Impact of Beer and Nonalcoholic Beer Consumption on the Gut Microbiota: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial.

Gut microbiota modulation might constitute a mechanism mediating the effects of beer on health. In this randomized, double-blinded, two-arm parallel trial, 22 healthy men were recruited to drink 330 mL of nonalcoholic beer (0.0% v/v) or alcoholic beer (5.2% v/v) daily during a 4-week follow-up period. Blood and faecal samples were collected before and after the intervention period. Gut microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Drinking nonalcoholic or alcoholic beer daily for 4 weeks did not increase body weight and body fat mass and did not changed significantly serum cardiometabolic biomarkers. Nonalcoholic and alcoholic beer increased gut microbiota diversity which has been associated with positive health outcomes and tended to increase faecal alkaline phosphatase activity, a marker of intestinal barrier function. These results suggest the effects of beer on gut microbiota modulation are independent of alcohol and may be mediated by beer polyphenols.

Intestinal permeability and small intestine bacterial overgrowth in excess weight adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Increased intestinal permeability may be associated with certain disorders, such as obesity and small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate intestinal permeability and SIBO in excess weight adolescents. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 67 adolescents with excess weight and 66 normal weight adolescents. Excess weight was defined as a body mass index for age (BMI/age) > +1 SD, which includes having excess body weight and obesity. SIBO was diagnosed by a breath test after the ingestion of lactulose according to the production of hydrogen and methane. Zonulin (haptoglobin) was considered an indicator of intestinal permeability. RESULTS: Adolescents with excess weight had a higher height/age Z-score (median [25th; 75th percentile]: +0.6 [-0.4; +1.0]) than those in the normal weight group (-0.1 [-0.6; +0.7]; P = .014). Zonulin (mg/mL) in the excess weight (2.3 [1.5; 3.8]) adolescents was higher than that in the normal weight (1.6 [1.0; 2.2]) adolescents (P < .001). SIBO was diagnosed in 23.3% (31/133) of the adolescents. The adolescents with SIBO had a lower (P < .05) BMI/age (+0.6 [-0.6; +1.9]) and height/age (-0.3 [-0.7; +0.3]) than the adolescents without SIBO (+1.3 [+0.1; +2.6] and +0.2 [-0.5; +1.0], respectively). No association was found between zonulin and SIBO. CONCLUSION: Excess weight is associated with increased intestinal permeability. No relationship was found between SIBO and intestinal permeability; however, SIBO was related to lower BMI and height for age Z-scores.

Adiponectin is Increased in Pediatric Patients With Autoimmune Hepatitis Independent of Body Weight.

OBJECTIVE: A high prevalence of obesity is reported in children and adolescents with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Adipokines participate in inflammatory processes. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between excess weight and systemic inflammation, adipokines, and ghrelin in adolescents with AIH. METHOD: This case-controlled study included 27 adolescents with AIH (13 with excess weight and 14 with normal weight) and a control group. Excess weight was defined by a body mass index/age Z score >+1 standard deviation. Adipokines (adiponectin, leptin, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6 [IL-6], and IL-10) and ghrelin were measured with Luminex technology. RESULTS: Adiponectin (µg/mL) was higher (P < 0.001) in AIH adolescents with and without excess weight (median: 35.0 and 42.1, respectively) than in normal-weight (17.5) and excess-weight (17.0) controls. Leptin was higher (P < 0.001) in excess-weight AIH patients (18.0 ng/mL) and controls (19.8 ng/mL) than in normal-weight AIH (7.7 ng/mL) and control (7.0 ng/mL) adolescents. IL-6 levels were higher in excess-weight (3.8 pg/mL) and normal-weight (3.8 pg/mL) AIH patients than in excess-weight (1.1 pg/mL) and normal-weight (0.5 pg/mL) controls. IL-10 levels were higher (5.2 pg/mL) in normal-weight AIH patients than in excess-weight (1.8 pg/mL) and normal-weight (2.1 pg/mL) controls. Ferritin levels were lower in patients with AIH than in controls. CONCLUSIONS: Independent of body weight, AIH patients had higher levels of adipokines, especially adiponectin and IL-6. Leptin levels were associated with body weight and were not influenced by AIH. IL-10 levels were associated with lean tissue in AIH.

Knowledge and practice of pediatricians and nutritionists regarding treatment of cow's milk protein allergy in infants / Conhecimento e prática de pediatras e nutricionistas sobre o tratamento da alergia às proteínas do leite de vaca em lactentes

ABSTRACT Objective This study evaluated the knowledge and practices of pediatricians and nutritionists about cow's milk protein allergy in infants, with an emphasis on issues related to the exclusion diet and nutritional status. Methods A cross-sectional, descriptive study was performed with a convenience sample of 204 pediatricians and 202 nutritionists randomly invited in scientific events in the city of São Paulo, from November 2014 to March 2016. Results Between 1.5% and 21.0% of respondents indicated inadequate products for the treatment of cow's milk protein allergy, including goat's milk, beverages or juices based on soy extract, lactose-free milk formula and partially hydrolyzed formula. The daily calcium recommendation for children between zero and 36 months of age was correctly indicated by 27.0% of pediatricians and 46.0% of nutritionists (p=0.001). Additionally, 96.1% of pediatricians and 82.7% of dietitians (p<0.001) provided guidance on about labels of industrialized products. Conclusion Pediatricians and nutritionists present gaps in knowledge about cow's milk protein allergy treatment in infants and educational strategies that increase the knowledge of the professionals are important for the management of cow's milk protein allergy.

RESUMO Objetivo Este estudo avaliou o conhecimento e práticas de pediatras e nutricionistas sobre alergia às proteínas do leite de vaca em lactentes, com ênfase em questões relacionadas à dieta de exclusão e ao estado nutricional. Métodos Estudo transversal, descritivo, realizado com uma amostra de conveniência de 204 pediatras e 202 nutricionistas, convidados aleatoriamente em eventos científicos na cidade de São Paulo, de novembro de 2014 a março de 2016. Resultados Entre 1,5% e 21,0% dos entrevistados indicaram produtos inadequados para o tratamento da alergia às proteínas do leite de vaca, incluindo leite de cabra, bebidas ou sucos à base de extrato de soja, fórmula de leite sem lactose e fórmula parcialmente hidrolisada. A recomendação diária de cálcio para crianças entre zero e 36 meses de idade foi corretamente indicada por 27,0% de pediatras e 46,0% de nutricionistas (p=0,001). Além disso, 96,1% dos pediatras e 82,7% dos nutricionistas (p<0,001) forneceram orientação sobre os rótulos dos produtos industrializados. Conclusão Pediatras e nutricionistas apresentam lacunas no conhecimento sobre o tratamento da alergia às proteínas do leite de vaca em lactentes. Estratégias educacionais que aumentam o conhecimento dos profissionais são importantes para o gerenciamento da alergia às proteínas do leite de vaca.

Avaliação nutricional e consumo alimentar de pacientes com doença celíaca com e sem transgressão alimentar / Nutritional evaluation and food intake of celiac disease patients compliant or not with a gluten-free diet

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o estado nutricional e a ingestão de energia e de macronutrientes de pacientes com diagnóstico de doença celíaca que transgrediam ou não a dieta isenta de glúten. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 63 pacientes com doença celíaca: 34 crianças e 29 adolescentes. Transgressão à dieta isenta de glúten foi caracterizada por meio da dosagem sérica do anticorpo antitransglutaminase tissular recombiante humana. O estado nutricional foi avaliado com base nos escores-Z de peso/idade, estatura/idade e no índice de massa corporal. A ingestão alimentar foi avaliada por meio do inquérito alimentar de 24 horas. RESULTADOS: A transgressão à dieta sem glúten foi constatada em 41,2% das crianças e em 34,5% dos adolescentes. Nas crianças com transgressão alimentar, a média do escore-Z de estatura/idade foi inferior à das crianças do grupo que não transgredia (p=0,024). Todavia, o grupo com transgressão apresentou maior escore-Z do índice de massa corporal em relação aos que não transgrediam (p=0,021). Os adolescentes que não transgrediam apresentaram maior índice de massa corporal quando comparados aos que transgrediam a dieta (p=0,037). Em relação à ingestão alimentar, não se observou diferença estatística entre os grupos. Todavia, cerca de 70,0% das crianças e adolescentes apresentaram consumo de energia acima de 120,0% da recomendação. CONCLUSÃO: As crianças que transgrediam a dieta apresentaram menor escore-Z de estatura/idade e maior escore-Z para índice de massa corporal do que crianças que seguem sem transgressões alimentares. Os adolescentes que não transgrediam a dieta apresentaram maior média de índice de massa corporal quando comparados aos que transgrediam a dieta. Consumo energético elevado foi observado tanto nas crianças quanto nos adolescentes.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the nutritional status and intakes of energy and macronutrients of celiac disease patients compliant or not with a gluten-free diet. METHODS: We studied 63 patients with celiac disease, 34 children and 29 adolescents. Noncompliance with a gluten-free diet was characterized by detection of antibodies to tissue transglutaminase in serum by recombinant human tissue transglutaminase antigen. Nutritional status was classified according to the weight-for-age, height-for-age, and body mass index Z-scores. Dietary intake was assessed by a 24-hour recall. RESULTS: The percentages of children and adolescents noncompliant with a gluten-free diet were 41.2% and 34.5%, respectively. Noncompliant children had a lower mean height-for-age Z-score than compliant children (p=0.024). However, noncompliant children had higher mean body mass index Z-score than compliant children (p=0.021). On the other hand, compliant adolescents had higher BMI than noncompliant adolescents (p=0.037). The food intake between the groups did not differ, but the energy intakes of 70.0% of the children and adolescents exceeded 120.0% of their requirements. CONCLUSION: Children who do not comply with a gluten-free diet have lower height-for-age Z-scores and higher body mass index Z-scores than children who comply. Compliant adolescents have a higher mean body mass index than noncompliant adolescents. High energy intake was observed in both children and adolescents.

Food intake, growth and body composition of children and adolescents with autoimmune hepatitis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the food intake, anthropometry, body composition, and sexual maturity of children and adolescents with autoimmune hepatitis. METHODS: Thirty-seven children and adolescents with autoimmune hepatitis were studied. A questionnaire was given to evaluate food intake over a 24-hour period. Weight, height, and skin-fold thickness were measured. Electric impedance and skin-fold using Slaughter formula were used to evaluate body composition. Sexual maturity was evaluated using the Tanner stage method. Cumulative intake of corticosteroids was determined based on medical records. RESULTS: Most of the subjects were females (83.3%). Food intake did not meet recommended dietary intakes for energy, calcium, and vitamin A for 43.2%, 94.6%, and 59.4% of the patients, respectively. All subjects were in their respective pubertal developmental stage. A lower Z score for height-for-age (

Conhecimento de pediatras e nutricionistas sobre o tratamento da alergia ao leite de vaca no lactente / Pediatricians and nutritionists knowledge about treatment of cow milk allergy in infants

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o conhecimento de pediatras e nutricionistas sobre a dieta de exclusão do leite de vaca e seus derivados, com ênfase em questões relacionadas à nutrição da criança. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal descritivo, do qual participaram pediatras (n=53) e nutricionistas (n=29), vinculados a hospitais públicos do Município de São Paulo, no ano de 2005. Os dados foram coletados por questionário auto-administrado. RESULTADOS: A idade dos profissionais variou de 21 a 50 anos. Quanto ao tempo de graduação, 41,2 por cento eram formados a menos de cinco anos e 91,6 por cento possuíam especialização, mestrado e/ou doutorado. A maioria (97,5 por cento) afirmou avaliar a dieta de crianças submetidas à exclusão do leite de vaca, entretanto, somente 48 por cento o faziam de forma mais detalhadas, incluindo o cálculo da ingestão alimentar. Apenas 38,7 por cento comparam a ingestão alimentar da criança com algum padrão de recomendação. A recomendação diária da ingestão de cálcio para crianças com até 36 meses foi corretamente assinalada por 22 por cento dos pediatras e 60,7 por cento dos nutricionistas (p=0,001). Produtos não adequados como substitutos do leite de vaca seriam recomendados por 66 por cento dos pediatras e 48,3 por cento dos nutricionistas. Com relação à leitura de rótulos de produtos industrializados, 81,6 por cento dos pediatras e 96,4 por cento dos nutricionistas orientam os pais a ler todos os termos que indicam a presença das proteínas do leite de vaca. CONCLUSÕES: Os pediatras e nutricionista demonstraram erro conceitual no que se refere às principais recomendações terapêuticas na alergia às proteínas do leite de vaca.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the knowledge of pediatricians and nutritionists regarding the exclusion diet of cow milk and derivates, with emphasis on questions related to the nutrition of children submitted to such diet. METHODS: Cross-sectional study that enrolled pediatricians (n=53) and nutritionists (n=29) from public hospitals in São Paulo, Brazil, during 2005. Data was collected through self-administered questionnaires. RESULTS: The age of the professionals varied from 21 to 50 years old. Regarding professional experience, 41.2 percent were graduated for less than five years and 91.6 percent had a specialization course, masters and/or PhD degree. The vast majority of professionals (97.5 percent) confirmed that they regularly evaluated the diet of children that needed exclusion of cow milk. However, only 48 percent of the professionals conducted a more detailed evaluation of the diet, including calculations of food ingestion. Only 38.7 percent of the professionals compared child's food ingestion with some recommended pattern. Recommendations for daily ingestion of calcium by children up to the age of 36 months were properly mentioned by 22 percent of the pediatricians and 60.7 percent of the nutritionists (p=0.001). Inadequate cow milk substitute products were recommended by 66 percent of the pediatricians and by 48.3 percent of the nutritionists. Regarding labels of industrialized products, 81.6 percent of the pediatricians and 96.4 percent of the nutritionists advised the parents to look for all terms that could indicate the presence of cow milk protein. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatricians and nutritionists made conceptual errors in their main recommendations regarding the treatment of cow milk protein allergy.