during consolidation. Under identical amounts of expansion, the MARPE group showed lower decrease in the skeletal, dentoalveolar and periodontal variables after consolidation. The reinforcement of RPE with miniscrews contributes to the maintenance of the basal bone during consolidation period. Trial registration WHO Institutional Clinical Trials Registry Platform (IRB No. KCT0006871 / Registration date 27/12/2021).

Surface Characteristics and Microbiological Analysis of a Vat-Photopolymerization Additive-Manufacturing Dental Resin.

The wide application of additive manufacturing in dentistry implies the further investigation into oral micro-organism adhesion and biofilm formation on vat-photopolymerization (VP) dental resins. The surface characteristics and microbiological analysis of a VP dental resin, printed at resolutions of 50 µm (EG-50) and 100 µm (EG-100), were evaluated against an auto-polymerizing acrylic resin (CG). Samples were evaluated using a scanning electron microscope, a scanning white-light interferometer, and analyzed for Candida albicans (CA) and Streptococcus mutans (SM) biofilm, as well as antifungal and antimicrobial activity. EG-50 and EG-100 exhibited more irregular surfaces and statistically higher mean (Ra) and root-mean-square (rms) roughness (EG-50-Ra: 2.96 ± 0.32 µm; rms: 4.05 ± 0.43 µm/EG-100-Ra: 3.76 ± 0.58 µm; rms: 4.79 ± 0.74 µm) compared to the CG (Ra: 0.52 ± 0.36 µm; rms: 0.84 ± 0.54 µm) (p < 0.05). The biomass and extracellular matrix production by CA and SM and the metabolic activity of SM were significantly decreased in EG-50 and EG-100 compared to CG (p < 0.05). CA and SM growth was inhibited by the pure unpolymerized VP resin (48 h). EG-50 and EG-100 recorded a greater irregularity, higher surface roughness, and decreased CA and SM biofilm formation over the CG.

Agreement among instruments of quantitative evaluation of the hard palate in children / Concordância entre instrumentos de avaliação quantitativa do palato duro em crianças

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate the agreement among instruments of the quantitative evaluation of hard palate. Methods This cross-sectional study was performed with a sample of 30 children aged 6 to 11 from Santa Maria, Southern Brazil. The instruments for palate measurements evaluated were: digital caliper, used directly in the oral cavity and in plaster casts, Korkhaus tridimensional bow, used directly in the oral cavity and in plaster casts, and Dolphin Imaging Software used for measurements in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The agreement among different instruments was evaluated using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Results The means of all transversal dimensions obtained by cone-beam computed tomography were lower than those of the other instruments - the agreement values in the width between the canines and in the width between the first molars were lower when comparing the cone-beam computed tomography and the other instruments. In the width between the first and second premolars, all comparisons showed acceptable agreement values. Good concordance values were obtained when comparing the palate depth at the second premolar region when using a bow divider inside the oral cavity and in the cast. Conclusion Most instruments presented satisfactory agreement in the measurements related to the transverse plane of the hard palate. However, when the vertical plane was evaluated, only the bow divider applied to both cast and oral cavity presented ideal agreement.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a concordância entre instrumentos de avaliação quantitativa do palato duro. Método Este estudo transversal foi realizado com uma amostra de 30 crianças de 6 a 11 anos de Santa Maria, sul do Brasil. Os instrumentos de medidas do palato avaliados foram: paquímetro digital, utilizado diretamente na cavidade oral e em modelos de gesso, arco tridimensional Korkhaus, usado diretamente na cavidade oral e em modelos de gesso, e Dolphin Imaging Software utilizado para medições em tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (CBCT). A concordância entre os diferentes instrumentos foi avaliada por meio do Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (ICC). Resultados As médias de todas as dimensões transversais obtidas pela tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico foram menores do que as dos outros instrumentos - os valores de concordância na largura entre os caninos e na largura entre os primeiros molares foram baixos na comparação entre a tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico e os demais instrumentos. Na largura entre o primeiro e o segundo pré-molar, todas as comparações apresentaram valores de concordância aceitáveis. Valores de concordância aceitáveis também foram obtidos ao comparar a profundidade do palato na região do segundo pré-molar com o uso de um divisor de arco dentro da cavidade oral e no gesso. Conclusão A maioria dos instrumentos apresentou concordância satisfatória nas medidas relacionadas ao plano transverso do palato duro. Porém, quando avaliado o plano vertical, apenas o divisor de arco aplicado tanto no gesso quanto na cavidade oral apresentou concordância ideal.

Effect of cigarette smoke on aesthetic brackets: an in vitro study

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cigarette smoke (CS) on physical and mechanical properties of ceramic, polycarbonate and alumina ceramic brackets. The null hypothesis tested was that aesthetic brackets would not be influenced by CS. Methods: Ninety aesthetic brackets were allocated to three groups (n = 30): ceramic (GCE), polycarbonate (GCO) and alumina ceramic (GPS). Ten samples of each group were assigned to color and surface roughness analysis, performed before (T0) and after (T1) exposure to CS; and twenty samples were allocated into control and experimental groups (n = 10) (not exposed and exposed to CS, respectively) for shear bond strength test (SBS). Exposure to CS followed an adaptation of the method described by Le Mesurier. Colorimetric reading, surface morphology and roughness, SBS and adhesive remnant index (ARI) were assessed. Statistical analysis comprised independent and paired t-tests, ANOVA/Tukey and Fisher's exact tests (α = 0.05). Results: Changes were observed in brackets' color (NBS: GCE = 2.4; GCO = 1.9; GPS = 2.1), surface roughness (ΔRa: GCE = 1.1 ± 0.8 µm; GCO = 1.9 ± 1.5µm; GPS = -0.3 ± 0.1 µm / ΔRz: GCE = 1.4 ± 1.0 nm; GPS = -0.5 ± 0.1 nm); and SBS (GPS - experimental = 221.8 ± 48.6 N) after exposure to CS (p< 0.05). Conclusions: Exposure, in vitro, of aesthetic brackets to CS resulted in changes of color to darker and more opaque shades, surface roughness alterations, and higher SBS values. ARI scores were not associated with exposure to CS.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da fumaça do cigarro (FC) nas propriedades físicas e mecânicas de braquetes cerâmicos, de policarbonato e de cerâmica de alumina. A hipótese nula testada foi de que os braquetes estéticos não seriam influenciados pela FC. Métodos: Noventa braquetes estéticos foram alocados em três grupos (n = 30): cerâmica (GCE), policarbonato (GCO) e cerâmica de alumina (GPS). Dez amostras de cada grupo foram designadas para análise de cor e rugosidade superficial, realizada antes (T0) e após (T1) exposição à FC, e vinte amostras foram alocadas nos grupos controle e experimental (n = 10) (não expostos e expostos à FC, respectivamente) para o teste de resistência ao cisalhamento (RC). A exposição à FC foi realizada de acordo com o método descrito por Le Mesurier. Leitura colorimétrica, morfologia e rugosidade de superfície, RC e índice de adesivo remanescente (ARI) foram avaliados. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio dos testes t independente e para amostras pareadas, ANOVA/Tukey e teste exato de Fisher (α = 0,05). Resultados: Foram observadas alterações na cor (NBS: GCE = 2,4; GCO = 1,9; GPS = 2,1), rugosidade superficial (ΔRa: GCE = 1,1 ± 0,8 µm; GCO = 1,9 ± 1,5 µm; GPS = -0,3 ± 0,1 µm / ΔRz: GCE = 1,4 ± 1,0 nm; GPS = -0,5 ± 0,1 nm) e RC (GPS - experimental = 221,8 ± 48,6 N) dos braquetes após exposição à FC (p< 0,05). Conclusões: A exposição in vitro de braquetes estéticos à FC resultou em mudanças na cor, para tons mais escuros e mais opacos; alterações na rugosidade superficial e maiores valores de RC. Os resultados do ARI não foram associados à exposição à FC.