Advanced extraction of PV parameters' models based on electric field impacts on semiconductor conductivity using QIO algorithm.

This article presents a novel approach for parameters estimation of photovoltaic cells/modules using a recent optimization algorithm called quadratic interpolation optimization algorithm (QIOA). The proposed formula is dependent on variable voltage resistances (VVR) implementation of the series and shunt resistances. The variable resistances reduced from the effect of the electric field on the semiconductor conductivity should be included to get more accurate representation. Minimizing the mean root square error (MRSE) between the measured (I-V) dataset and the extracted (V-I) curve from the proposed electrical model is the main goal of the current optimization problem. The unknown parameters of the proposed PV models under the considered operating conditions are identified and optimally extracted using the proposed QIOA. Two distinct PV types are employed with normal and low radiation conditions. The VVR TDM is proposed for (R.T.C. France) silicon PV operating at normal radiation, and eleven unknown parameters are optimized. Additionally, twelve unknown parameters are optimized for a Q6-1380 multi-crystalline silicon (MCS) (area 7.7 cm2) operating under low radiation. The efficacy of the QIOA is demonstrated through comparison with four established optimizers: Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA), and Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA). The proposed QIO method achieves the lowest absolute current error values in both cases, highlighting its superiority and efficiency in extracting optimal parameters for both Single-Crystalline Silicon (SCS) and MCS cells under varying irradiance levels. Furthermore, simulation results emphasize the effectiveness of QIO compared to other algorithms in terms of convergence speed and robustness, making it a promising tool for accurate and efficient PV parameter estimation.

Acceleration of Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats through a Novel 3D Organo-Hydrogel Nanocomposite of Polydopamine/TiO2 Nanoparticles and Cu (PDA-TiO2@Cu).

BACKGROUND: Diabetic wound represents a serious issue with a substantial impact and an exceptionally complex pathology affecting patients' mental health and quality of life. So, we have developed a novel 3D organo-hydrogel nanocomposite of polydopamine/TiO2 nanoparticles and cu (PDA-TiO2@Cu) and examined its efficacy in diabetic wound healing. METHODS: Forty-five adult male albino rats were divided into normal control rats (non-diabetic rats with non-treated skin wounds), diabetic control rats (diabetic rats with non-treated skin wounds), and organo-hydrogel-treated rats (diabetic wounds treated with topically applied organo- hydrogel once daily). Macroscopic changes of the wound were observed on days 0, 3, 5, 7, and 10 to measure wound diameters. Skin specimens from the wound tissue were taken on days 3, 7, and 10, respectively, and examined histologically and immunohistochemically. Also, the gene expressions of collagen I, Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), and levels of Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) were assessed. RESULTS: Our observed results indicated that the developed patch significantly accelerated the healing time compared to the normal control and diabetic control groups. Moreover, the patchloaded group revealed complete re-epithelization and a highly significant increase in the mean area % of CD31 immunostaining on day 7. The organo-hydrogel-loaded group displayed a significant decrease in gene expression of MMP-9 and a significant increase in gene expression of EGF and collagen I. Additionally, the organo-hydrogel-loaded group exhibited a significant decrease in levels of IL-6 and a significant increase in levels of SOD, compared to the normal diabetic control groups. CONCLUSION: The organo-hydrogel can be used for treating and decreasing the healing period of diabetic wounds.

Synthesis of Cross-Linked and Sterilized Water-Soluble Electrospun Nanofiber Biomatrix of Streptomycin-Imbedded PVA/CHN/ß-CD for Wound Healing.

The diagnosis and prognosis of chronic wounds are demanding and require objective assessment. Because of their potential medicinal applications, the syntheses of biopolymeric chitosan (CHN) structure and PVA-based mixed electrospun nanofibers with biomimetic features were thoroughly investigated. This study created different formulas, including a guest molecule and capping agent, using supporting PVA as a vehicle. CHN was used as a biomodifier, and beta-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) as a smoother and more efficiently entraps streptomycin (STP) compared with the silver sheet wound dressing. The relevant analyses showed that the size distribution increased with the incorporation of PVA, CHN, and ß-CD to 120.3, 161.9, and 192.02 nm. The webs boosted particle size and released content stability to 96.4% without compromising the nanofiber structure. Examining the synergistic effects of the PVA/CHN/STP/ß-CD nanoformulation against pathogenic strains of S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and Aspergillus niger, clean zones were 47 ± 3.4, 45 ± 3.0, and 49 ± 3.7 mm were produced. PVA/CHN/STP/ß-CD formula exhibited a 98.9 ± 0.6% cell viability and wound closure of 100% at 72 h. The results reveal that the PVA/CHN/STP/ß-CD formula is promising for medical applications, especially in wound healing, compared with the silver sheet.

Efficient photocatalytic reduction of p-nitrophenol under visible light irradiation based on Ag NPs loaded brown 2D g-C3N4 / g-C3N4 QDs nanocomposite.

Recently, low-cost graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) revealed high photocatalytic activities and provided solutions to environmental pollution. In this study, we synthesized brown mesoporous 2D g-C3N4 by calcination dicyandiamide with pluronic P123. This is followed by loading of Ag NPs on the prepared 2D g-C3N4 by photodeposition process. After that, a ternary composite 2% Ag/ 2D g-C3N4 / g-C3N4 QDs heterojunction photocatalyst has been successfully prepared. The prepared nanomaterials were comprehensively characterized by various analysis techniques such as XRD, UV-Vis., BET, XPS, SEM, TEM. This new system exhibited a large surface area with porous structure and a wide absorption of visible light. The results verified that Ag NPs decoration enhanced the charge separation of photo-generated carriers of g-C3N4 2D and g-C3N4 QDs, promote significant enhancement in the photocatalytic activity for reduction of p-nitrophenol with a rate constant (k) value of 0.49729 / min in 6 min. This rate is about two-fold higher than that observed for pure g-C3N4 2D and g-C3N4 QDs as well as shows an improvement compared to 2% Ag/ g-C3N4 2D and g-C3N4 2D/ g-C3N4 QDs. The results open the door to design highly efficient 2D/0D nanocomposite photocatalysts for a wide variety of environmental applications.

Simple dihydropyridine-based colorimetric chemosensors for heavy metal ion detection, biological evaluation, molecular docking, and ADMET profiling.

In this study, two novel chemosensors containing dihydropyridine fragment namely; (2E, 2E')-1,1'-(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-diyl)bis(3-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)prop-2-en-1-one) (1), (2E,2E',4E,4E')-1,1' -(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-diyl)bis(5-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)penta-2,4-dien-1-one) (2) have been synthesized and characterized. The solvatochromic behavior was explored in different solvents of various polarities. The visual detection, as well as UV-Vis and fluorescence measurements were carried out to explore the colorimetric and optical sensing properties of the investigated chemosensors towards various metal ions such as Al3+, Cr3+, Mn2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Mg2+, Hg2+ and Zn2+. The chemosensors 1 and 2 have strong detecting abilities, with excellent sensitivity and selectivity for Cu2+ and Fe3+, respectively, over the other metal ions. The chemosensors were totally reversible upon addition of EDTA to the formed complexes and displayed a turn on-off-on fluorescence response based on an effect of chelation-quenching fluorescence. The antioxidant activities of the investigated chemosensors were assessed. They were examined in-silico for their capacity to block the Akt signaling pathway, which is involved in cancer proliferation with interpreting their pharmacokinetics aspects. Furthermore, in-vitro antitumor evaluation against a panel of cancer cell lines for the investigated chemosensors has been examined. Conclusively, chemosensor 1 was more effective at scavenging free radicals and as an anticancer agent and could be exploited as a therapeutic candidate for cancer therapy than chemosensor 2 due to its potential inhibition of Akt protein.

Development and application of naturally derived, cost-effective CQDs with cancer targeting potential.

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) derived from natural sources have obtained potential interest in biomedical imaging and therapy because of their excellent biocompatibility properties, which include water solubility, simple synthesis and low cytotoxicity. Here the cytotoxicity of ethylene-diamine doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) delivered to breast cancer MCF-7 cells was investigated. Folic acid was used to raise folate recognition and increase FA-NCQD accumulation in the cells, then apoptosis was assayed using nuclear fragmentation, acridine orange labeling, fluorescence imaging, flow cytometry, and caspase 3 expression. The data show that functionalization of these CQDs, derived from a natural source, have potential application in eliminating cancer cells, as shown here for the invasive breast cancer cells, MCF-7. This nano-delivery system provides a novel target therapy possibility therapeutic approach for cancer cells.

Geometrical Stability and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Crystallogen and Pnictogen Fullerene Analogues.

The linear and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of fullerene and fullerene-like structures, including crystallogen and pnictogen elements, are computed quantum mechanically. The tensors of optical polarizability, α, and second hyperpolarizability, γ, for a series of buckyball fullerene analogues, namely, Si60, Ge60, Sn60, Pb60, P60, As60, Sb60, and Bi60, are reported and analyzed. The eight considered nanocages are here classified into four categories: nanocages stabilized in the X60 form, including C60, As60, Sb60, and Bi60; nanocages that are not stabilized in the X60 form but are found to be stable in a distorted buckled b-X60 form, with X = Si and Ge; nanocages stabilized only in an exohedral decorated X60-Y60 form, X = Sn, Y = H or F; and finally nanocages that are not stable in either distorted or decorated form; however, their corresponding tabular nanotubes are found to be stable; such group includes P and Pb elements. A suggested nomenclature for the above-mentioned fullerenes is given for the first time, where many geometrical, energetic, and optical parameters are discussed extensively. These systems are energetically stable. The cohesive energies of Bi60 and Sn60-F60 range from -1.2 to -4.8 eV/atom and can be compared to -2.4 and -3.3 eV/atom from the corresponding 2D bismuthene and stanene monolayers, respectively. While bismuthellene, Bi60, shows vigorous optical responses compared to standard fullerene, the (9, 0) phosphorus nanotube gives not only enhanced polarizability and second hyperpolarizability but also an inducing first hyperpolarizability, ß, which was null by symmetry in the case of spherical fullerenes. The proposed models are expected to be promising materials for optoelectronic and NLO applications.

Fighting Non-Small Lung Cancer Cells Using Optimal Functionalization of Targeted Carbon Quantum Dots Derived from Natural Sources Might Provide Potential Therapeutic and Cancer Bio Image Strategies.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is an important sub-type of lung cancer associated with poor diagnosis and therapy. Innovative multi-functional systems are urgently needed to overcome the invasiveness of NSCLC. Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) derived from natural sources have received interest for their potential in medical bio-imaging due to their unique properties, which are characterized by their water solubility, biocompatibility, simple synthesis, and low cytotoxicity. In the current study, ethylene-diamine doped CQDs enhanced their cytotoxicity (98 ± 0.4%, 97 ± 0.38%, 95.8 ± 0.15%, 86 ± 0.15%, 12.5 ± 0.14%) compared to CQDs alone (99 ± 0.2%, 98 ± 1.7%, 96 ± 0.8%, 93 ± 0.38%, 91 ± 1.3%) at serial concentrations (0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1000 µg/mL). In order to increase their location in a specific tumor site, folic acid was used to raise their functional folate recognition. The apoptotic feature of A549 lung cells exposed to N-CQDs and FA-NCQDs was characterized by a light orange-red color under fluorescence microscopy. Additionally, much nuclear fragmentation and condensation were seen. Flow cytometry results showed that the percentage of cells in late apoptosis and necrosis increased significantly in treated cells to (19.7 ± 0.03%), (27.6 ± 0.06%) compared to untreated cells (4.6 ± 0.02%), (3.5 ± 0.02%), respectively. Additionally, cell cycle arrest showed a strong reduction in cell numbers in the S phase (14 ± 0.9%) compared to untreated cells (29 ± 0.5%). Caspase-3 levels were increased significantly in A549 exposed to N-CQDs (2.67 ± 0.2 ng/mL) and FA-NCQDs (3.43 ± 0.05 ng/mL) compared to untreated cells (0.34 ± 0.04 ng/mL). The functionalization of CQDs derived from natural sources has proven their potential application to fight off non-small lung cancer.

The Use of Nanoparticles in Otoprotection.

The inner ear can be insulted by various noxious stimuli, including drugs (cisplatin and aminoglycosides) and over-acoustic stimulation. These stimuli damage the hair cells giving rise to progressive hearing loss. Systemic drugs have attempted protection from ototoxicity. Most of these drugs poorly reach the inner ear with consequent ineffective action on hearing. The reason for these failures resides in the poor inner ear blood supply, the presence of the blood-labyrinthine barrier, and the low permeability of the round window membrane (RWM). This article presents a review of the use of nanoparticles (NPs) in otoprotection. NPs were recently used in many fields of medicine because of their ability to deliver drugs to the target organs or cells. The studies included in the review regarded the biocompatibility of the used NPs by in vitro and in vivo experiments. In most studies, NPs proved safe without a significant decrease in cell viability or signs of ototoxicity. Many nano-techniques were used to improve the drugs' kinetics and efficiency. These techniques included encapsulation, polymerization, surface functionalization, and enhanced drug release. In such a way, it improved drug transmission through the RWM with increased and prolonged intra-cochlear drug concentrations. In all studies, the fabricated drug-NPs effectively preserved the hair cells and the functioning hearing from exposure to different ototoxic stimuli, simulating the actual clinical circumstances. Most of these studies regarded cisplatin ototoxicity due to the wide use of this drug in clinical oncology. Dexamethasone (DEX) and antioxidants represent the most used drugs in most studies. These drugs effectively prevented apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production caused by ototoxic stimuli. These various successful experiments confirmed the biocompatibility of different NPs and made it successfully to human clinical trials.

The Effect of Encapsulated Apigenin Nanoparticles on HePG-2 Cells through Regulation of P53.

Apigenin (Ap) is one of the most important natural flavonoids that has potent anticancer activity. This study was designed, for the first time, to load Ap into chitosan to improve its hydrophobicity and then it was coated with albumin-folic acid to increase its stability and bioavailability and to target cancer cells. The newly developed encapsulated Ap (Ap-CH-BSA-FANPs) was characterized and tested in vitro. The zeta potential of -17.0 mV was within the recommended range (-30 mV to +30 mV), indicating that encapsulated apigenin would not quickly settle and would be suspended. The in vitro results proved the great anticancer activity of the encapsulated apigenin on HePG-2 cells compared to pure Ap. The treated HePG-2 cells with Ap-CH-BSA-FANPs demonstrated the induction of apoptosis by increasing p53 gene expression, arresting the cell cycle, increasing caspase-9 levels, and decreasing both the MMP9 gene and Bcl-2 protein expression levels. Moreover, the higher antioxidant activity of the encapsulated apigenin treatment was evident through increasing SOD levels and decreasing the CAT concentration. In conclusion, the Ap-CH-BSA-FANPs were easy to produce with low coast, continued drug release, good loading capacity, high solubility in physiological pH, and were more stable than the formerly Ap-loaded liposomes or PLGA. Moreover, Ap-CH-BSA-FANPs may be a promising chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of HCC.

Dual targeting nanoparticles based on hyaluronic and folic acids as a promising delivery system of the encapsulated 4-Methylumbelliferone (4-MU) against invasiveness of lung cancer in vivo and in vitro.

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death worldwide. Thereby, new treatment strategies as targeting nano-therapy present promising possibilities to control the aggressiveness of lung cancer. Dual CD44 and folate receptors targetable nanocapsule based on folic-polyethylene glycol-hyaluronic (FA-PEG-HA) were fabricated to improve the therapeutic activity of 4-Methylumbelliferone (4-MU) toward lung cancer. In this study, we fabricate 4-MU Nps as a hybrid polymeric (protamine) protein (albumin) nanocapsule, then functionalized by targeting layer to form 4-MU@FA-PEG-HA Nps with encapsulation efficacy 96.15%. The in vitro study of free 4-MU, 4-MU Nps and 4-MU@FA-PEG-HA Nps on A549 lung cancer cells reveal that the 4-MU Nps and 4-MU@FA-PEG-HA Nps were more cytotoxic than free 4-MU on A549 cells. The observed therapeutic activity of 4-MU@FA-PEG-HA Nps on urethane-induced lung cancer model, potentiality revealed a tumor growth inhibition via apoptotic mechanisms and angiogenesis inhibition. The results were supported by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELIZA) of transforming growth factors (TGFß1) and serum HA, histopathological analysis as well as immunohistochemical Ki67, CD44, Bcl-2 and caspace-3 staining. Moreover, 4-MU@FA-PEG-HA Nps exhibited a promising safety profile. Hence, it is expected that our developed novel nano-system can be used for potential application on tumor therapy for lung cancer.

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using bio valorization coffee waste extract: photocatalytic flow-rate performance, antibacterial activity, and electrochemical investigation.

It is well known that biogenic synthesis, as compared to other processes, has proven to be highly effective in the fabrication of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Thus, our current study focused on synthesizing AgNPs using coffee waste extract (CWE). CWE contains many compounds identified by HPLC, which reduce, cap, and stabilize AgNPs in its solution. The as-synthesized AgNPs were produced with a monodispersed small size around 20 nm and exhibited in-plane dipole plasmon resonances of hexagonal nanoplates. AgNPs were characterized by both physical and spectroscopic methods, which confirmed their nanoscale dimensions with a hexagonal shape. The as-prepared AgNPs (12 mg) enabled the photodegradation of phenol compounds (20 mL) with a removal efficiency of ~ 94.6% in a short time in the presence of citric acid. Additionally, the second promising application of AgNPs was the tendency to remove the hazard 2,4 dinitroaniline (2,4 DNA) with a percent more than 97% while using only 7 mg of AgNPs. Moreover, the green synthesized AgNPs are superior in inhibiting bacterial growth and killing most infected microbes such as B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and E. coli. The electrochemical characteristics of the AgNPs were evaluated using a three-electrode system. The calculated specific capacitance was 280 F g-1 at 0.56 A g-1. Furthermore, after 1000 cycles at 2.2 A g-1, the AgNPs electrode demonstrates an excellent cycling stability behavior with 94.8% capacitance retention. Based on the previous promising results, it can be concluded that CWE is an environmentally benign extract to prepare AgNPs with low cost, saving and easily used for many great domains in photocatalytic, phenol compound removals, and production of functional nanodevices.

Silymarin/curcumin loaded albumin nanoparticles coated by chitosan as muco-inhalable delivery system observing anti-inflammatory and anti COVID-19 characterizations in oleic acid triggered lung injury and in vitro COVID-19 experiment.

Respiratory infected by COVID-19 represents a major global health problem at moment even after recovery from virus corona. Since, the lung lesions for infected patients are still sufferings from acute respiratory distress syndrome including alveolar septal edema, pneumonia, hyperplasia, and hyaline membranes Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify additional candidates having ability to overcome inflammatory process and can enhance efficacy in the treatment of COVID-19. The polypenolic extracts were integrated into moeties of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and then were coated by chitosan as a mucoadhesion polymer. The results of interleukin-6, and c-reactive protein showed significant reduction in group treated by Encap. SIL + CUR (64 ± 0.8 Pg/µL & 6 ± 0.5 µg/µL) compared to group treated by Cham. + CUR (102 ± 0.8 Pg/µL & 7 ± 0.5 µg/µL) respectively and free capsules (with no any drug inside) (148 ± 0.6 Pg/µL & 10 ± 0.6 µg/µL) respectively. Histopathology profile was improved completely. Additionally, encapsulating silymarin showed anti-viral activity in vitro COVID-19 experiment. It can be summarized that muco-inhalable delivery system (MIDS) loaded by silymarin can be used to overcome inflammation induced by oleic acid and to overcome COVID-19.

The exploitation of rice husk biomass for the bio-inspired synthesis of gold nanoparticles as a multifunctional material for various biological and photocatalytic applications.

We report an efficient and facile approach to biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using the extract of an agro-waste rice husk generated from rice production. The biosynthesized NPs produced were characterized by UV-Visible absorption, TEM, XRD, EDX, and FTIR methods. The impact of temperature and pH on the stability of the synthesized AuNPs was also studied. The TEM imaging revealed the formation of monodispersed spherical NPs with an average size of ~ 15 nm. The absorption spectrum of AuNPs demonstrated the formation of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) peak at 530 nm. The XRD pattern suggested the formation of face-centered cubic (FCC) lattice structure of AuNPs. The FTIR analysis displayed characteristic peaks related to various phytochemicals in the plant extract responsible for reducing and stabilizing NPs. In addition, AuNPs showed thermal stability when subjected to various temperature scales. The AuNPs exhibited an efficiency against the pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and pathogenic fungi Candida albicans. The AuNPs 18.5% DPPH free scavenging activity, indicating the antioxidant potential for AuNPs. In addition, the AuNPs showed anticancer activity against the colorectal adenocarcinoma carcinoma cell line. Furthermore, AuNPs displayed significant enhancement in photocatalytic degradation of Methylene Blue and 4-Nitrophenol dyes. The results obtained reveal the possible usage of AuNPs produced using rice husk in several biomedical applications.

Photoactive electrospun cellulose acetate/polyethylene oxide/methylene blue and trilayered cellulose acetate/polyethylene oxide/silk fibroin/ciprofloxacin nanofibers for chronic wound healing.

This study aimed to synthesize cellulose acetate (CA)-based electrospun nanofibers as drug delivery dressings for chronic wound healing. For the first time, CA was blended with polyethylene oxide (PEO) using acetone and formic acid. Methylene blue (MB) was incorporated into monolayered random CA/PEO nanofibers. They had a diameter of 400-600 nm, were hydrophilic, and generated reactive oxygen species upon irradiation. Thus, they mediated antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) against isolated biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bacterial survival, biofilm mass, and produced pyocyanin of the treated groups declined by 90%, 80%, and 3 folds, respectively. On the other hand, ciprofloxacin (Cipro) was loaded into an innovative trilayered aligned nanofiber consisting of CA/PEO surrounding a blank layer of silk fibroin. Cipro and MB release followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. An infected diabetic wound mouse model was established and treated with either MB-aPDI or Cipro. A combined therapy group of MB-aPDI followed by Cipro was included. The combined therapy showed significantly better results than monotherapies delineated by elevation in re-epithelization, collagen deposition, CD34, and TGF-ß expression, along with a decline in CD95+ cells. This study deduced that drug-loaded CA electrospun nanofibers might be exploited in multimodal chronic wound healing.

Phenyl-Modified Carbon Nitride Quantum Nanoflakes for Ultra-Highly Selective Sensing of Formic Acid: A Combined Experimental by QCM and Density Functional Theory Study.

Formic acid (HCOOH) is an important intermediate in chemical synthesis, pharmaceuticals, the food industry, and leather tanning and is considered to be an effective hydrogen storage molecule. Direct contact with its vapor and its inhalation lead to burns, nerve injury, and dermatosis. Thus, it is critical to establish efficient sensing materials and devices for the rapid detection of HCOOH. In the present study, we introduce a chemical sensor based on a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor capable of detecting trace amounts of HCOOH. This sensor is composed of colloidal phenyl-terminated carbon nitride (Ph-g-C3N4) quantum nanoflakes prepared using a facile solid-state method involving the supramolecular preorganization technology. In contrast to other synthetic methods of modified carbon nitride materials, this approach requires no hard templates, hazardous chemicals, or hydrothermal treatments. Comprehensive characterization and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the QCM sensor designed and prepared here exhibits enhanced detection sensitivity and selectivity for volatile HCOOH, which originates from chemical and hydrogen-bonding interactions between HCOOH and the surface of Ph-g-C3N4. According to DFT results, HCOOH is located close to the cavity of the Ph-g-C3N4 unit, with bonding to graphitic carbon and pyridinic nitrogen atoms of the nanoflake. The sensitivity of the Ph-g-C3N4-nanoflake-based QCM sensor was found to be the highest (128.99 Hz ppm-1) of the substances studied, with a limit of detection (LOD) of HCOOH down to a sub-ppm level of 80 ppb. This sensing technology based on phenyl-terminated attached-g-C3N4 nanoflakes establishes a simple, low-cost solution to improve the performance of QCM sensors for the effective discrimination of HCOOH, HCHO, and CH3COOH vapors using smart electronic noses.

Sandwich nanohybrid of chitosan-polyvinyl alcohol for water treatment and Sofosbuvir drug delivery for anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV).

The incorporation between nano-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and nano-chitosan (Cs) to produce sandwich nanohybrid (SNH) for water treatment and improvement the adsorption of sofosbuvir drug (SOF). The photocatalytic activity and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected with oxidation of organic dyes such as Rhodamine B (RhB), methylene blue (MB), and methyl orange (MO). The effect of SNH on the release of SOF in blood and inside the cells at pH 7.4 and pH 6.8, respectively were observed by UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). The binding constant (Kb) was reported at 0.0035 min-1 and the loading constant at 0.0024 min-1, while the release efficiency was 42.6% at pH 7.4 and 74.7% at pH 6.8. The efficiency of photocatalytic activity against organic dyes MO, MB, and RhB are detected at 2.4% and 1%, and 42%, respectively. The cytotoxicity of SNH has been observed with MDA-MB-231 and HepG2 cell line with three concentrations of SNH, where the little concentration has low effect on the HepG2 and high viability, this result was reversed with the high concentration, also the yellow color due to the lysis of the cells. The antioxidant of the SNH was detected by FRAP technique.

Fabrication of High Yield Photoluminescent Quantized Graphene Nanodiscs for Supercapacitor Devices.

In this work, we produced high yield quantized nitrogen-doped graphene nanodiscs from waste tires via a one-step process under high pressure and temperature using a homemade stainless steel reactor without using any chemical additives. Reaction temperature played a vital role in the preparation process. By increasing the temperature to a level between 600 and 1100 °C, the carbon atoms rearranged themselves to build a mixed graphene structure of nanodiscs and quantum dots. The obtained graphene exhibits excellent capacitance and long life cycle stability as an electrode in supercapacitor devices. The specific capacitance rose to 161.24 F/g with a high power density of 733.3 W/kg, and the energy density reached 27.1 Wh/kg. The finding of this work is not only to provide a solution to get rid of hazardous materials but also to give awareness of turning these hazardous materials into a cost-effective and economical nanomaterial; in another, this approach sheds light on the promising power uses of waste.