Tumbo, an Andean fruit: Uses, nutrition, processing, and biomolecules.

Tumbo fruit has potential for industrialization due to its nutritional and functional properties, but scientific knowledge of this species is still limited compared to other species of the same genus, Passiflora. This review compiles the latest scientific advances on Tumbo, which cover the food technological aspects of Tumbo fruit, its uses and its potential as a source of bioactives for different industries, especially food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics. The products (nectar, jellies, jams, wines, others) and by-products of the processing of the Tumbo fruit have various nutritional, sensory, and composition attributes for developing new food and non-food products. The potential applications of the fruit and its derivatives are broad, such as cosmetics, drugs, functional foods, and additives; these applications are due to its technological properties and its content of bioactive molecules. The Tumbo biorefinery presents an important perspective, especially for its bioactivity of high biological value for different industries.

Lead, Cadmium, and Arsenic in Raw Cow's Milk in a Central Andean Area and Risks for the Peruvian Populations.

Milk and its derivatives are basic foods in Peru, especially for children. The Junín region, in the central Andes, is one of the leading dairy basins. However, the safety of milk is affected by mining-metallurgical activities, wastewater dumping, organic residues, and inappropriate use of organophosphate fertilizers in agriculture whose contaminants reach the food chain, putting human health at risk. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bioaccumulation of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) in milk produced on a representative farm in central Peru, which uses phosphorous agrochemicals and is adjacent to a small mineral concentrator and a municipal solid waste dump, and to evaluate the potential risk for the Peruvian population of 2-85 years considering three levels of daily intake by age, which constitutes the innovative contribution of the study. These three elements were quantified by flame atomic absorption spectrometry following standardized procedures. The mean contents of Pb (0.062 mg/kg), Cd (0.014 mg/kg), and As (0.030 mg/kg) in milk exceeded the maximum limits allowed by international standards. At all ages, the target quotient hazard followed a descending order of As > Pb > Cd, being > 1 in the case of As. The hazard index was >1 for children under 7, 9, and 11 years of age in the scenarios of low, medium, and high milk intake. The information is valid for formulating policies to prevent adverse health effects and develop standards and awareness programs, monitoring, and control of heavy metals in milk in Peru.

Factores agroalimentarios asociados con la prevalencia de anemia infantil en comunidades altoandinas de Huancavelica, Perú / Gri-food factors associated with the prevalence of child anemia in high-andean communities of Huancavelica, Peru

Fundamentos: La anemia es uno de los grandes problemas de salud pública en el Perú, evidenciándose unanotable prevalencia en población infantil de comunidades altoandinas. El estudio tuvo como objetivodeterminar la relación entre el consumo, producción alimentaria y el estado nutricional de niños menores decinco años en las familias andinas de Huancavelica, Perú; y conocer los hábitos y frecuencia de consumo dealimentos en términos de la Seguridad Alimentaria Nutricional. Métodos: Estudio transversal de tipo descriptivo - relacional, donde participaron 55 familias con niñosmenores de 5 años; se evaluaron componentes de seguridad alimentaria nutricional. Se realizaron pruebas deChi cuadrado y R de Spearman. Resultados: La alta prevalencia de anemia infantil, siendo un 38% anemia leve, 34% anemia moderada y 9%anemia severa. Los alimentos consumidos se componen principalmente de carbohidratos, en promedio elconsumo de pescado y alimentos ricos en hierro es deficiente y el nivel educativo en alimentación de lasmadres es muy escaso. Conclusiones: La alta prevalencia de anemia infantil en las comunidades de Tres de Octubre y Bellavista -Huancavelica, está asociada con el nivel educativo de la madre, el consumo de pescado y vísceras, la tenenciade biohuertos y la crianza de animales. (AU)

Background: Anemia is one of the major public health problems in Peru, showing a notable prevalencein the child population of high Andean communities. The objective of the study was to determine therelationship between food consumption, food production and nutritional status of children under five yearsof age in Andean families in Huancavelica, Peru. It also aimed to know the habits and frequency of foodconsumption and terms of nutritional food security. Methods: Cross-sectional study of descriptive-relational type, with the participation of 55 families withchildren under 5 years old; components of nutritional food security were evaluated. Chi-square andSpearman's R tests was realized. Results: The high prevalence of childhood anemia in the study communities expresses 38% for mild anemia,34% moderate anemia and 9% severe anemia. Food consumption is mainly carbohydrates, on average theconsumption of fish and iron-rich foods is deficient and the mothers' level of education in nutrition is verylow. Conclusions: The high prevalence of childhood anemia in the communities of Tres de Octubre and Bellavista -Huancavelica is associated with the mother's level of education, the consumption of fish and offal, thepossession of bio-gardens and the animal production. (AU)