RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Glycemic control has been increasingly recognized as a critical element in inpatient care, but optimal management of blood glucose in the hospital setting remains challenging. The aims of this study were to describe and evaluate the impact of the implementation of an inpatient multidisciplinary glucose control management program on glucose control in hospitalized patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of medical records and glucose monitoring data obtained by point- of-care testing (POCT) in hospitalized patients before (May 2014) and after (June 2015 and May 2017) the implementation of the program. RESULTS: We analyzed 6888, 7290, and 7669 POCTs from 389, 545, and 475 patients in May 2014, June 2015, and May 2017, respectively. Hyperglycemia (≥ 180 mg/ dL) occurred in 23.5%, 19.6%, and 19.3% POCTs in May 2014, June 2015, and May/2017, respectively (p < 0.001), while severe hyperglycemia (≥ 300 mg/dL) was observed in 2.5%, 2.2%, and 1.8% of them, respectively (p = 0.003). Hyperglycemia (≥ 180 mg/dL) reduced significantly from May 2014 to June 2015 (16.3%, p < 0.001) and from May 2014 to May 2017 (178%, p < 0.001). No significant changes occurred in hypoglycemic parameters. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of an inpatient multidisciplinary glucose control management program led to significant reductions in hyperglycemic events. The key elements for this achievement were the development of institutional inpatient glycemic control protocols, establishment of a multidisciplinary team, and continuing educational programs for hospital personnel. Altogether, these actions resulted in improvements in care processes, patient safety, and clinical outcomes of hospitalized patients.
Assuntos
Glicemia/análise , Hiperglicemia/prevenção & controle , Pacientes Internados/estatística & dados numéricos , Testes Imediatos/estatística & dados numéricos , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Diabetes Mellitus/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Humanos , Hiperglicemia/tratamento farmacológico , Hipoglicemia/etiologia , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Insulina/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Padrões de Referência , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de Tempo , Cooperação e Adesão ao TratamentoRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective: Glycemic control has been increasingly recognized as a critical element in inpatient care, but optimal management of blood glucose in the hospital setting remains challenging. The aims of this study were to describe and evaluate the impact of the implementation of an inpatient multidisciplinary glucose control management program on glucose control in hospitalized patients. Materials and methods: Retrospective analysis of medical records and glucose monitoring data obtained by point- of-care testing (POCT) in hospitalized patients before (May 2014) and after (June 2015 and May 2017) the implementation of the program. Results: We analyzed 6888, 7290, and 7669 POCTs from 389, 545, and 475 patients in May 2014, June 2015, and May 2017, respectively. Hyperglycemia (≥ 180 mg/ dL) occurred in 23.5%, 19.6%, and 19.3% POCTs in May 2014, June 2015, and May/2017, respectively (p < 0.001), while severe hyperglycemia (≥ 300 mg/dL) was observed in 2.5%, 2.2%, and 1.8% of them, respectively (p = 0.003). Hyperglycemia (≥ 180 mg/dL) reduced significantly from May 2014 to June 2015 (16.3%, p < 0.001) and from May 2014 to May 2017 (178%, p < 0.001). No significant changes occurred in hypoglycemic parameters. Conclusions: The implementation of an inpatient multidisciplinary glucose control management program led to significant reductions in hyperglycemic events. The key elements for this achievement were the development of institutional inpatient glycemic control protocols, establishment of a multidisciplinary team, and continuing educational programs for hospital personnel. Altogether, these actions resulted in improvements in care processes, patient safety, and clinical outcomes of hospitalized patients.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Glicemia/análise , Testes Imediatos/estatística & dados numéricos , Hiperglicemia/prevenção & controle , Pacientes Internados/estatística & dados numéricos , Padrões de Referência , Fatores de Tempo , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Diabetes Mellitus/prevenção & controle , Diabetes Mellitus/tratamento farmacológico , Cooperação e Adesão ao Tratamento , Hiperglicemia/etiologia , Hiperglicemia/tratamento farmacológico , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Insulina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
In the past two years we observed several changes in the diagnostic and therapeutic approach of patients with acute heart failure (acute HF), which led us to the need of performing a summary update of the II Brazilian Guidelines on Acute Heart Failure 2009. In the diagnostic evaluation, the diagnostic flowchart was simplified and the role of clinical assessment and echocardiography was enhanced. In the clinical-hemodynamic evaluation on admission, the hemodynamic echocardiography gained prominence as an aid to define this condition in patients with acute HF in the emergency room. In the prognostic evaluation, the role of biomarkers was better established and the criteria and prognostic value of the cardiorenal syndrome was better defined. The therapeutic approach flowcharts were revised, and are now simpler and more objective. Among the advances in drug therapy, the safety and importance of the maintenance or introduction of beta-blockers in the admission treatment are highlighted. Anticoagulation, according to new evidence, gained a wider range of indications. The presentation hemodynamic models of acute pulmonary edema were well established, with their different therapeutic approaches, as well as new levels of indication and evidence. In the surgical treatment of acute HF, CABG, the approach to mechanical lesions and heart transplantation were reviewed and updated. This update strengthens the II Brazilian Guidelines on Acute Heart Failure to keep it updated and refreshed. All clinical cardiologists who deal with patients with acute HF will find, in the guidelines and its summary, important tools to help them with the clinical practice for better diagnosis and treatment of their patients.
Assuntos
Insuficiência Cardíaca/diagnóstico , Insuficiência Cardíaca/terapia , Doença Aguda , Brasil , Insuficiência Cardíaca/mortalidade , HumanosRESUMO
JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Os cuidados paliativos têm como objetivo a prevenção e o alívio do sofrimento, melhorando a comunicação e o sinergismo com a terapêutica curativa. Esta filosofia de tratamento conjuga os valores dos pacientes e de seus familiares, facilitando as transferências entre os vários setores intra-hospitalares, que possam estar conduzindo um paciente com grave risco de vida. CONTEÚDO: Apesar de ainda estar se desenvolvendo em todo o mundo, os cuidados paliativos estão progressivamente integrando-se aos cuidados curativos, inclusive nos ambientes de terapia intensiva. Entretanto, várias evidências têm demonstrado que esta abordagem médica ainda precisa melhorar, seja para os pacientes com sintomas de desconforto significativos ou dores físicas, nas unidades de terapia intensiva, ou na percepção dos familiares, que também é falha, sobretudo no que cerne às recomendações básicas como as intervenções diagnósticas, prognósticas e terapêuticas. CONCLUSÕES: O desenvolvimento de pesquisa nesta área promoverá indicadores de desempenho, o que nos garantirá eficiência, qualidade operacional, e melhoria constante desses cuidados. Este artigo destaca a importância da medicina paliativa e propõe alternativas e planos para promoção de uma abordagem paliativa em tempo apropriado, no sentido de tornar a medicina geral mais próxima dos valores e dignidade humana.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Palliative care has the objective of preventing and relieving suffering by improving communication and synergism with curative therapy. This philosophy of treatment combines the patients' values and their families and facilitates the movement in various hospital departments, which might occur with critically ill patients. CONTENTS: Though still little developed in the world, palliative care is gradually integrating curative care in intensive care units. However, various pieces of evidence have been showing that there is still a necessity to improve, especially for patients with symptoms of discomfort and pain, in intensive care environments. The patients' families still have a poor understanding of the basic recommendations: diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Development of research in this area can promote performance indicators trying to ensure efficiency, operational quality, and constant improvement of care. This article highlights the importance of palliative medicine and proposes alternatives to promoting an appropriate time approach, bringing general medicine closer to human values.
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Cuidados Paliativos/história , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva/normasRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Palliative care has the objective of preventing and relieving suffering by improving communication and synergism with curative therapy. This philosophy of treatment combines the patients' values and their families and facilitates the movement in various hospital departments, which might occur with critically ill patients. CONTENTS: Though still little developed in the world, palliative care is gradually integrating curative care in intensive care units. However, various pieces of evidence have been showing that there is still a necessity to improve, especially for patients with symptoms of discomfort and pain, in intensive care environments. The patients' families still have a poor understanding of the basic recommendations: diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Development of research in this area can promote performance indicators trying to ensure efficiency, operational quality, and constant improvement of care. This article highlights the importance of palliative medicine and proposes alternatives to promoting an appropriate time approach, bringing general medicine closer to human values.
RESUMO
JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A anemia é uma condição comum em pacientes graves. A transfusão de hemoderivados aumenta de forma significativa o risco de transmissão de agentes infecciosos e afeta o perfil imunológico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a incidência de anemia e a prática de transfusão de hemácias em UTI brasileiras. MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo, multicêntrico, realizado em 19 UTI em um período de duas semanas. A presença de anemia, as indicações e a utilização de concentrados de hemácias, foram avaliadas diariamente. As complicações que ocorreram durante a internação na UTI e após a transfusão da primeira unidade de concentrado de hemácias foram registradas. RESULTADOS: Um total de 33 por cento apresentava anemia na admissão na UTI e esta proporção aumentou para 55 por cento no final de sete dias de internação. Um total de 348 unidades de concentrado de hemácias foi transfundido em 86 pacientes (36,5 por cento). A média de suas unidades por paciente foi 4,1 ± 3,3 U. O nível de hemoglobina limiar para a transfusão de CH foi 7,7 ± 1,1 g/dL. Pacientes transfundidos tinham mais disfunções orgânicas avaliadas pelo escore SOFA (7,9 ± 4,6 versus 5,6 ± 3,8, transfundidos versus não transfundidos, p < 0,05). As taxas de mortalidade foram 43,5 por cento e 36,3 por cento em pacientes transfundidos e não transfundidos, respectivamente (RR 0,61-11,7, NS). Pacientes transfundidos tiveram número maior de complicações (1,58 ± 0,66 versus 1,33 ± 0,49, p = 0,0001). CONCLUSÕES: A anemia é comum em UTI brasileiras. O limiar transfusional de hemoglobina foi menor do que o observado em outros paises.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Anemia of critical illness is a multifactorial condition caused by blood loss, frequent phlebotomies and inadequate production of red blood cells (RBC). Controversy surrounds the most appropriate hemoglobin concentration "trigger" for transfusion of RBC. We aimed to evaluate transfusion practices in Brazilian ICUs. METHODS: A prospective study throughout a 2-week period in 19 Brazilian ICUs. Hemoglobin (Hb) level, transfusion rate, organ dysfunction assessment and 28-day mortality were evaluated. Primary indication for transfusion and pretransfusion hemoglobin level were collected for each transfusion. RESULTS: Two hundred thirty-one patients with an ICU length of stay longer than 48h were included. An Hb level lower than 10 g/dL was found in 33 percent on admission in the ICU. A total of 348 RBC units were transfused in 86 patients (36.5 percent). The mean pretransfusion hemoglobin level was 7.7 ± 1.1 g/dL. Transfused-patients had significantly higher SOFA score (7.9 ± 4.6 vs 5.6 ± 3.8, p < 0.05, respectively), days on mechanical ventilation (10.7 ± 8.2 vs 7.2 ± 6.4, p < 0.05) and days on vasoactive drugs (6.7 ± 6.4 vs 4.2 ± 4.0, p < 0.05) than non-transfused patients despite similar APACHE II scores (15.2 ± 8.1 vs 14.2 ± 8.1, NS). Transfused patients had higher mortality rate (43.5 percent) than non-transfused patients (36.3 percent) (RR 0.60-1.15, NS). Only one patient (0.28 percent) had febrile non-hemolytic transfusion and urticarial reactions. CONCLUSIONS: Anemia is common in critically ill patients.It seems from the present study that transfusion practices in Brazil have had a more restrictive approach with a lower limit "transfusion trigger".
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Anemia , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Transfusão de Eritrócitos/estatística & dados numéricos , Transfusão de Eritrócitos/tendênciasRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Anemia of critical illness is a multifactorial condition caused by blood loss, frequent phlebotomies and inadequate production of red blood cells (RBC). Controversy surrounds the most appropriate hemoglobin concentration "trigger" for transfusion of RBC. We aimed to evaluate transfusion practices in Brazilian ICUs. METHODS: A prospective study throughout a 2-week period in 19 Brazilian ICUs. Hemoglobin (Hb) level, transfusion rate, organ dysfunction assessment and 28-day mortality were evaluated. Primary indication for transfusion and pretransfusion hemoglobin level were collected for each transfusion. RESULTS: Two hundred thirty-one patients with an ICU length of stay longer than 48h were included. An Hb level lower than 10 g/dL was found in 33% on admission in the ICU. A total of 348 RBC units were transfused in 86 patients (36.5%). The mean pretransfusion hemoglobin level was 7.7 ± 1.1 g/dL. Transfused-patients had significantly higher SOFA score (7.9 ± 4.6 vs 5.6 ± 3.8, p < 0.05, respectively), days on mechanical ventilation (10.7 ± 8.2 vs 7.2 ± 6.4, p < 0.05) and days on vasoactive drugs (6.7 ± 6.4 vs 4.2 ± 4.0, p < 0.05) than non-transfused patients despite similar APACHE II scores (15.2 ± 8.1 vs 14.2 ± 8.1, NS). Transfused patients had higher mortality rate (43.5%) than non-transfused patients (36.3%) (RR 0.60-1.15, NS). Only one patient (0.28%) had febrile non-hemolytic transfusion and urticarial reactions. CONCLUSIONS: Anemia is common in critically ill patients.It seems from the present study that transfusion practices in Brazil have had a more restrictive approach with a lower limit "transfusion trigger".
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A insuficiência renal aguda resultante da oclusäo da artéria renal pode ser eficientemente tratada através da angioplastia transluminal percutânea. Neste artigo relatamos um caso onde tal manobra terapêutica foi executada com grande êxito, e discutimos as principais peculiaridades da doença oclusiva das artérias renais e de seu manuseio pela angioplastia