Depression, anxiety, burnout and empathy among Spanish medical students.

Medical Education studies suggest that medical students experience mental distress in a proportion higher than in the rest of the population In the present study, we aimed to conduct a nationwide analysis of the prevalence of mental health problems among medical students. The study was carried out in 2020 in all 43 medical schools in Spain, and analyzes the prevalence of depression, anxiety, empathy and burnout among medical students (n = 5216). To measure these variables we used the Beck Depression Inventory Test for assessing depression, the Maslach Burnout Inventory Survey for Students was used for burnout, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used to assess anxiety state and trait and the Jefferson Empathy Scale 12 to obtain empathy scores. In relation to depression, the data indicate an overall prevalence of 41%, with 23.4% of participants having moderate to severe levels, and 10% experiencing suicidal ideation. Burnout prevalence was 37%, significantly higher among 6th year than among 1st year students. Anxiety levels were consistent with those reported previously among medical students (25%), and were higher than in the general population for both trait and state anxiety. The prevalence of trait anxiety was higher among women. Empathy scores were at the top end of the scale, with the highest-scoring group (>130) containing a greater percentage of women. Similarly to those published previously for other countries, these results provide a clear picture of the mental disorders affecting Spanish medical students. Medicine is an extremely demanding degree and it is important that universities and medical schools view this study as an opportunity to ensure conditions that help minimize mental health problems among their students. Some of the factors underlying these problems can be prevented by, among other things, creating an environment in which mental health is openly discussed and guidance is provided. Other factors need to be treated medically, and medical schools and universities should therefore provide support to students in need through the medical services available within their institutions.

Feasibility and validation of the targeted axillary dissection technique in the axillary staging of breast cancer after neoadjuvant therapy: Definitive results.

AIM: to study the feasibility and value of "Targeted Axillary Dissection" (TAD) in cN1 breast cancer (BC) patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT), in order to avoid unnecessary axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Design: Prospective observational study. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Patients with histologically confirmed cN1 staging BC and treated with NACT between January 2016 and August 2019 who accomplished clinical response. METHOD: Fine-Needle Aspiration (FNA) positive axillary nodes were marked with a metallic clip prior to neoadjuvant treatment. All patients were summited to TAD and ALND. Analysis of data: We performed [1]: a feasibility analysis of clinical, radiological and pathological variables, as well as difficulties and complications of the TAD [2]; a diagnostic test study of the sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), clipped lymph node biopsy (BCLIP) and their combination (TAD), using ALND as the Gold Standard. RESULTS: 60 patients were included. 43 patients (71.7%) had a complete clinical lymph node response to NACT. Neither limitations nor complications in clip placement were found. Intraoperative location of the clipped node was problematic in 7 cases (11.7%). The pathological complete response rate (pCR) was 30.5% (18 patients) and ypN0 staging rate was 38.3% (23 patients). Sensitivity values of each technique were: SLNB: 80.9% (95%CI: 61.8-100); BCLIP: 80.8% (95%CI: 63.7-97.8); TAD: 92.6% (95%CI: 80.9-100) with negative predictive values of: SLNB: 84.6% (95%CI: 68.8-100); BCLIP: 81.0% (95%CI: 63.7-97.8); TAD: 91.3% (95%CI: 77.6-100). CONCLUSION: TAD is feasible and valid to rule out axillary metastatic involvement in cN1 breast cancer patients who respond to NACT.

Development of a predictive score of axillary lymph node dissection based on targeted axillary dissection in patients with breast cancer diagnosis, affected lymph nodes, and neoadjuvant treatment.

AIM: To determine predictive factors of axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) results in breast cancer (BC) patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT), and subsequent staging using Targeted Axillary Dissection (TAD). MATERIAL AND METHOD: Case-control study between January 2016 and August 2019. Patients with BC, cN1 staging, marked with a metallic clip prior to NACT, and subsequently staged with TAD and ALND were included. They were divided into 2 groups: ALND patients with or without metastatic involvement (group 1 and group 2, respectively). We carried out a univariate analysis comparing clinical, radiological, surgical and pathological variables, and a logistic regression, (dependent variable: positive result of ALND; independent variables: number of suspicious lymph nodes in diagnostic ultrasound, positive hormone receptors, HER2 positive, complete clinical-radiological response to NACT, positive TAD, and biopsy of ≤2 nodes in TAD). A score for prediction of a metastatic ALND was proposed, with an internal validation study. RESULTS: 60 patients were included: Group 1: 33 (55.0%); Group 2: 27 (45.0%). Tumor size (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.67; 95%CI 1.02-2.74), number of suspected nodes in ultrasound (OR = 2.20; 95%CI 1.01-4, 77), HER2 positive (OR 0.04; 95%CI 0.003-0.54), clinical-radiological response to NACT (OR = 0.07; 95%CI 0.01-0.75), and positive TAD (OR 15.48; 95%CI 1.68-142.78) were independent predictors of a positive result in ALND. We developed a "positive ALND predictive score", with good calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow test: p = 0.65), and discrimination (AUC = 0.93; 95% CI 0, 87-0.99), with highest Youden index (0.7) at cut-off point of 17% risk of positive ALND (sensitivity = 100%; specificity = 70%). CONCLUSION: Tumor size, number of suspected nodes, positive HER2, response to NACT, and metastatic TAD are independent predictors of ALND. The predictive score for positive ALND would be a good indicator to safely omit ALND.

El problema de la estadificación axilar en el cáncer de mama tras quimioterapia neoadyuvante. Papel de la disección axilar dirigida y tipos de marcadores ganglionares / The problem of axillary staging in breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Role of targeted axillary dissection and types of lymph node markers

La disección axilar dirigida (DAD) consiste en una nueva técnica de estadificación axilar que combina la biopsia selectiva del ganglio centinela (BSGC) y la biopsia del ganglio marcado con clip (BCLIP) en la misma cirugía, para reestadificar a las pacientes con cáncer de mama con ganglios axilares positivos tratadas mediante quimioterapia neoadyuvante (QTNA). Para su realización, previo a la QTNA, se punciona el ganglio metastásico de manera ecoguiada y se deja un marcador en su interior, para biopsiarlo de manera dirigida en la cirugía posterior. Existen numerosos marcadores: desde clips de acero, titanio o ácido poliglicólico hasta semillas de radioyodo o ferromagnéticas, que difieren en su método de localización y recuperación (arpón, sonda de detección gamma, o sonda magnética). El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una revisión sistemática del estado actual de la DAD, así como explicar las diferentes técnicas y tipos de marcaje axilar, con base en la evidencia disponible

Targeted axillary dissection (TAD) consists of a new axillary staging technique that combines sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) and clipped lymph node biopsy (CLNB) in the same surgery, in order to re-stage patients with breast cancer and positive axillary lymph nodes undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAQT). Prior to the NAQT, the affected lymph node is punctured and a solid marker is left inside echo-guided, in order to biopsy it in the subsequent surgery. There are numerous types of markers: metallic (steel, titanium or polyglycolic acid clips), radioiodine or ferromagnetic seeds, which differ in the method of location (wire, gamma-detection or magnetic probe). The aim of this study is to perform a systematic review about the current status of the TAD, as well as to explain the different techniques and types of axillary marking, based on the current available evidence

Ultrasound staging in breast cancer: A decision-making oriented approach to axillary metastatic burden prediction.

PURPOSE: The possibility of avoiding axillary lymphadenectomy (AL) in patients with breast cancer (BC) after positive sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) and low metastatic burden (< ó = 2 positive lymph nodes) has put into question the role of axillary ultrasound due to the risk of overtreatment after positive axillary lymph node biopsy with low metastatic burden. Our aim was to identify clinical and ultrasound features to detect low and high metastatic burden. METHODS: A retrospective study of 405 BC patients with primary surgical treatment with axillary ultrasound examination and subsequent AL after positive fine needle aspiration (FNA) or SLNB. The low and high tumor burdens after AL were correlated with clinical and ultrasound variables: lymph node morphology (UN1 to UN5), number of suspicious lymph nodes, and Berg level. RESULTS: Positive FNA, lymph node morphology UN4 (focal thickening with displacement of the fatty hilum) or UN5 (complete replacement of the fatty hilum) and >2 suspicious lymph nodes were significantly associated with "high metastatic burden". Lymph node morphology UN2 and UN3, even after FNA+, lymph node morphology UN4 after FNA-, and suspicious lymph nodes at Berg level I were low metastatic burden criteria. Lymph node morphology UN5, lymph node morphology UN4 after FNA+, two nodes or more with UN4/UN5 morphology, and suspicious lymph nodes at Berg levels II and III with FNA+ were associated with high metastatic burden. CONCLUSIONS: Axillary lymph node ultrasound data for patients with early BC allows predicting the axillary metastatic burden, guiding the optimal clinical management of the axilla.

The problem of axillary staging in breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Role of targeted axillary dissection and types of lymph node markers. / El problema de la estadificación axilar en el cáncer de mama tras quimioterapia neoadyuvante. Papel de la disección axilar dirigida y tipos de marcadores ganglionares.

Targeted axillary dissection (TAD) consists of a new axillary staging technique that combines sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) and clipped lymph node biopsy (CLNB) in the same surgery, in order to re-stage patients with breast cancer and positive axillary lymph nodes undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAQT). Prior to the NAQT, the affected lymph node is punctured and a solid marker is left inside echo-guided, in order to biopsy it in the subsequent surgery. There are numerous types of markers: metallic (steel, titanium or polyglycolic acid clips), radioiodine or ferromagnetic seeds, which differ in the method of location (wire, gamma-detection or magnetic probe). The aim of this study is to perform a systematic review about the current status of the TAD, as well as to explain the different techniques and types of axillary marking, based on the current available evidence.

¿Comunicamos correctamente las malas noticias en medicina? Resultados de un taller de formación basado en videos y debriefing / Are bad news correctly communicated in medicine? Results of a traning workshop based on videos and debriefing

OBJETIVO: Valorar la formación de profesionales médicos en comunicación de malas noticias (CMN), y evaluar la utilidad de un taller de videos y debriefing para su enseñanza. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo de la formación previa, metodología, e importancia de la CMN en estudiantes, residentes y facultativos en Medicina. También se ha realizado un estudio antes-después para evaluar la utilidad de un taller práctico basado en videos de diferentes situaciones con CMN, aplicación del protocolo SPIKES, y posterior debriefing, y una encuesta de satisfacción a los estudiantes de dicho taller. RESULTADOS: Participaron 135 personas, siendo 102 (75,6%) estudiantes de Medicina. Ciento diecisiete participantes (92,9%) no utilizaban ninguna metodología en CMN, 99 (79,2%) no habían recibido formación en CMN, y 113 (89,7%) no conocían el protocolo SPIKES. Tras el taller, 112 encuestados (85,5%) consideraron muy importante la formación en CMN. Todos los participantes encontraron útil el taller y consideraron que la metodología fue adecuada (3-5 en escala de Likert). Al comparar las evaluaciones, encontramos una media de 5,8 (IC95% 5,6-5,9) pretaller, y de 5,9 (IC95% 5,9-6,0) postaller (p < 0,01). CONCLUSIÓN: Existe poca formación en la actualidad para la CMN. Su enseñanza debe ser práctica, siendo el modelo de videos un método adecuado

AIM: To evaluate the training of medical professionals in Breaking Bad News (BBN), and the usefulness of a workshop based on clinical-case' videos and debriefing. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive study of previous training, methodology used, and importance of BBN in students, residents and physicians. A before-after study was also performed to evaluate the usefulness of a practical workshop based on videos of different situations with BBN, application of the SPIKES protocol, and subsequent debriefing. A satisfaction survey was answered by all participants. RESULTS: 135 people participated in the workshop, of which 102 (75.6%) were medical students. 117 participants (92.9%) did not use any methodology in BBN, 99 (79.2%) had not received previous training in BBN, and 113 (89.7%) did not know the SPIKES protocol. After the workshop, 112 (85.5%) considered BBN very important. All participants found the workshop useful and considered that the methodology was adequate (3-5 on Likert scale). Comparing the evaluations, we have found an average of 5.8 (95% CI 5.6-5.9) pre-workshop, and 5.9 (95% CI 5.9-6.0) post-workshop (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Currently, training in BBN is poor. Its teaching should be practical, being the video model an appropriate method

Is the number of rib fractures a risk factor for delayed complications? A case-control study.

AIM: To analyse factors that may predict the appearance of rib fracture complications during the first days of evolution and determine whether the number of fractures is related to these complications. METHOD: Retrospective case-control study of patients admitted with a diagnosis of rib fractures between 2010 and 2014. Two groups were established depending on the appearance or not of pleuropulmonary complications in the first 72 h, and the following were compared: age, sex, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), number and uni- or bilateral involvement, mechanism of trauma, days of hospital stay, haemoglobin on discharge minus haemoglobin on admission, pleuropulmonary complications during admission (pneumothorax, haemothorax or pulmonary contusion) and placement of pleural drainage. RESULTS: One hundred and forty-one cases of rib fractures were admitted in the period mentioned. There were no differences in the patients' baseline characteristics (age, sex and Charlson Comorbidity Index) between the two groups. Differences were found in the number of fractures (2.98 ± 1.19 in the group without complications vs 3.55 ± 1.33 in the group with complications, p = 0.05) and in the drop in the level of haemoglobin (0.52 ± 0.91 mg/dl vs 1.22 ± 1.29 mg/dl, p = 0.01). The length of hospital stay varied considerably in each group (5.35 ± 4.05 days vs 7.86 ± 6.96 days), but without statistical significance (p = 0.11). CONCLUSIONS: The number of fractured ribs that best predicted the appearance of complications (delayed pleuropulmonary complications and greater bleeding) was 3 or more.

Validation of the targeted axillary dissection technique in the axillary staging of breast cancer after neoadjuvant therapy: Preliminary results.

AIM: To study the feasibility and validity of ultrasound-guided pre-chemotherapy marking of metastatic axillary lymph nodes followed by targeted axillary dissection (TAD), in breast cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). MATERIAL AND METHOD: Prospective diagnostic test study conducted between January 2016 and March 2018. Patients with breast cancer and indication for NACT, cN1 or cN2 axillary staging, were included. A clip was placed in the affected lymph node prior to NACT. A sentinel lymph-node biopsy (SLNB) and a clipped lymph-node biopsy (BCLIP) were conducted, followed by axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Location rate (LR) and negative predictive value (NPV) were evaluated, taking SLNB, BCLIP and their combination (TAD) as evaluated tests and metastatic involvement in the ALND specimen as the gold standard. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients were included in the study. Sentinel lymph node could only be detected in 19 cases (LR = 80.61%), whereas BCLIP was successful in 22 (LR = 95.65%). The sentinel lymph node coincided with the marked lymph node in 14 patients (60.9%). We found a NPV for the SLNB of 0.85 (95%CI: 0.61-1.0), whereas for TAD it was 1.00 (95%CI: 0.74-1.0). CONCLUSION: TAD is a feasible test for axillary restaging after NACT, with a higher success rate than SLNB.

Cómo perciben los estudiantes del primer curso clínico del Grado en Medicina la prueba de Evaluación Clínica Objetivada Estructurada (ECOE) / How medical students perceive the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) in their first clinical year

INTRODUCCIÓN: La pruebas de Evaluación Clínica Objetiva Estructurada (ECOE) son cada vez más utilizadas para evaluar a los estudiantes de medicina. Suelen emplearse al finalizar los estudios y no se valora la opinión de los estudiantes. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la utilidad de la ECOE, desde el punto de vista del estudiante de medicina, en su primer año de prácticas clínicas. Material y métodos Se diseñó una ECOE reducida que incluyó tres estaciones clínicas con actores y evaluadores estandarizados. Posteriormente fue evaluada mediante una encuesta con 5 preguntas previamente validadas. RESULTADOS: Participaron 104 estudiantes y se obtuvieron 97 (92,3%) respuestas. El 89,7% consideró que la prueba fue muy útil para su formación. El 92,8% opinó que sería muy positivo incluir ECOE en sus prácticas clínicas y que ayudaría a adquirir competencias clínicas. CONCLUSIONES: La prueba ECOE es una herramienta útil de evaluación y aprendizaje en los primeros años de prácticas clínicas

BACKGROUND: The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) is commonly used for the evaluation of medical students. OSCE is normally used at the end of their training and there is no feed-back with the students. AIM: To evaluate the utility of OSCE, from the student point of view, at their first clinical year. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A reduced OSCE with three clinical stations was designed. The participants and evaluators were previously standardised. The students then evaluated the OSCE using a previously validated survey. RESULTS: Of the 104 medical students that participated, 97 (92.3%) completed the questionnaire. The OSCE was considered a useful tool by 89.7%, and 92.8% thought that it would be really positive to include OSCEs in their clinical practice in order to achieve clinical competence. CONCLUSION: The OSCE is a useful tool for evaluation and learning by students in their first clinical years

Registro argentino de ecocardiograma transesofágico / Argentine Registry of Transesophageal Echocardiography

RESUMEN Introducción: No disponemos de datos nacionales que informen la realidad del uso de ecocardiograma transesofágico en nuestro país. Objetivos: El objetivo principal fue evaluar la tasa de complicaciones del ecocardiograma transesofágico en centros de nuestro país. Objetivos secundarios: Relevar características de los laboratorios, nivel de formación de los operadores, tasa de uso de sedación y anestesia, identificar los principales motivos de solicitud y analizar la pertinencia de las indicaciones y el aporte del método al manejo clínico del paciente. Método: Registro prospectivo, multicéntrico, de todos los ecocardiogramas transesofágicos realizados en 46 centros de Argentina entre noviembre de 2016 y septiembre de 2018. Resultados: Fueron analizados 2562 ecocardiogramas transesofágicos, la edad media fue de 61,4 (±16) años; el 61% de los pacientes era de sexo masculino. La duración media resultó de 14,5 min (±11). Los estudios ambulatorios constituyeron el 50,5%. La tasa de uso de sedación fue del 28,7% y el 8,4% se realizó bajo anestesia. Indicaciones más frecuentes: endocarditis: 22,7%, fuente embolígena: 21,5%, valvulopatía: 20,3% y fibrilación auricular/aleteo auricular: 17,2%. Se registraron complicaciones menores en 30 casos (1,17%) y complicaciones respiratorias o cardiovasculares, en 25 estudios (0,98%). Se registró 1 caso de lesión de mucosa gástrica (0,039%) sin perforación. Se reportaron hallazgos clínicamente significativos en 1296 estudios (50,6%); agregó información adicional al ecocardiograma transtorácico en 1600 (62,5%) y se describieron hallazgos no sospechados en 282 (11%), mientras que el 82,7% de los estudios tuvieron una indicación apropiada. Conclusiones: Este es el primer registro multicéntrico sobre ecocardiograma transesofágico en nuestro país. Entre los resultados obtenidos, se destacan una alta tasa de indicación apropiada, un considerable rédito diagnóstico y la baja tasa de complicaciones.

ABSTRACT Background: There is currently no data regarding the utilization of transesophageal echocardiography in Argentina. Objective: The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the complication rate of transesophageal echocardiography in our country Other objectives were to identify the characteristics of the laboratories, the operators' training level, the rate of sedation and/or anesthesia and the main reasons for itis request, and to analyze the suitability of the indications and the contribution of the method to the clinical management of patientis. Methods: A prospective, multicenter registry was conducted of all the transesophageal echocardiographies performed in 46 centers in Argentina between November 2016 and September 2018. Resultis: A total of 2,562 transesophageal echocardiograms were analyzed. Patientis' mean age was 61.4 (±16) years and 61% were men. Mean study duration was 14.5 minutes (±11). Ambulatory echocardiograms constituted 50.5% of cases. The rate of sedation was 28.7% and 8.4% were performed under anesthesia. The most frequent indications were: endocarditis 22.7%, embolic source 21.5%, heart valve disease 20.3% and atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter 17.2%. Minor complications were regis-tered in 30 cases (1.17%) and respiratory or cardiovascular complications in 25 studies (0.98%). There was 1 case of gastric mucosal lesion (0.039%) without perforation. Clinically significant findings were reported in 1,296 studies (50.6%), additional information to transthoracic echocardiography was provided in 1,600 cases (62.5%), unsuspected findings were described in 282 studies (11%), and 82.7% of the studies had an adequate indication. Conclusions: This is the first multicenter registry on transesophageal echocardiography in our country. The resultis highlight a high rate of adequate indication, a considerable diagnostic yield and low complication rate.

Genetic Factors Associated with Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: a Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: In previous studies, there seems to be a relationship between different genetic polymorphisms and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). We perform a systematic review of the current literature about the relationship between genetic polymorphisms and the presence of PONV. METHODS: Two bibliographic searches were carried out in three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) of studies, preferably prospective, about PONV following abdominal surgery. It was completed with a backward citation searching. A total of 73 articles were found of which 6 were selected after their critical lecture using CASPe network criteria. Relative frequency and relative risk were taken in each study according to the polymorphism. RESULTS: Studies about 5-HT3B gene receptor polymorphisms, ABCB1 transporter, and dopamine D2 receptor showed a significant association with the presence of PONV (p = 0.02, 0.01, and 0.034 respectively). In relation to cytochrome P-450 2D6 (CYP2D6) polymorphisms, two of the three analysed articles showed a significant association with postoperative vomiting (p = 0.007). CONCLUSION: Genetic polymorphisms could play an important role in PONV. The AAG deletion in both alleles of the 5-HT3B receptor gene, the Taq IA polymorphism of the dopamine D2 receptor, and the presence of three or more functional alleles of CYP2D6 seem to be related with a higher incidence of PONV, especially in the first 24 h after surgery. The 2677TT and 3435TT genotypes of the ABCB1 transporter could reduce the PONV due to their association with a greater effectiveness of ondansetron. However, new quality studies are needed to consider this relationship.

¿Es la colecistectomía el tratamiento de elección en la colecistitis aguda alitiásica? Revisión sistemática de la literatura / Is cholecystectomy the treatment of choice for acute acalculous cholecystitis? A systematic review of the literature

Introducción y objetivos: actualmente no existe consenso entre colecistectomía o colecistostomía percutánea como elección terapéutica en la colecistitis aguda alitiásica. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es revisar la evidencia científica acerca del tratamiento en estos pacientes según los hallazgos clínicos y radiológicos. Métodos: revisión sistemática de la literatura desde 2000 hasta 2016. La búsqueda se realizó usando PubMed, Índice Médico Español, Cochrane Library y Embase, siguiendo nuestros criterios de inclusión: idioma de publicación (inglés o español), pacientes adultos, etiología alitiásica y apropiado diseño de estudio. Resultados: se han identificado 1.013 artículos; finalmente, se han seleccionado para la revisión diez artículos que describían los resultados de pacientes tratados con colecistostomía percutánea y colecistectomía urgente, incluyendo cinco estudios observacionales controlados y cinco series de casos. No se han identificado estudios prospectivos o randomizados con los criterios de búsqueda. Los datos de la literatura y el examen de los resultados indicaron que, para la colecistitis aguda alitiásica, la colecistostomía percutánea puede ser un tratamiento definitivo sin requerir una colecistectomía electiva posterior. Conclusiones: la colecistostomía percutánea puede ser la primera opción de tratamiento en pacientes con colecistitis aguda alitiásica salvo en los casos que presenten perforación o gangrena vesicular. Los pacientes con bajo riesgo quirúrgico podrían beneficiarse de una colecistectomía, aunque ambas opciones de tratamiento pueden ser efectivas. La colecistostomía percutánea en pacientes con colecistitis aguda alitiásica puede ser un tratamiento definitivo sin necesidad de una colecistectomía electiva posterior. No obstante, la calidad de los estudios es, en general, baja y hace necesario tomar con cautela las recomendaciones finales (AU)

Background and objectives: there is currently no consensus with regard to the use of cholecystectomy or percutaneous cholecystostomy as the therapy of choice for acute acalculous cholecystitis. The goal of this study was to review the scientific evidence on the management of these patients according to clinical and radiographic findings. Methods: A systematic review of the literature from 2000 to 2016 was performed. The databases of PubMed, Índice Médico Español, Cochrane Library and Embase were searched according to the following inclusion criteria: publication language (English or Spanish), adult patients, acalculous etiology and appropriate study design. Results: A total of 1,013 articles were identified and ten articles were selected for review. These included five observational controlled studies and five case series which described the outcome of patients treated with percutaneous cholecystostomy and emergency cholecystectomy. No prospective or randomized studies were identified using the search criteria. The data from the literature and analysis of results suggested that percutaneous cholecystostomy may be a definitive therapy for acute acalculous cholecystitis with no need for subsequent elective cholecystectomy. Conclusions: Percutaneous cholecystostomy may be the first treatment option for patients with acute acalculous cholecystitis except in cases with a perforation or gallbladder gangrene. Patients at low surgical risk may benefit from cholecystectomy but both treatment options may be effective. Percutaneous cholecystostomy in patients with acute acalculous cholecystitis may be a definitive therapy with no need for a subsequent elective cholecystectomy. However, the overall quality of studies is low and the final recommendations should be considered with caution (AU)

Perfil clínico y anatomopatológico de los tumores estromales gastrointestinales de un hospital de área: Estudio descriptivo y revisión de la literatura / Clinical and pathological features of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) in a single institution: A descriptive study and review of the literature

Introducción: Describir las principales características clínicas, anatomopatológicas, terapéuticas y evolutivas de una serie amplia de tumores estromales gastrointestinales (GIST). Métodos: Estudio observacional de una serie de 66 casos de GIST tratados en nuestro hospital de 2002 a 2015. Seleccionamos variables relacionadas con los antecedentes personales, las manifestaciones clínicas, el tratamiento médico y quirúrgico, la anatomía patológica y la morbimortalidad. Añadimos una revisión de la literatura para correlacionarla con nuestros resultados. Resultados: La localización más frecuente fue el estómago (65,2%), en el que destacó como región predominante el fondo. La manifestación clínica más habitual fue la hemorragia digestiva (45,5%), seguida del hallazgo casual tras la realización de alguna prueba de imagen o procedimiento invasivo (33,3%). Recibieron cirugía 58 pacientes (90,6%), el 15,5% de carácter urgente. El 69% de los GIST tenían un tamaño entre 2 y 10 cm. La mortalidad al año debida al tumor fue de un 7,9% (5 casos), todos ellos relacionados con extensión local o a distancia, o complicación quirúrgica. Conclusiones: La variabilidad clínica de los GIST es muy amplia. El tratamiento de primera elección es la cirugía, que es factible en la mayoría de los casos y debe ser lo más conservadora posible. El pronóstico es variable, dependiendo del tamaño y del índice de proliferación, por lo que debe realizarse un seguimiento estrecho. No existe un marcador tumoral claramente asociado a un peor pronóstico, por lo que se necesitan nuevos estudios de biología molecular con el objetivo de encontrar dianas terapéuticas (AU)

Introduction: This study was aimed to assess the main clinical, pathological and therapeutic characteristics of a cohort of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). Methods: Observational study including 66 patients diagnosed with GIST admitted to our hospital between 2002 and 2015. Parameters related to medical history, clinical manifestations, medical and surgical treatment, histopathology, and morbi-mortality were studied. A review of the literature was included to correlate with the results. Results: The most frequent location of GIST in our patients was the stomach (65.2%), in which the gastric fondo was the predominant region. The most common clinical manifestation was gastrointestinal hemorrhage (45.5%), followed by incidental finding after imaging or invasive procedures (33.3%). 58 patients underwent surgery (90.6%), 15.5% were urgent. A total of 69% of the GISTs had a size between 2 and 10 cm. The one-year mortality was 7.9%, all cases related to local or remote extension, or surgical complications. Conclusion: There is a large clinical variability among GIST cases. The first choice of treatment is surgery, which is feasible in most cases and should be as conservative as possible. The prognosis varies depending on the size and proliferation index, thus close follow-up should be performed. No tumor marker is clearly associated with a poor prognosis. New molecular biology studies are needed in order to find therapeutic targets (AU)

Is cholecystectomy the treatment of choice for acute acalculous cholecystitis? A systematic review of the literature.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: There is currently no consensus with regard to the use of cholecystectomy or percutaneous cholecystostomy as the therapy of choice for acute acalculous cholecystitis. The goal of this study was to review the scientific evidence on the management of these patients according to clinical and radiographic findings. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature from 2000 to 2016 was performed. The databases of PubMed, Índice Médico Español, Cochrane Library and Embase were searched according to the following inclusion criteria: publication language (English or Spanish), adult patients, acalculous etiology and appropriate study design. RESULTS: A total of 1,013 articles were identified and ten articles were selected for review. These included five observational controlled studies and five case series which described the outcome of patients treated with percutaneous cholecystostomy and emergency cholecystectomy. No prospective or randomized studies were identified using the search criteria. The data from the literature and analysis of results suggested that percutaneous cholecystostomy may be a definitive therapy for acute acalculous cholecystitis with no need for subsequent elective cholecystectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous cholecystostomy may be the first treatment option for patients with acute acalculous cholecystitis except in cases with a perforation or gallbladder gangrene. Patients at low surgical risk may benefit from cholecystectomy but both treatment options may be effective. Percutaneous cholecystostomy in patients with acute acalculous cholecystitis may be a definitive therapy with no need for a subsequent elective cholecystectomy. However, the overall quality of studies is low and the final recommendations should be considered with caution.

[Clinical and pathological features of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) in a single institution: A descriptive study and review of the literature]. / Perfil clínico y anatomopatológico de los tumores estromales gastrointestinales de un hospital de área: Estudio descriptivo y revisión de la literatura.

INTRODUCTION: This study was aimed to assess the main clinical, pathological and therapeutic characteristics of a cohort of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). METHODS: Observational study including 66 patients diagnosed with GIST admitted to our hospital between 2002 and 2015. Parameters related to medical history, clinical manifestations, medical and surgical treatment, histopathology, and morbi-mortality were studied. A review of the literature was included to correlate with the results. RESULTS: The most frequent location of GIST in our patients was the stomach (65.2%), in which the gastric fondo was the predominant region. The most common clinical manifestation was gastrointestinal hemorrhage (45.5%), followed by incidental finding after imaging or invasive procedures (33.3%). 58 patients underwent surgery (90.6%), 15.5% were urgent. A total of 69% of the GISTs had a size between 2 and 10cm. The one-year mortality was 7.9%, all cases related to local or remote extension, or surgical complications. CONCLUSION: There is a large clinical variability among GIST cases. The first choice of treatment is surgery, which is feasible in most cases and should be as conservative as possible. The prognosis varies depending on the size and proliferation index, thus close follow-up should be performed. No tumor marker is clearly associated with a poor prognosis. New molecular biology studies are needed in order to find therapeutic targets.