Adjunctive transseptal corridor: Technique for endoscopic resection of orbital tumor.

The transnasal endoscopic approach is increasingly used for resection of tumors that are located inferiorly and medially within the orbit. However, this usually requires multiple-handed manipulations, which demand a second corridor for an assistant. Here, we introduce a simple transseptal corridor from the contra-nare, to facilitate assistant instrument maneuverability. This simple, minimally invasive skill greatly improves operation efficiency and deserves greater attention in endoscopic orbital surgery.

Steroid inhibited Serpina3n expression which was positively correlated with the degrees of spinal cord injury.

Aims: The aim of our project was to identify proteins associated with the extent of spinal cord injury (SCI) and subsequent long-term neurological recovery. Methods: Through proteomic analysis, we identified proteins that are differentially expressed specifically in the acute phase of injury. We analyzed the concentrations of differentially expressed proteins in serum and the injured spinal cord segment by ELISA. Results: Serpina3n protein expression in the injured spinal cord segment was increased 101-fold at 12 h after severe SCI and 89-fold at 12 h after mild SCI, as determined by LC‒MS/MS. In the mild and severe SCI groups, serum Serpina3n levels began to increase at 12 h and peaked at 24 h. At 12 h, 24 h and 3 d after injury, serum Serpina3n protein levels were significantly correlated with the severity of injury (12 h: r = 0.6034, P = 0.008; 24 h: r = 0.7542, P = 0.0003; 3 d: r = 0.862, P < 0.001). Serum Serpina3n levels at 2 h, 24 h and 3 d post injury were significantly correlated with long-term neurological recovery at 28 d after SCI (2 h: r = -0.5781, P = 0.012; 24 h: r = -0.5912, P = 0.0098; 3 d: r = -0.7792, P < 0.0001). Methylprednisolone treatment would decrease the serum Serpina3n levels in mice with mild and severe SCI compared with those in placebo-group mice at 12 h and 24 h after SCI. The serum Serpina3n concentration in the severe SCI group was significantly reduced on the third day after steroid treatment. Conclusion: Taken together, these data suggest that serpina3n may be a circulating biomarker of acute SCI and may be closely associated with injury severity and long-term motor function recovery.

Parabacteroides distasonis ameliorates insulin resistance via activation of intestinal GPR109a.

Gut microbiota plays a key role in insulin resistance (IR). Here we perform a case-control study of Chinese adults (ChiCTR2200065715) and identify that Parabacteroides distasonis is inversely correlated with IR. Treatment with P. distasonis improves IR, strengthens intestinal integrity, and reduces systemic inflammation in mice. We further demonstrate that P. distasonis-derived nicotinic acid (NA) is a vital bioactive molecule that fortifies intestinal barrier function via activating intestinal G-protein-coupled receptor 109a (GPR109a), leading to ameliorating IR. We also conduct a bioactive dietary fiber screening to induce P. distasonis growth. Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide (DOP) shows favorable growth-promoting effects on P. distasonis and protects against IR in mice simultaneously. Finally, the reduced P. distasonis and NA levels were also validated in another human type 2 diabetes mellitus cohort. These findings reveal the unique mechanisms of P. distasonis on IR and provide viable strategies for the treatment and prevention of IR by bioactive dietary fiber.

Exploration of DPP-IV Inhibitory Peptide Design Rules Assisted by the Deep Learning Pipeline That Identifies the Restriction Enzyme Cutting Site.

The mining of antidiabetic dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory peptides (DPP-IV-IPs) is currently a costly and laborious process. Due to the absence of rational peptide design rules, it relies on cumbersome screening of unknown enzyme hydrolysates. Here, we present an enhanced deep learning model called bidirectional encoder representation (BERT)-DPPIV, specifically designed to classify DPP-IV-IPs and explore their design rules to discover potent candidates. The end-to-end model utilizes a fine-tuned BERT architecture to extract structural/functional information from input peptides and accurately identify DPP-IV-Ips from input peptides. Experimental results in the benchmark data set showed BERT-DPPIV yielded state-of-the-art accuracy and MCC of 0.894 and 0.790, surpassing the 0.797 and 0.594 obtained by the sequence-feature model. Furthermore, we leveraged the attention mechanism to uncover that our model could recognize the restriction enzyme cutting site and specific residues that contribute to the inhibition of DPP-IV. Moreover, guided by BERT-DPPIV, proposed design rules for DPP-IV inhibitory tripeptides and pentapeptides were validated, and they can be used to screen potent DPP-IV-IPs.

Effects of public reporting of prescription indicators on patient choices: evidence from propensity scores matching.

Background: Public reporting on health providers' performance (PRHPP) is increasingly used for empowering patients. This study aimed to test the effect of PRHPP using the theory of the consumer choice model. Methods: The study was conducted in 10 primary care institutions in Hubei province, China. Information related to the percentage of prescriptions requiring antibiotics, the percentage of prescriptions requiring injections, and average costs per prescription for each prescriber was calculated, ranked and displayed in a public place on a monthly basis. A questionnaire survey was undertaken on 302 patients 10 months after the initiation of the PRHPP, tapping into patient awareness, understanding, perceived value and use of the information in line with the theory of the consumer choice model. The fitness of data with the model was tested using structural equation modelling. The patients who were aware of the PRHPP were compared with those who were unaware of the PRHPP. The propensity score method (considering differences between the two groups of patients in age, gender, education, health and income) was used for estimating the effects of the PRHPP. Results: About 22% of respondents were aware of the PRHPP. Overall, the patients showed limited understanding, perceived value and use of the disclosed information. The data fit well into the consumer choice model. Awareness of the PRHPP was found to be associated with increased understanding of the antibiotic (p = 0.028) and injection prescribing indictors (p = 0.030). However, no significant differences in perceived value and use of the information (p > 0.097) were found between those who were aware and those who were unaware of the PRHPP. Conclusion: Although PRHPP may improve patient understanding of the prescribing performance indicators, its impacts on patient choices are limited due to low levels of perceived value and use of information from patients. Additional support is needed to enable patients to make informed choices using the PRHPP.

Macropinocytosis in Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta).

Macropinocytosis is an endocytic process that plays an important role in animal development and disease occurrence but until now has been rarely reported in organisms with cell walls. We investigated the properties of endocytosis in a red alga, Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis. The cells non-selectively internalized extracellular fluid into large-scale endocytic vesicles (1.94 ± 0.51 µm), and this process could be inhibited by 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride, an macropinocytosis inhibitor. Moreover, endocytosis was driven by F-actin, which promotes formation of ruffles and cups from the cell surface and facilitates formation of endocytotic vesicles. After vesicle formation, endocytic vesicles could be acidified and acquire digestive function. These results indicated macropinocytosis in G. lemaneiformis. Abundant phosphatidylinositol kinase and small GTPase encoding genes were found in the genome of this alga, while PI3K, Ras, and Rab5, the important participators of traditional macropinocytosis, seem to be lacked. Such findings provide a new insight into endocytosis in organisms with cell walls and facilitate further research into the core regulatory mechanisms and evolution of macropinocytosis.

Comprehensive evaluation of the prebiotic properties of Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides, ß-glucan, and inulin during in vitro fermentation via multi-omics analysis.

Dietary fiber is crucial for human health mainly due to its impact on gut microbiota structure and metabolites. This study aimed to investigate the impact of Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides (DOP) and two common fibers (ß-glucan and inulin) on the gut microbiome structure and metabolic profile in vitro. Fecal samples were obtained from 30 healthy volunteers, which were then individually subjected to fermentation with each type of fiber. The results revealed that all fibers were efficiently degraded by gut microbiota, with DOP exhibiting a slower fermentation rate compared to ß-glucan and inulin. The fermentation of all fibers led to a significant increase in the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and a reduction in branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs), sulfides, phenols, and indole. Moreover, the abundance of unclassified Enterobacteriaceae, which was positively correlated with sulfide, phenols, and indole levels, was significantly reduced by all fibers. Additionally, DOP specifically promoted the growth of Parabacteroides, while ß-glucan and inulin promoted the growth of Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium. Taken together, these findings enhance our understanding of the role of DOP, ß-glucan, and inulin in modulating gut microbiota and metabolites, where the fermentation with fecal bacteria from different volunteers could provide valuable insights for personalized therapeutic approaches.

Propensity score-matched analysis comparing hippocampus-avoidance whole-brain radiotherapy plus simultaneous integrated boost with hippocampus­avoidance whole-brain radiotherapy alone for multiple brain metastases-a retrospective study in multiple institutions.

BACKGROUND: The optimal treatment for multiple brain metastases has been recently controversially discussed.This study was aimed to explore the feasibility of Hippocampus-Avoidance Whole-Brain Radiotherapy plus a simultaneous integrated boost (HA-WBRT + SIB) in patients with multiple brain metastases and assess tumor control in comparison with Hippocampus-Avoidance Whole-Brain Radiotherapy (HA-WBRT) alone for brain metastases. METHODS: In this study, 63 patients with multiple brain metastases (≥ 4 metastases) had undergone HA-WBRT + SIB between January 2016 and December 2020 in the observation group:HA-WBRT (30 Gy in 12 fractions, the maximum dose of the hippocampus ≤ 14 Gy) plus a simultaneous integrated boost (48 Gy in 12 fractions) for brain metastases.Overall Survival (OS), Median survival,intracranial control (IC = control within the entire brain), intracranial progression-free survival (iPFS) and adverse events were compared with the control group (a HA-WBRT retrospective cohort) by propensity score matching analysis. RESULTS: After 1:1 propensity score matching,there were 56 patients in each group (the observation group, the control group). OS, median survival and iPFS were significantly longer in the observation group (18.4 vs. 10.9 months, P<0.001), (13.0 vs. 8.0 months, P<0.001), (13.9 vs.7.8 months, P<0.001). In comparison of 1-year-IC rates, the observation group also demonstrated higher than the control group (51.8% vs. 21.4%, P = 0.002), respectively. Seven hippocampal metastases were found in the control group (4/56,7.1%) and the observation group (3/56,5.4%) after HA-WBRT. The death rate of intracranial progression were 23.2% in the observation group and 37.5% in the control group.All adverse events were not significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: HA-WBRT + SIB resulted in better OS,median survival, IC, iPFS, an acceptable risk of radiation response, and a potential way of declining neurocognitive adverse events, which may be a better treatment for patients with multiple brain metastases.

Function analysis of GhWRKY53 regulating cotton resistance to verticillium wilt by JA and SA signaling pathways.

WRKY transcription factors (TFs) play an important role in regulating the mechanism of plant self-defense. However, the function of most WRKY TFs in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is still unknown. Hence, studying the molecular mechanism of WRKY TFs in the resistance of cotton to Verticillium dahliae is of great significance to enhancing cotton disease resistance and improving its fiber quality. In this study, Bioinformatics has been used to characterize the cotton WRKY53 gene family. we analyzed the GhWRKY53 expression patterns in different resistant upland cotton cultivars treated with salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Additionally, GhWRKY53 was silenced using a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) to determine the contribution of GhWRKY53 to V. dahliae resistance in cotton. The result showed that GhWRKY53 mediated SA and MeJA signal transduction pathways. After VIGS of the GhWRKY53, the ability of cotton to resist V. dahliae decreased, indicating that the GhWRKY53 could be involved in the disease resistance mechanism of cotton. Studies on the levels of SA and jasmonic acid (JA) and their related pathway genes demonstrated that the silencing of GhWRKY53 inhibited the SA pathway and activated the JA pathway, thereby reducing the resistance of plants to V. dahliae. In conclusion, GhWRKY53 could change the tolerance of upland cotton to V. dahliae by regulating the expression of SA and JA pathway-related genes. However, the interaction mechanism between JA and SA signaling pathways in cotton in response to V. dahliae requires further study.

Mining and Validation of Novel Hemp Seed-Derived DPP-IV-Inhibiting Peptides Using a Combination of Multi-omics and Molecular Docking.

Hemp seed-derived inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) demonstrate potential as novel therapeutics for diabetes; however, their proteome and genome remain uncharacterized. We used multi-omics technology to mine peptides capable of inhibiting DPP-IV. First, 1261 and 1184 proteins were identified in fresh and dry hemp seeds, respectively. Simulated protease cleavage of dry seed proteins yielded 185,446 peptides for virtual screening to select the potential DPP-IV-inhibiting peptides. Sixteen novel peptides were selected according to their DPP-IV-binding affinity determined via molecular docking. In vitro DPP-IV inhibition assays identified the peptides LPQNIPPL, YPYY, YPW, LPYPY, WWW, YPY, YPF, and WS with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values lower than 0.5 mM, which were 0.08 ± 0.01, 0.18 ± 0.03, 0.18 ± 0.01, 0.20 ± 0.03, 0.22 ± 0.03, 0.29 ± 0.02, 0.42 ± 0.03, and 0.44 ± 0.09 mM, respectively. The dissociation constants (KD) of the 16 peptides ranged from 1.50 × 10-4 to 1.82 × 10-7 M. Furthermore, Caco2 and INS-1 cell assays showed that all 16 peptides could efficiently inhibit DPP-IV activity and increase insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 concentrations. These results demonstrate a well-established and efficient method to isolate food-derived therapeutic DPP-IV-inhibiting peptides.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Nasutitermes tiantongensis Zhou et Xu, 1993 (Isoptera: Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae).

Nasutitermes tiantongensis belongs to Nasutitermitinae and its mitochondrial genome was determined in this study. It consisted of 13 PCGs, 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs, and an A + T-rich control region, and its length was 15824 bp. The phylogenetic analysis suggested that the genus Nasutitermes was not monophyletic, and N. tiantongensis formed a sister group with Bultitermes laticephalus. The mitochondrial genome of N. tiantongensis provides a resource for evolutionary analysis within Nasutitermitinae.

The role of interleukin 36γ in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process of chronic rhinosinusitis: A pilot study.

PURPOSE: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important characteristic in the remodelling of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). IL-36γ and fibroblast activation protein (FAP) may exacerbate remodelling in CRS. Here, we aimed to determine whether IL-36γ and FAP expression are associated with EMT and may be a predictor for CRSwNP prognosis. METHODS: Fifty-two non-Eos CRSwNP patients and 12 control patients were obtained and were followed up for more than 1 year after surgery. IL-36γ, FAP and EMT markers expression were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot. Masson trichrome staining was adopted to assess tissue fibrotic changes. Furthermore, the soluble form of IL-36γ and FAP in nasal secretions was detected by ELISA. RESULTS: While basal expression of E-cadherin decreased, the expression of IL-36γ, vimentin and FAP increased in nasal polyps. In well-prognosis patients, the expression of IL-36γ, vimentin and FAP were significantly decreased than in poor-prognosis patients, while the protein expression of E-cadherin was increased. The protein expression of IL-36γ was notably increased in recurrent nasal polyps than in preoperation specimens. A positive relationship between IL-36γ and FAP expression, a negative relationship between IL-36γ and E-cad expression was noted. The soluble form of IL-36γ and FAP increased during the development of non-Eos CRSwNP, with the highest level in poor-prognosis patients after surgery. CONCLUSION: Non-Eos CRSwNP have partially undergone EMT under baseline conditions. IL-36γ and FAP expression were related with EMT, the soluble form of IL-36γ and FAP in nasal secretions may predict the prognosis of patients.

Polysaccharides from red kidney bean alleviating hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in type 2 diabetic rats via gut microbiota and lipid metabolic modulation.

Crude polysaccharides extracted from red kidney bean (RK) display significant antidiabetic activity in type 2 diabetic mice, but the underlying mechanism and the core functional component has not been elucidated. In this study, the antidiabetic effect and mechanism of RK are investigated by serum metabolomics and high-throughput sequencing. In addition, the key component was identified by evaluating the improvement on glucose and lipid homeostasis in type 2 diabetic rats. Our data indicated that RK relieved the symptoms of hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia in STZ-induced diabetic rats. RK not only improved the metabolic disturbance by regulating the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, but also modified gut microbiota composition by selectively enriching in key genera of Bacteroides, Phascolarctobacterium, Succinivibrio, Blautia. We further found the purified polysaccharides (RKP) were identified as the core biofunctional component in RK. Our present studies provide evidence that RKP are potential effective dietary supplement for type 2 diabetic individuals.

Single-cell transcriptome sequencing revealing the difference in photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism between epidermal cells and non-epidermal cells of Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta).

The allocation of photoassimilates is considered as a key factor for determining plant productivity. The difference in photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism between source and sink cells provide the driven force for photoassimilates' allocation. However, photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism of different cells and the carbon allocation between these cells have not been elucidated in Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis. In the present study, transcriptome analysis of epidermal cells (EC) and non-epidermal cells (NEC) of G. lemaneiformis under normal light conditions was carried out. There were 3436 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified, and most of these DEGs were related to photosynthesis and metabolism. Based on a comprehensive analysis both at physiological and transcriptional level, the activity of photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism of EC and NEC were revealed. Photosynthesis activity and the synthesis activity of many low molecular weight carbohydrates (floridoside, sucrose, and others) in EC were significantly higher than those in NEC. However, the main carbon sink, floridean starch and agar, had higher levels in NEC. Moreover, the DEGs related to transportation of photoassimilates were found in this study. These results suggested that photoassimilates of EC could be transported to NEC. This study will contribute to our understanding of the source and sink relationship between the cells in G. lemaneiformis.

Self-aware cycle curriculum learning for multiple-choice reading comprehension.

Multiple-choice reading comprehension task has recently attracted significant interest. The task provides several options for each question and requires the machine to select one of them as the correct answer. Current approaches normally leverage a pre-training and then fine-tuning procedure that treats data equally, ignoring the difficulty of training examples. To solve this issue, curriculum learning (CL) has shown its effectiveness in improving the performance of models. However, previous methods have two problems with curriculum learning. First, most methods are rule-based, not flexible enough, and usually suitable for specific tasks, such as machine translation. Second, these methods arrange data from easy to hard or from hard to easy and overlook the fact that human beings usually learn from easy to difficult, and from difficult to easy when they make comprehension reading tasks. In this article, we propose a novel Self-Aware Cycle Curriculum Learning (SACCL) approach which can evaluate data difficulty from the model's perspective and train the model with cycle training strategy. The experiments show that the proposed approach achieves better performance on the C 3 dataset than the baseline, which verifies the effectiveness of SACCL.

Societal preferences for funding orphan drugs in China: An application of the discrete choice experiment method.

Objectives: To explore whether a societal preference for orphan drugs exists in Chinese general public and to quantitatively measure the personal trade-off between essential attributes of orphan drugs through a discrete choice experiment. Methods: A labeled discrete choice experiment was employed to measure public preference. Six attributes (impact of diseases on life-years, impact of diseases on quality of life, availability of alternative drug treatments, annual cost per patient paid by medical insurance, expected increases in life-expectancy, and improvements to the quality of life) were identified through a literature review, experts' suggestions, and stakeholders' semi-structured interviews, then refined through a pre-survey. The current study used a D-efficient design to yield 27 choice sets divided into three blocks with nine questions containing the labeled treatment (either orphan drugs or common drugs). Information on sociodemographic characteristics and individual preferences was collected through a web-based questionnaire using convenience sampling. A mixed logit model was used to test societal preferences for orphan drugs over common drugs, while a binary logit model was used to measure the relative importance of each attribute in orphan drug access for the National Reimbursement Drug List and its willingness to pay. Results: A total of 323 persons participated in this study. Respondents largely had indifferent attitudes toward orphan drugs and common drugs. The binary logit model results showed that 5 of the 6 attributes were significant, except for the availability of alternative drug treatments. The most impacted factor was the annual cost per patient paid by medical insurance (ß = -1.734, odds ratio [OR] = 0.177). Among non-economic attributes, the impact of diseases on life-years-with no treatment, the patient will die in the prime of life (ß = 0.523, OR = 1.688, willingness to pay = 301,895)-was most concerning, followed by significant improvements to the quality of life (ß = 0.516, OR = 1.676, willingness to pay = 297,773). Conclusion: The general public in China does not value rarity as a sufficient reason to justify special consideration in funding orphan drugs. When making orphan drug coverage decisions, the public prioritized the annual cost, disease severity, and drug effects.

Two-dimensional silicon optical phased array with large field of view.

Optical phased array (OPA) is a promising beam steering component for light detection and ranging (LiDAR) systems. For most LiDAR applications, two-dimensional (2D, lateral and longitudinal) beam steering with large field of view is required. To achieve large lateral and longitudinal field of view, waveguide with nonuniform spacing and broadband tunable laser source is commonly utilized, resulting in complex structure and high cost. Here, a 2D OPA with large field of view is proposed and demonstrated on the silicon-on-insulator platform. Assisted by an improved optical antenna and polarization switch, lateral and longitudinal steering range could be both significantly improved. The experimental results show the steering ranges are 99.24° × 15.62° and 96.48° × 16.08° for transverse electric mode and transverse magnetic mode, respectively. The proposed scheme provides a promising approach to realize the integrated OPA with large field of view.

Ploidy Identification by Flow Cytometry and Application of the Method to Characterize Seasonal Ploidy Variation of Wild Populations of the Red Alga Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis.

Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Gp. lemaneiformis) is an economically important alga. At present, there is no way to quickly and easily determine its ploidy and life cycle dynamics in wild populations, which affects the process of genetic breeding. In this study, we developed and verified a ploidy identification method using flow cytometry and then used it to explore the seasonal fluctuation of the ploidy ratio and the environmental factors that influence it in wild populations of this species. Of the three methods we tested for nucleus extraction, quick chopping was the best because of its high extraction efficiency, low debris background, obvious subcellular scatter plot, and clear typical histogram. Samples from the tip of the alga were more suitable for preparing the nuclear suspension than samples from the base. Generalized linear model analysis based on diagnosis of multicollinearity revealed a negative correlation between temperature and ploidy ratio. Among the environmental factors tested, temperature had the greatest influence on the ploidy ratio, whereas precipitation and sunshine duration had no effect on the ploidy ratio fluctuation. Our study will be useful for material collection and studies of utilization and life cycle dynamics. Moreover, understanding of ploidy dynamics may provide a theoretical basis for improving variety and breeding of Gp. lemaneiformis in the future.

Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome on Different Phenotypes of Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

BACKGROUND: The pathophysiologic mechanisms of human chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) are highly complex, and sinonasal colonization with pathogens is the first and most important step in this process. NLRP3, the main receptor activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), is associated with a variety of inflammatory diseases, including airway inflammation; however, the understanding of its role in CRS is limited. OBJECTIVE: By detecting the differential expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome and its downstream cytokines IL-1ß and IL-18 between CRS patients and controls, between different CRS phenotypes (CRSsNP and CRSwNP), between mucosal tissue and polyp tissue, and further its relationship with neutrophilic/eosinic infiltration, we aimed to elucidate the biological role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathophysiologic mechanisms of CRS. METHODS: Fifteen cases in each control, CRSsNP, and CRSwNP groups (subdivided into mucosa tissue and polyp tissue) were included in this study. Differential expression of NLRP3/caspase-1 and its downstream cytokines IL-1ß and IL-18 was investigated, and its relationship with neutrophilic and eosinophilic infiltration was analyzed. Fluorescent immunohistochemistry (F-IHC) was used to assess NLRP3 and caspase-1 expression, RT-PCR was used for mRNA level quantitation, and western blotting was employed to analyze the protein concentrations. RESULTS: NLRP3 and cleaved caspase-1 were expressed at higher levels in both the CRSsNP and CRSwNP phenotypes than in the control nasal mucosa and at much higher levels in polyp tissue of CRSwNP (P < .05), which was in line with the expression of cleaved IL-1ß and cleaved IL-18 (P < .05). Higher expression of NLRP3 had a mild correlation with neutrophilic infiltration but highly correlated with eosinophilic infiltration (R = 0.607, P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: NLRP3 is involved in the pathogenesis of CRS, most likely by the NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1ß and IL-18 response. It induced eosinophilic infiltration in CRSwNP, especially in polyp tissue. As for whether NLRP3 induces neutrophilic infiltration, further experiments are needed to confirm.