Detección molecular de patógenos en deposiciones en niños consultantes por diarrea aguda en Servicios de Urgencia / Molecular detection of pathogens in stool samples of children consulting for acute diarrhea in emergency services

INTRODUCCIÓN: La diarrea aguda continúa siendo una de las principales causas de morbilidad en niños; sin embargo, el diagnóstico etiológico presenta limitaciones dada la baja sensibilidad de los métodos tradicionales. OBJETIVO: Describir los microorganismos identificados en niños que acudieron al Servicio de Urgencia (SU) de un hospital universitario en Santiago, Chile, por diarrea aguda y a los que se le solicitó panel molecular gastrointestinal. MÉTODOS: Se revisaron fichas clínicas y resultados de panel gastrointestinal realizados entre junio de 2017 y marzo de 2020. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 198 pacientes, edad promedio de 54,5 meses y 60,6% (120/198) de sexo masculino. La positividad del panel fue de 78,8% (156/198) con 35,3% (55/156) de las muestras polimicrobianas. Se identificaron 229 microorganismos, de los cuales 72,9% (167/229) corresponden a bacterias, 25,8% (59/229) a virus y 1,3% (3/229) a parásitos. Destacaron Campylobacter spp. y Escherichia coli enteropatógena (ECEP) como las bacterias más frecuentemente identificadas. Los pacientes con detección de Campylobacter spp. presentaron con mayor frecuencia fiebre (p = 0,00). ECEP se aisló principalmente (82,5%) en muestras polimicrobianas. DISCUSIÓN: Los resultados enfatizan el potencial que poseen los estudios moleculares para mejorar el diagnóstico etiológico de la diarrea, pero a la vez llevan a cuestionar el rol patogénico de algunos microorganismos identificados.

BACKGROUND: Acute diarrhea continues to be one of the main causes of morbidity in children, however the etiologica diagnosis presents limitations given the low sensitivity of traditional methods. AIM: To describe the microorganisms identified in children who attended the emergency department (ED) in Santiago, Chile, due to acute diarrhea and to whom a gastrointestinal panel was requested as part of their study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Clinical records and results of the gastrointestinal panel carried out between June 2017 and March 2020 were reviewed. RESULTS: 198 patients were included, the average age was 54.5 months and 60.6% (120/198) were males. Positivity was 78.8% (156/198) with 35.3% (55/156) of the samples being polymicrobial. 229 microorganisms were identified, of which 72.9% (167/229) corresponded to bacteria, 25.8% (59/229) to viruses, and 1.3% (3/229) to parasites. Campylobacter spp. and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) were the most frequently identified bacteria. Patients with detection of Campylobacter spp. presented a higher frequency of fever (p = 0.00). EPEC was isolated in 82.5% of the cases in polymicrobial samples. DISCUSSION: The results emphasize the potential of molecular studies to improve the etiological diagnosis of diarrhea and at the same time lead to question the pathogenic role of some microorganisms.

Pathophysiological Role of Genetic Factors Associated With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a highly prevalent maternal pathology characterized by maternal glucose intolerance during pregnancy that is, associated with severe complications for both mother and offspring. Several risk factors have been related to GDM; one of the most important among them is genetic predisposition. Numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes that act at different levels on various tissues, could cause changes in the expression levels and activity of proteins, which result in glucose and insulin metabolism dysfunction. In this review, we describe various SNPs; which according to literature, increase the risk of developing GDM. These SNPs include: (1) those associated with transcription factors that regulate insulin production and excretion, such as rs7903146 (TCF7L2) and rs5015480 (HHEX); (2) others that cause a decrease in protective hormones against insulin resistance such as rs2241766 (ADIPOQ) and rs6257 (SHBG); (3) SNPs that cause modifications in membrane proteins, generating dysfunction in insulin signaling or cell transport in the case of rs5443 (GNB3) and rs2237892 (KCNQ1); (4) those associated with enzymes such as rs225014 (DIO2) and rs9939609 (FTO) which cause an impaired metabolism, resulting in an insulin resistance state; and (5) other polymorphisms, those are associated with growth factors such as rs2146323 (VEGFA) and rs755622 (MIF) which could cause changes in the expression levels of these proteins, producing endothelial dysfunction and an increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines, characteristic on GDM. While the pathophysiological mechanism is unclear, this review describes various potential effects of these polymorphisms on the predisposition to develop GDM.

Trimethylamine N-oxide levels are associated with NASH in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes.

AIMS: Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), choline and betaine serum levels have been associated with metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes (T2D) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). These associations could be mediated by insulin resistance. However, the relationships among these metabolites, insulin resistance and NAFLD have not been thoroughly investigated. Moreover, it has recently been suggested that TMAO could play a role in NAFLD by altering bile acid metabolism. We examined the association between circulating TMAO, choline and betaine levels and NAFLD in obese subjects. METHODS: Serum TMAO, choline, betaine and bile acid levels were measured in 357 Mexican obese patients with different grades of NAFLD as determined by liver histology. Associations of NAFLD with TMAO, choline and betaine levels were tested. Moreover, association of TMAO levels with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) was tested separately in patients with and without T2D. RESULTS: TMAO and choline levels were significantly associated with NAFLD histologic features and NASH risk. While increased serum TMAO levels were significantly associated with NASH in patients with T2D, in non-T2D subjects this association lost significance after adjusting for sex, BMI and HOMA2-IR. Moreover, circulating secondary bile acids were associated both with increased TMAO levels and NASH. CONCLUSIONS: In obese patients, circulating TMAO levels were associated with NASH mainly in the presence of T2D. Functional studies are required to evaluate the role of insulin resistance and T2D in this association, both highly prevalent in NASH patients.

Inducción de trabajo de parto en pacientes COVID-19: experiencia en el Hospital San Juan de Dios / Labor induction in COVID-19 patients: experience in the San Juan de Dios Hospital

INTRODUCCIÖN Y OBJETIVOS: Describir la experiencia de los partos en gestantes con diagnóstico confirmado de COVID 19 mediante RT-PCR asintomáticas o con sintomatología leve y aquellas sin la enfermedad, y determinar la tasa de éxito de parto vaginal en inducción de trabajo de parto. MÉTODOS: Análisis retrospectivo de pacientes que tuvieron su parto entre 15 de Abril y 03 de Julio del 2020 en el Hospital San Juan de Dios. Se incluyeron las pacientes inducidas con Dinoprostona, Oxitocina o ambas de manera secuencial y se dividieron según estatus COVID 19 mediante RT-PCR al ingreso. Se caracterizó demográficamente el grupo de pacientes positivas y se determinaron los datos de ambos grupos en relación a la necesidad de inducción de trabajo de parto y su éxito para parto vaginal. RESULTADOS: De un total de 657 nacimientos, hubo un 9.7% (n=64) de pacientes con COVID 19, de las cuales un 23.4% (n=15) requirió inducción de trabajo de parto, con una tasa de éxito para parto vaginal de un 66.7% (n=10). De estas pacientes, un 50% recibió Oxitocina, un 40% Dinosprostona y un 10% ambos medicamentos de forma secuencial. En las pacientes negativas, hubo un total de 568 nacimientos, con un 29.8% (n=169) de usuarias que requirieron inducción. La tasa de éxito para parto vaginal en este grupo fue de 72.2% (n=122), utilizando un 50% Oxitocina; un 27% Dinoprostona; un 14.8% ambas; y un 8.2% Balón de Cook. CONCLUSIONES: Sabemos que los resultados de este estudio están limitados por el bajo número de pacientes incluidas, sin embargo, podemos observar que, en nuestra experiencia con las pacientes que arrojaron PCR SARS-CoV-2 positivas, asintomáticas o con enfermedad leve, se logró realizar la inducción de trabajo de parto según protocolos habituales, obteniendo porcentajes de éxito para partos vaginales, similares a las pacientes sin la enfermedad.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Describe the experience of deliveries in pregnant women with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID 19 by asymptomatic RT-PCR or with mild symptoms and those without the disease, and determine the success rate of vaginal delivery in the induction of labor. METHODS: Retrospective study of patients who had their delivery between 15th April and 03rd of July, 2020 in the San Juan de Dios Hospital. Patients induced with Dinoprostone, Oxytocin or both sequentially were included, and were divided according to COVID 19 status by RT-PCR on their admission process. The group of positive patients was demographically characterized and the data of both groups was determined in relation to the need for labor induction and its success for vaginal delivery. RESULTS: Of a total of 657 births, there were 9.7% (n = 64) of patients with COVID 19, of which 23.4% (n = 15) required labor induction, with a success rate for vaginal delivery of 66.7% (n = 10). Of these patients, 50% received Oxytocin, 40% Dinosprostone and 10% both drugs sequentially. In the negative patients, there were a total of 568 births, with 29.8% (n = 169) of users requiring labor induction. The success rate for vaginal delivery in this group was 72.2% (n = 122); 50% using Oxytocin; 27% Dinoprostone; 14.8% using both; and 8.2% using Cook's Catheter. CONCLUSIONS: We know that the results of this study are limited by the low number of patients included, however, in our experience, we can observe that, in patients with SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive, asymptomatic or with mild disease, it was possible to perform induction of labor according to standard protocols, achieving success rates for vaginal deliveries, similar to patients without the disease.

Tiempos de llegada de pacientes con ataque cerebrovascular en un hospital regional de alta complejidad / Arrival times of patients with stroke to a public hospital

Background: Stroke is a time-dependent emergency. Most patients with acute ischemic stroke are excluded from reperfusion therapies due to late consultation. Aims: To estimate the arrival times of patients with stroke to the Emergency Room (ER) of a public hospital. To identify factors associated with early consultation. Material and Methods: A convenience sample, 583 patients aged 71 ± 13 years (55% males) consulting for stroke at an emergency room was analyzed in terms of delay between onset of symptoms and arrival to the ER, demographics and etiology of stroke. Results: The admission diagnoses were ischemic stroke in 76%, intracerebral hemorrhage in 12%, transient ischemic attack in 9% and subarachnoid hemorrhage in 3%. The median time of arrival was 8 hours and 11 minutes after the onset of symptoms. Nineteen percent of consultations for ischemic stroke occurred within 3 hours of symptom onset, and 38% within 6 hours. In the logistic regression analysis, having an address near the hospital and the severity of stroke were associated with early consultation with a combined odds ratio of 5.97 (95% confidence intervals 3.23-11.04). Conclusions: There were significant differences in the arrival times of patients with stroke. Only a low proportion of patients with ischemic stroke consulted within the window for reperfusion therapies. Severe strokes and living near the hospital were associated with early consultation.

Factores asociados a llegada y evaluación precoz de pacientes con ataque cerebrovascular en un hospital regional de alta complejidad / Factors associated with early arrival and evaluation of stroke patients in a regional tertiary hospital

Resumen Antecedentes: El ataque cerebrovascular (ACV) es una urgencia tiempo-dependiente. La mayoría de los pacientes con infarto cerebral quedan excluidos de las terapias de reperfusión por consultar tardíamente. Se desconocen los factores asociados a llegada y evaluación precoz de pacientes con ACV agudo en nuestra población. Objetivos: Identificar los factores asociados, llegada y evaluación precoz de pacientes con ACV agudo. Pacientes y Métodos: Muestra por conveniencia de las consultas por ACV realizadas en el Turno N° 1, del SU del Hospital Dr. Hernán Henríquez de Temuco, entre enero de 2016 y diciembre de 2017. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el software STATA 14.0. Resultados: Se registraron 584 consultas por ACV. La mediana del tiempo de llegada fue de 8 h y 11 min. La mediana del tiempo para la evaluación por neurólogo(a) fue de 66 min. Tener domicilio en Temuco-Padre Las Casas y una mayor severidad del ACV se asociaron a consultar precozmente con un OR = 5,97 (3,23-11,04). Para evaluación dentro de una hora, las variables severidad, llegada en ambulancia y consulta en menos de 3 h, fueron estadísticamente significativas, con un OR combinado de 10,86 (IC 95%: 5,15-22,94). Conclusiones: Los factores más fuertemente asociados a llegada y evaluación precoz incluyen residir en comunas cercanas al hospital y presentar síntomas más severos de ACV. Se sugiere implementar estrategias para aumentar el grado de reconocimiento de síntomas de ACV y para disminuir las barreras de acceso a hospitales que traten a este tipo pacientes.

Introduction: Stroke is a time-dependent emergency. The majority of patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke are excluded from reperfusion therapies due to late consultation. The factors associated with early arrival and evaluation of patients with acute stroke in our population are unknown. The aim of the study was to identify factors associated with early arrival and evaluation of patients with acute stroke. Methods: A convenience sample of the stroke consultations made during shift # 1 at the ER between January 2016 and December 2017, was analyzed. Results: There were 584 stroke consultations in the period. 55.1% were men. The median time of arrival was 8 hours and 11 minutes. The median time for evaluation by neurologist was 66 minutes. Having an address in Temuco-Padre Las Casas and the severity of stroke was associated with early consultation with a combined OR of 5.97 (CI 95% 3.23-11.04). For an evaluation within one hour, in the logistic regression model, the variables severity, arrival in ambulance and consultation in less than 3 hours were statistically significant with a combined OR of 10.86 (CI 95% 5.15-22.94). Conclusions: The factors associated with early consultation and evaluation include residing in communes near the hospital and presenting more severe symptoms of stroke. It is suggested to implement strategies to increase the degree of recognition of stroke symptoms and to reduce barriers to access hospitals that treat patients with stroke.

Puntos críticos en la evaluación y tratamiento de octogenarios con colecistolitiasis / Critical points in the evaluation and treatment of octogenarians with colecistolitiasis

Resumen Introducción: Existe una tendencia global al envejecimiento y con ello un aumento de patologías asociadas. En Chile la prevalencia de la colelitiasis o colecistolitiasis aumenta con la edad, siendo la cole-cistectomía una de las cirugías más frecuentes. Existen escasos estudios latinoamericanos referentes a la realidad de la población octogenaria expuesta a este problema. Objetivo: Estudiar la morbimortalidad posoperatoria en pacientes octogenarios operados de colecistectomía. Definir la precisión de distintas herramientas diagnósticas preoperatorias, estudiar variables operatorias y precisar costos hospitalarios. Materiales y Método: Estudio observacional retrospectivo de la ficha clínica electrónica del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, entre enero de 2012 y mayo de 2017. Se incluyeron pacientes con edad igual o mayor a 80 años, en quienes se realizó una colecistectomía electiva o de urgencia por patología benigna. Resultados: Se incluyeron 145 pacientes, 51,7% fueron mujeres, el promedio de edad fue de 84,1 años y un 74,5% presentaba comorbilidades. El 62,1% de los casos ingresó por urgencia. 26,2% de toda la muestra presentó coledocolitiasis. La colecistectomía fue laparoscópica en 73,8% de la muestra global, la tasa de conversión fue de 14,5% en población de urgencia y 1,8% en población electiva (p = 0,009). La población operada totalmente por vía laparoscópica con coledocolitiasis fue resuelta en un 95,2% a través de Rendez-vous, con una tasa de éxito del 100%. La tasa de complicaciones fue de 17,9% siendo en su mayoría médicas, la mortalidad quirúrgica fue de 2,1%, siendo todos casos de urgencia. El costo promedio de atención en salud hospitalaria fue de $5.888.104 pesos chilenos (U$9.000). Conclusión: El paciente octogenario con colecistolitiasis representa un desafío quirúrgico, dado un mayor número de comorbilidades, un cuadro clínico más agresivo y una elevada tasa de coledocolitiasis. Es aconsejable valorar el abordaje mínimamente invasivo y realizar una colangiografía intraoperatoria de rutina.

Introduction: There is a global tendency to aging and associated pathologies. In Chile, the prevalence of cholecystolithiasis increases with age, cholecystectomy is one of the most frequent surgeries in the contry. There are few latinamerican studies regarding the reality of the elderly exposed to this problem. Objective: Study postoperative morbimortality in octogenarian patients undergoing cholecystectomy. Define the accuracy of different preoperative diagnostic tools, study operative variables and specify hospital costs. Materials and Method: Retrospective observational study of the Clinical Hospital of the University of Chile, between January 2012 and May 2017. Patients with age equal to or greater than 80 years were included, in whom an elective or emergency cholecystectomy was performed for benign pathology. Results: A total of 145 patients were included, 51.7% were women, the average age was 84.1 years, and 74.5% had comorbidities. The admission was throw the emergency department in 62.1% of the cases. Choledocholithiasis was diagnosed in 26.2% of the entire sample. Cholecystectomy was fully laparoscopic in 73.8% of the overall sample, the conversion rate was 14.5% in the emergency population and 1.8% in the elective population (p = 0.009). The population operated fully laparoscopically, that had choledocholithiasis, was resolved in 95.2% through Rendezvous technique, with a 100% clearance rate of common bile duct. The complication rate was 17.9%, most being medical. The surgical mortality was 2.1%, all cases operated from emergency. The average cost of hospital health care was $5,888,104.3 Chilean pesos (U$9.000). Conclusion: The octogenarian patient with cholecystolithiasis represents a surgical challenge, given a greater number of comorbidities, a more aggressive clinical setting and a high rate of choledocolithiasis. It is advisable to assess the minimally invasive approach and perform routine intraoperative cholangiography. In the postoperative period, the cardiopulmonary status and the infectious complications of the surgical site should be monitored closely.

[Arrival times of patients with stroke to a public hospital]. / Tiempos de llegada de pacientes con ataque cerebrovascular en un hospital regional de alta complejidad.

BACKGROUND: Stroke is a time-dependent emergency. Most patients with acute ischemic stroke are excluded from reperfusion therapies due to late consultation. AIMS: To estimate the arrival times of patients with stroke to the Emergency Room (ER) of a public hospital. To identify factors associated with early consultation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A convenience sample, 583 patients aged 71 ± 13 years (55% males) consulting for stroke at an emergency room was analyzed in terms of delay between onset of symptoms and arrival to the ER, demographics and etiology of stroke. RESULTS: The admission diagnoses were ischemic stroke in 76%, intracerebral hemorrhage in 12%, transient ischemic attack in 9% and subarachnoid hemorrhage in 3%. The median time of arrival was 8 hours and 11 minutes after the onset of symptoms. Nineteen percent of consultations for ischemic stroke occurred within 3 hours of symptom onset, and 38% within 6 hours. In the logistic regression analysis, having an address near the hospital and the severity of stroke were associated with early consultation with a combined odds ratio of 5.97 (95% confidence intervals 3.23-11.04). CONCLUSIONS: There were significant differences in the arrival times of patients with stroke. Only a low proportion of patients with ischemic stroke consulted within the window for reperfusion therapies. Severe strokes and living near the hospital were associated with early consultation.

[Waiting times for neurological emergencies in an emergency room]. / Tiempos de atención de urgencias neurológicas en un hospital regional de alta complejidad.

BACKGROUND: Neurological emergencies constitute 10-15% of medical emergencies. Doctor Hernán Henríquez Aravena Hospital has in house neurologists present permanently at the Emergency Room since July 2013. AIM: To estimate the waiting times for neurological consultations; to compare the waiting times between neurovascular (UV) and non-vascular (UNV) emergencies; and to compare the waiting times of two prioritization (triage) models. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A convenience sample of the consultations made during shift # 1 at the emergency room between January and December 2016, was analyzed. RESULTS: There were 859 consultations in the period, 570 for UNV and 289 for UV. Mean age of consultants was 57 years and 52% were women. The median time for having an evaluation by a neurologist was 106 min (132 and 81 min for UNV and UV respectively). Twenty seven percent of patients were evaluated in less than one hour (23 and 36% of UNV and UV, respectively). The change of the prioritization model decreased the waiting time by 81 and 32 min for UNV and UV, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There were significant differences in waiting times between neurovascular and non-vascular emergencies. Most patients were not evaluated in less than 60 minutes. The change in the initial stratification model was associated with a significant reduction in the waiting times for neurological emergencies.

Tiempos de atención de urgencias neurológicas en un hospital regional de alta complejidad / Waiting times for neurological emergencies in an emergency room

Background: Neurological emergencies constitute 10-15% of medical emergencies. Doctor Hernán Henríquez Aravena Hospital has in house neurologists present permanently at the Emergency Room since July 2013. Aim: To estimate the waiting times for neurological consultations; to compare the waiting times between neurovascular (UV) and non-vascular (UNV) emergencies; and to compare the waiting times of two prioritization (triage) models. Material and Methods: A convenience sample of the consultations made during shift # 1 at the emergency room between January and December 2016, was analyzed. Results: There were 859 consultations in the period, 570 for UNV and 289 for UV. Mean age of consultants was 57 years and 52% were women. The median time for having an evaluation by a neurologist was 106 min (132 and 81 min for UNV and UV respectively). Twenty seven percent of patients were evaluated in less than one hour (23 and 36% of UNV and UV, respectively). The change of the prioritization model decreased the waiting time by 81 and 32 min for UNV and UV, respectively. Conclusions: There were significant differences in waiting times between neurovascular and non-vascular emergencies. Most patients were not evaluated in less than 60 minutes. The change in the initial stratification model was associated with a significant reduction in the waiting times for neurological emergencies.

Composition of gut microbiota in obese and normal-weight Mexican school-age children and its association with metabolic traits.

BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity is a serious public health problem in Mexico. Adult gut microbiota composition has been linked to obesity, but few studies have addressed the role of gut microbiota in childhood obesity. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to compare gut microbiota composition in obese and normal-weight children and to associate gut microbiota profiles with amino acid serum levels and obesity-related metabolic traits. METHODS: Microbial taxa relative abundance was determined by 16S rRNA sequencing in 67 normal-weight and 71 obese children aged 6-12 years. Serum amino acid levels were measured by mass spectrometry. Associations between microbiota composition, metabolic parameters and amino acid serum levels were tested. RESULTS: No significant differences in phyla abundances or Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratios were observed between normal-weight and obese children. However, Bacteroides eggerthii abundance was significantly higher in obese children and correlated positively with body fat percentage and negatively with insoluble fibre intake. Additionally, Bacteroides plebeius and unclassified Christensenellaceae abundances were significantly higher in normal-weight children. Abundance of both these species correlated negatively with phenylalanine serum levels, a metabolite also found to be associated with obesity in Mexican children. CONCLUSIONS: The study identified bacterial species associated with obesity, metabolic complications and amino acid serum levels in Mexican children.

La alta prevalencia de lesiones premalignas gástricas y el bajo rendimiento diagnóstico de la visión endoscópica son argumentos a favor de la toma sistemática de biopsias gástricas por Protocolo Sydney / The high prevalence of gastric premalignant lesions and the low diagnostic performance of endoscopic vision advocate towards a systematic gastric biopsy sampling using Sydney Protocol

Background: Atrophic gastritis (AG) and intestinal metaplasia (IM) are stages that appear in the process of gastric carcinogenesis. Their presence requires programmed endoscopic vigilance. Objectives: To determine the frequency of AG and IM in gastric biopsies (GB) taken according to Sydney Protocol and to correlate them with endoscopic findings. Methods: Retrospective descriptive analysis of 233 upper gastrointestinal endoscopies with GB per Sydney Protocol. OLGA (Operative Link for Gastritis Assessment) and OLGIM (Operative Link for Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia Assessment) scores were calculated based on the GB description. Endoscopic findings were analyzed for atypical findings and compared to the GB report. Statistic analysis for Kappa and ANOVA was performed via Stata 12. Results: Mean age of patients was 58 ± 12 years. 69% were women. The frequency of AG and IM was 44% and 33% in the antrum, 31% and 20% in the angular incisure and 14% and 9% in the body, respectively. AG and IM were more frequent in the antrum (p < 0.05). AG and IM were more severe in the angular incisure and body (p < 0.05). We were unable to calculate OLGA and OLGIM in 6% and 9% of cases, respectively, due to absence of severity description in GB. 53% were OLGA 0, 42% OLGA I-II and 5% OLGA III-IV. 70% were OLGIM 0, 25% OLGIM I-II and 5% OLGIM III-IV. Agreement between endoscopic and histological findings was best for IM in the antrum (75.5%, Kappa 0.4). Sensitivity and specificity of endoscopic findings were 39% and 70% for AG, and 30% and 85% for IM, respectively. Conclusion: AG and IM are frequent findings in our patients. Due to the low endoscopic sensitivity for AG and IM, we suggest a systematic GB sampling using Sydney Protocol in patients over 40 years old.

Introducción: La gastritis crónica atrófica (GCA) y la metaplasia intestinal (MI) son etapas en el proceso de carcinogénesis gástrica, su presencia requiere control endoscópico programado. Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia de GCA y MI en biopsias gástricas (BG) por protocolo de Sydney y relacionarlas con el hallazgo endoscópico. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo mediante revisión de 233 endoscopias digestivas altas con BG por Protocolo Sydney. Se graduó puntaje OLGA (Operative Link for Gastritis Assessment) y OLGIM (Operative Link for Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia Assessment) según la descripción de la BG. Se definió el hallazgo endoscópico según su informe y se comparó con BG como patrón de referencia. Estadística: Stata 12 para Kappa y ANOVA. Resultados: Edad promedio 58 ± 12 años, 69% mujeres. La frecuencia de GCA y MI en antro fue de 44 y 33%, en ángulo 31 y 20% y en cuerpo 14 y 9%, respectivamente. Hubo mayor frecuencia de GCA y MI en antro (p < 0,05). La graduación de GCA y MI fue mayor en ángulo y cuerpo (p < 0,05). No se obtuvo OLGA en 6% y OLGIM en 9% por ausencia de graduación. La frecuencia de OLGA 0 fue de 53%, OLGA I-II 42%, OLGA III-IV 5%, OLGIM O 70%, OLGIM I-II 25% y OLGIM III-IV 5%. La mejor correlación se observó entre la MI antral endoscópica con la histológica (75,5%, Kappa 0,4). La sensibilidad y especificidad endoscópica fue de 39 y 70% para GCA y 30 y 85% para MI. Conclusión: GCA y MI son hallazgos frecuentes en nuestros pacientes. Por la baja sensibilidad endoscópica en la identificación de GCA y MI sugerimos la toma sistemática de BG por protocolo de Sydney en pacientes mayores de 40 años.

Evolución y pronóstico oncológico de fístulas anastomóticas esofágicas en el tratamiento del cáncer de esófago: estudio comparativo según vía de ascenso de tubo gástrico / Outcome and oncological prognosis of esophageal anastomotic fistulas in the treatment of esophageal cancer: comparative study according to gastric tube ascent

Resumen Introducción La filtración de anastomosis esofágica es un evento que se asocia a mala evolución postoperatoria Su frecuencia y gravedad dependerá principalmente de aspectos técnicos quirúrgicos. Objetivos Analizar la frecuencia, manejo y pronóstico de las filtraciones de anastomosis esofágicas en esofagectomías por cáncer comparando la vía de ascenso del tubo gástrico y sitio de anastomosis. Material y Método Análisis de base prospectiva de pacientes con cáncer esofágico sometidos a esofagectomía. Análisis estadístico con test exacto de Fisher. Resultados De un total de 37 pacientes con cáncer esofágico tratados en nuestra institución en el período de estudio (5 años), se incluyeron 34 esofagectomías totalmente mini invasivas secundarias a cáncer de esófago. Un 79,4% correspondieron a esofagectomías totales con anastomosis cervical, en el 20,6% restante se realizó esofagectomía distal con anastomosis intratorácica. La tasa de filtración de la anastomosis esofágica fue de un 38,2% (13/34), todas fueron secundarias a esofagectomías totales. De estas un 69,2% (9/13) se clasificaron como Clavien - Dindo I-II. La tasa de filtración fue de 54,5% (6/11) para ascenso retroesternal y 43,7% (7/16) para ascenso mediastínico, sin ser estadísticamente diferente (p = 1,0). La tasa de reoperaciones fue de un 11,7%, siendo en todas secundario a ascensos mediastínicos posteriores, de estas fueron 3 casos de aseos vídeo-toracoscópicos y una reparación de vena innominada. No existió diferencia estadística entre las vías de ascenso y la tasa de reoperaciones (p = 0,26). La serie presentó una mortalidad quirúrgica de 5,8% concentrados todos en el grupo de pacientes con esofagectomías totales con ascenso mediastínico posterior. Conclusión Las filtraciones en anastomosis esofágicas son frecuentes en pacientes operados con intención curativa de cáncer esofágico. Las filtraciones de anastomosis esofágicas cervicales con ascenso retroesternal no requirieron reoperaciones, ni presentaron mortalidad postoperatoria.

Introduction Post operative leaks of esophageal anastomosis after esophagectomy is a risky event associated with poor postoperative evolution. Its frequency and severity will depend mainly on surgical technical aspects. Objectives To analyze the frequency, management and prognosis of leakage of esophageal anastomosis after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Material and Method Analysis of our prospective oncologic database of patients with esophageal cancers submmitted to esofagectomy. Statistical analysis with Fisher's exact test. Results 34 out of 37 esophageal cancer patients were included submitted to completely invasive mini esophagectomy. Cervical anastomosis was performed in 79.4% of patients, in the remaining 20.6%, a distal esophagectomy with intrathoracic anastomosis was performed. The leak rate was 38.2% (13/34), of these, 69.2% (9/13) correspond to grade Clavien - Dindo I - II complications. The leak rate was 54.5% (6/11) for retro-sternal gastric ascensus and 43.7% (7/16) for mediastinal route, without significative difference (p = 1.0). The reoperation rate was 11.7%, being a 100% secondary to mediastinal ascensus, 3 of them were submitted to thoracoscopic toilets and an innominate vein repair. Postoperative mortality rate was 5.8%, all concentrated in the group of patients with posterior mediastinal ascensus, but without statistical difference (p = 0.26). Conclusion Leaks are frequent in patients operated on for esophageal cancer, especially after cervical esophago-gastro-anastomosis with anterior route for ascensus. However, retro-sternal ascensus did not require re-operations, nor postoperative mortality compared to gastric ascensus through posterior mediastinum

Algoritmo para estimación de ángulo de rodilla en marcha normal: enfoque a trazado de trayectoria en prótesis transfemorales inteligentes / Algorithm to estimate the knee angle in normal gait: trajectory generation approach to intelligent transfemoral prosthesis

Resumen En este trabajo se presenta un algoritmo para estimar el ángulo de rodilla a partir del ángulo de cadera y parámetros de marcha, el cual sólo utiliza un sensor en el muslo para la estimación. Para el desarrollo del algoritmo fue indispensable realizar un análisis de marcha para establecer parámetros de diseño. Se utilizó la correlación natural entre cadera y rodilla para separar los movimientos de flexión-extensión de marcha en dos etapas:1) movimientos donde el pie no está en contacto total con el piso; 2) movimientos de contacto total del pie con el piso. La estimación es para movimientos de marcha, se realiza en tiempo real y la variación de velocidad en la marcha no afecta la estimación del ángulo. Se utilizaron regresores lineales para aproximar el ángulo estimado de rodilla al ángulo real. En todos los casos de estudio de marcha, los resultados mostraron una aproximación aceptable del ángulo de la rodilla; el error promedio de estimación fue de 8.25◦. El principal logro de este trabajo fue desarrollar un algoritmo para dar una posible solución al problema de coordinación entre el cuerpo humano y prótesis transfemorales inteligentes, aun ante cambios de velocidad en la marcha.

Abstract This paper presents an algorithm to estimate the knee angle from hip angle and gait parameters. This algorithm uses a single sensor on the thigh to achieve the estimation. Hip-knee natural correlations were employed in order to analyze the gait flexion-extension movements in two stages: 1) when the foot is not in full contact with the floor (swing phase and heel contact); 2) when the whole sole makes contact with the ground (stance phase). The estimation is developed in real-time for gait movements and speed fluctuations do not distort the angle estimated. In addition, the simple linear regression were used to approximate the estimated angle to actual knee angle. The experimental results obtained from the gait studies, showed an acceptable knee angle approximation; the mean error estimation was 8.25◦. The major goal of this work was the development of an algorithm that can solve the problem of human body-intelligent transfemoral prosthesis coordination, even if there are gait speed fluctuations.

Comparison of systemic and intramammary dry cow treatments / Comparación de terapias sistémicas e intramamarias para el periodo seco en vacas lecheras

Objective. To compare four different dry cow treatments (DCT) and establish their effectiveness in reducing intramammary infections (IIM). Materials and methods. DCTs included systemic tylosin (12g) alone or accompanied by cefapirine intramammary infusions and or an internal teat sealant. A total number of 278 cows at the end of lactation period were randomly assigned to one of 4 dry cow treatment groups: CESE Group (n=89), intramammary cephapirin and teat sealant. TYCESE Group (n=84), intramammary cephapirin, tylosin 12 g intramuscular and teat sealant. TYSE Group (n=86), 12 g intramuscular tylosin and teat sealant; TY Group (n=76) 12 g intramuscular tylosin only. Milk samples for culture were collected at dry-off and 1 and 2 weeks after calving. Somatic cell counts (SCC) were taken from Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHI) tests at dry-off, and the first two test days after calving. Results. Bacteria cure rate for Gram-positive intramammary infections (IMI) for TYCESE group was 93.6%, CESE group 78.9%, TYSE group 88.2%, and TY group 78.1%. All four groups showed a decrease in the SCC upon the first and second test after calving. Conclusions. The use of systemic tylosin in combination with intramammary antibiotics increased DCT effectiveness improving the Gram-positive cure rate IMI. Furthermore, systemic tylosin alone plus teat sealant is as effective as cephapirin plus teat sealant when used as DCT.

Objetivo. Comparar 4 tratamientos para el periodo seco (TPS) y establecer su efectividad en reducir infecciones intramamarias (IIM). Materiales y métodos. Los TPS incluían tilosina sistémica (12 g) solamente o acompañada con infusiones intramamarias de cefapirina y/o un sellante interno de pezones. Un total de 278 vacas al final de la lactancia fueron asignadas al azar a 1 de 4 grupos de tratamiento. Grupo CESE (n=89), cefapirina y sellante interno de pezones. Gupo TYCESE (n=84), cephapirina intramamaria, tilosina intramuscular y sellador interno de pezones. Grupo TYSE (n=86), tilosina intramuscular y sellante interno de pezones. Grupo TY (n=76) tilosina intramuscular solamente. Muestras de leche de cada cuarto productivo fueron tomadas al momento del secado, y 1 y 2 semanas después del parto. Los recuentos individuales de células somáticas (RCS) fueron tomados del control lechero (DHI) en sus pruebas de antes del momento de secado, y las primeras dos pruebas después del parto. Resultados. Las tasa de cura bacteriológica para IIM causadas por Gram positivos en TYCESE fue de 93.6%, para CESE 78.9%, TYSE 88.2% y TY 78.1%. Todos los grupos de tratamiento mostraron una disminución en RCS a la primera y segunda prueba despues del parto en comparación con la de secado. Conclusiones. El uso de tilosina en combinación con cefapirina incremento la efectividad del TPS, mejorando las tasas de cura de IIM por Gram positivos. Además TYSE fue tan efectivo como CESE en la reducción de IIM.

Disfunción renal en el paciente cirrótico: prevención y tratamiento / Renal failure in the cirrhotic patient: prevention and treatment

Prerenal injury and hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) are the main causes of acute renal injury (ARI) in liver cirrhosis. Both can produce a reduction to the blood flow and lead to acute tubular necrosis. Cirrhotic patients may also present with chronic renal diseases, for example, diabetic nephropathy or chronic glomerulonephritis; however these are less frequent in cirrhosis as a cause of renal failure. The causes of acute renal failure that can be excluded before HRS diagnosis are: hypovolemia, shock, parenchymal renal disease and use of nephrotoxic drugs. Parenchymal renal disease must be suspected when there is significant proteinuria and microhematuria, or if renal ultrasound shows abnormal renal size. Renal biopsy might help in the diagnosis. ARI treatment is correction of hypovolemia with plasma expanders in the first place, and then, in case of Type 1 HRS, the use of a vasoconstrictor drug such as terlipressin plus intravenous albumin; both have shown benefit as a bridge to a liver transplant, and the latter is the definitive treatment for HRS. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) has shown to reduce portal hypertension, reducing ascites and improving renal function in patients with Type 2 HRS. Intermittent or continuous hemodialysis can be used in Type 1 HRS patients as a bridge to a liver transplant, because without the transplant a minority will survive, even with renal replacement therapy.

La insuficiencia renal pre-renal y el síndrome hepato-renal (SHR) son las principales causas de insuficiencia renal aguda (IRA) en cirrosis hepática. Ambas pueden producir una disminución del flujo sanguíneo renal y conducir a una necrosis tubular aguda. Los pacientes con cirrosis también pueden tener enfermedades renales crónicas, por ejemplo una nefropatía diabética o una glomerulonefritis crónica, pero son menos frecuentes en cirrosis como causa de insuficiencia renal. Las causas de falla renal aguda que pueden ser excluidas antes de llegar al diagnóstico de SHR son: hipovolemia, shock, enfermedad renal parenquimatosa y uso de drogas nefrotóxicas. La enfermedad renal parenquimatosa debe ser sospechada cuando hay proteinuria significativa y microhematuria o si la ecografía renal muestra anormalidades en el tamaño renal. La biopsia renal podría realizarse para ayudar al diagnóstico. El tratamiento de la insuficiencia renal aguda pasa primero por la corrección de la hipovolemia con expansores plasmáticos y luego en el caso del SHR tipo 1, la utilización de un vasoconstrictor como la terlipresina asociado a la albúmina endovenosa, que han demostrado beneficio como puente para el trasplante hepático, siendo este último el tratamiento definitivo del SHR. El shunt transyugular porto sistémico o TIPS ha demostrado beneficio en disminuir la hipertensión portal, reducción de la ascitis y mejoría de la función renal en pacientes con SHR tipo 2. La hemodiálisis intermitente o continua puede usarse en los pacientes con SHR tipo1 como puente para el trasplante, ya que la minoría sobrevivirán incluso con reemplazo renal si no son trasplantados.

Espectro clínico de la hepatotoxicidad por nitrofurantoína en serie clínica de 12 pacientes / Clinical spectrum of nitrofurantoin hepatotoxicity in a series of 12 patients

Nitrofurantoin, commonly used for prolonged periods, can produce different patterns of liver damage. Patients: 12 women, mean age 55 years (range 17-72), with recurrent urinary infections, treated with nitrofurantoin for long periods of time (2 months to 15 years), who presented with secondary liver disease. Results: 7 had acute hepatitis (3 fulminant), 3 chronic hepatitis, and 2 cirrhosis. All acute cases had consistent liver biopsies, and 2 were treated with steroids and azathioprine for 2 and 7 months, with liver tests normalization. Two fulminant cases were transplanted (submassive hepatic necrosis on explanted livers) and 1 was successfully treated with steroids and mycofenolate. The 3 cases of chronic hepatitis also had confirmatory biopsies and 1 received steroids and azathioprine, with full recovery. The other 2 responded to the drug withdrawal and the 2 cirrhotic patients had only symptomatic treatment. All patients were negative for hepatitis virus, 7 (58 percent had positive anti-nuclear and/or anti-smooth muscle antibodies and 4 (33 percent) had elevated IgG levels. Conclusions: Nitrofurantoin may cause severe acute liver disease, even requiring liver transplantation. Nitrofurantoin can also cause chronic liver disease, have markers of autoimmunity and respond to immunosuppressive therapy. These data confirmed that nitrofurantoin can induce liver diseases, probably due to immunological mechanisms.

La nitrofurantoína, comúnmente utilizada por períodos prolongados, puede producir daño hepático, con diferentes formas de presentación y evolución. Pacientes: 12 mujeres, edad promedio 55 años (rango 17 a 72), con infecciones urinarias recurrentes, usuarias de nitrofurantoína por períodos prolongados (2 meses a 15 años), que presentaron daño hepático asociado a la droga. Resultados: 7 casos de hepatitis aguda (3 fulminantes), 3 casos de hepatitis crónica y 2 casos de cirrosis. Todos los casos de hepatitis agudas tenían biopsia hepática compatible y 2 fueron tratadas con corticoides y azatioprina por 2 y 7 meses, con normalización de los exámenes. De las 3 pacientes con hepatitis fulminante, 2 fueron trasplantadas (necrosis submasiva en el hígado explantado) y 1 fue tratada con corticoides y micofenolato, con buena respuesta. Los 3 casos de hepatitis crónica tenían confirmación histológica y 1 se trató con corticoides y azatioprina, con excelente evolución. Las otras pacientes respondieron favorablemente sólo a la suspensión del fármaco. Los 2 casos con cirrosis han recibido tratamiento sintomático. Todas las pacientes fueron negativas para los virus hepatitis, 7/12 (58 por ciento) tenían anticuerpos antinucleares y/o antimúsculo liso positivos y 4/12 (33 por ciento) IgG elevada. Conclusión: La nitrofurantoína puede provocar una severa enfermedad hepática aguda, requiriendo incluso trasplante hepático. Además, puede producir hepatitis crónica y cirrosis, tener marcadores de autoinmunidad y buena respuesta a la terapia inmunosupresora habitual. Lo anterior confirma su capacidad de inducir un daño hepático, probablemente por mecanismos inmunológicos.

p16INK4a como predictor de evolución clínica en pacientes con neoplasia intraepitelial cervical de bajo grado (NIC-I): serie de casos / p16INK4a as a predictor of clinical outcome in patients with low grade-cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

El diagnóstico morfológico de neoplasia intraepitelial cervical de bajo grado (NIC-I) no permite determinar su real riesgo de progresión a cáncer de cérvix, llevando a seguimiento estricto a un alto número de pacientes cuyas lesiones, en su mayoría, regresarán espontáneamente. La detección de p16INK4A se ha propuesto como biomarcador que permite diferenciar entre infección productiva-autolimitada por virus del papiloma humano (VPH) y transformación celular inducida por cepas oncogénicas del VPH, sin embargo, es necesario aportar evidencias de su capacidad predictiva. Se presenta una serie de 14 casos de NIC-I con detección inmunohistoquímica de p16INK4a en biopsia de cérvix (8 positivos y 6 negativos), cuya revisión retrospectiva de historial clínico de más de 12 meses de seguimiento cito-histopatológico, permite describir regresión espontánea en todos los casos p16INK4a negativo y en 3 casos p16INK4a positivo (37,5 por ciento). Los hallazgos en esta serie coinciden con lo descrito en estudios previos en los que se ha demostrado el valor predictivo negativo del marcador para descartar riesgo de progresión-persistencia y evitar seguimientos y tratamientos innecesarios. Además señalan debilidades a evaluar respecto al valor predictivo positivo de la prueba, al no discriminar algunos factores independientes de la transformación celular, determinantes en la progresión-persistencia de la NIC-I, como lo son variables genéticas y/o inmunológicas del huésped.

The morphological diagnosis of low grade-cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN-1) can not determine its true risk of progression to cervical cancer, leading to strict adherence to a high number of patients whose lesions, most will return spontaneously. The detection of p16INK4a has been proposed as biomarker to differentiate between productive infection self-limiting by human papillomavirus (HPV) and cell transformation induced by oncogenic strains of HPV, however, it is necessary provide evidence of its predictive capacity. We present a series of 14 cases of CIN-1 with immunohistochemical detection of p16INK4a in cervical biopsy (8 positive and 6 negative), whose retrospective review of medical records of more than 12 months of cyto-histopathological follow, can describe spontaneous regression in all cases p16INK4a negative and in 3 cases p16INK4a positive (37.5 percent). The findings in this series of cases coincide with that described in previous studies that has been demonstrated the negative predictive value of the marker to exclude risk of progression-persistence and avoid follow-ups and unnecessary treatments. Additionally, these indicates weaknesses to evaluate about the positive predictive value of the test, by not discriminating factors independent of cellular transformation, determining the progression-persistent CIN-1, such as genetic and / or immunologic variables of the host.

MALT-linfoma de cérvix: reporte de caso / MALT-lymphomas of cervix: a case report

Los linfomas MALT de cérvix son de muy rara presentación. Se reporta el caso de una paciente de 38 años con neoplasia linfoproliferativa detectada incidentalmente en los cortes de rutina, durante el estudio anátomo-patológico de espécimen de resección producto de histerectomía total, motivada por hallazgos ecográficos compatibles con miomatosis en cuerpo uterino. La etiología de esta neoplasia está asociada a procesos infecciosos o autoinmunes, se ha descrito alta radiosensibilidad y quimiosensibilidad a la biotera-pia contra anticuerpos CD20.

The MALT-lymphomas of cervix are of very rare presentation. This is the case of a 38 years old patient in which this linfoproliferative disorder was detected incidentally in the routine cuts, during the anatomo-pathological study of a resection specimen product of total hysterectomy motivated by ecographic findings that were compatible with myomatosis of the uterine corpus. The etiology of these tumors is associated with infectious or autoimmune processes, and high radiosensitivity and chemosensitivity to biotherapy against antibodies CD20 (rituximab) has been described.