Dynamics of antibody nuclease activity in blood of women during pregnancy and lactation.

In human milk we previously found catalytic antibodies (abzymes) catalyzing hydrolysis of DNA, RNA, NMP, NDP, and NTP and also phosphorylation of proteins and lipids. In the present study we have analyzed nuclease activities of antibodies in blood of women during pregnancy and lactation. Blood of healthy male and female volunteers lacked catalytically active antibodies, whereas antibodies from blood of pregnant women hydrolyzed DNA and RNA and their relative activity varied over a wide range. Relative blood abzyme activities significantly increased after delivery and at the beginning of lactation. The highest abzyme activity was observed in blood of parturient women. Although the dynamics of changes in antibody DNase activity during pregnancy was rather individual for each woman, there was a common trend in the increase in antibody activity in the first and/or third trimester of the pregnancy. The DNase activity of IgG and IgM from blood of healthy pregnant women was 4-5 times less than that from pregnant women with pronounced autoimmune thyroiditis.

[Clinico-immunologic subtypes of type I diabetes mellitus]. / Kliniko-immunologicheskie subtipy sakharnogo diabeta tipa I.

AIM: To study clinico-immunological characteristics of diabetes mellitus type I. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Clinical examination was made of 333 patients with diabetes mellitus type I with manifestation of carbohydrate metabolism impairment and intoxication syndrome because of diabetic ketoacidosis (group 1) and without it (group 2). Compared to donors (n = 68), T-cell, B-cell and monocytic components of immune system were studied in patients with uncomplicated DM type 1 in both groups (28 and 15 patients, respectively). RESULTS: Patients with different subtypes of the disease differ by the course and rate of progression, defects in T-cell and monocyte components of immunity. CONCLUSION: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a heterogenous pathology with subtype 1 (rapidly progressive) and subtype 2 (slowly progressive).

[Predictive value of insulin-glucose homeostasis markers in patients with metabolic syndrome X]. / Analiz informativnosti pokazatelei insulingliukoznogo gomeostaza u bol'nykh s metabolicheskim sindromom X.

AIM: To clarify informative value of secretory ability of pancreatic beta-cells and correspondence of insulin values to glycemia in the course of standard glucose tolerance test (GTT) in detection of insulin-resistance in patients with arterial hypertension (AH) to verify metabolic syndrome (MS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Correlation and factor analyses were performed of correlations between glycemia, immunoreactive insulin (IRI), C-peptide, glucose/IRI in the course of GTT in 111 AH patients divided into groups by the sum of metabolic disturbances. RESULTS: The greatest number of correlations were seen for glucose/IRI fasting index. According to the factor analysis, changed sensitivity to insulin and hyperinsulinemia are the first stage of metabolic disturbances in AH irrespective of body mass. In obesity the number of the above correlations is maximal. Multivariance analysis has shown significant differences between AH patients and healthy subjects irrespective of body mass and glucose tolerance. CONCLUSION: Basal index glucose/IRI < 6 relative units is informative in all the studied variants of metabolic syndrome as regards insulin resistance.

[Importance of estimated value of T-cell activation in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus]. / Znachimost' raschetnogo pokazatelia T-kletochnoi aktivatsii pri insulinzavisimom sakharnom diabete.

AIM: To determine the role of estimated value HLA-DR+/CD19+ in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in the course of the disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The number of CD+ and HLA-DR+ lymphocytes and the ratio HLA-DR+/ CD19+ were estimated in the peripheral blood of 70 IDDM patients aged 9-47 years with the disease duration since the diagnosis 0-10. Indirect immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies was employed. RESULTS: The index HLA-DR+/CD19+ was normal in newly-diagnosed IDDM patients and tended to an increase with the disease aggravation. CONCLUSION: The index HLA-DR+/CD19+ can be used as an additional marker of T-lymphocyte activation, as a criterium of unfavorable IDDM course.

[Delayed-type hypersensitivity in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and effects of short-action insulins produced by different pharmaceutical firms]. / Giperchuvstvitel'nost' zamedlennogo tipa pri insulinzavisimom sakharnom diabete i vliianie na nee insulinov korotkovo deistviia raznykh farmatsevticheskikh firm.

AIM: The study of activity of T-effector lymphocytes of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) in insulin-dependent diabetes (IDD) and effects of short-action insulins produced by different pharmaceutical firms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 79 IDD patients aged 3-48 entered the study. RESULTS: T-effector lymphocytes activity in DTH patients was abnormal: leukocytes migration was enhanced due to inhibited production of the inhibiting factor. Effector function was subnormal. Short-acting insulins promoted normalization of the above indices. The insulins of different producers is individual in efficacy for each patient. CONCLUSION: In vitro tests are necessary for each patient to determine insulin activity before insulin therapy.

[The characteristics of the peripheral blood monocytes in diabetics]. / K kharakteristike monotsitov perifericheskoi krovi u bol'nykh sakharnym diabetom.

The study was aimed at laboratory evaluation of monocytes in peripheral blood of patients with insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Irrespective of the disease type and clinical features, monocytes count at the expense of Fc-positive monocytes was increased, activity of monocytes in the test NBT reduction was inhibited. The problem of monocyte involvement in diabetic angiopathy genesis and the role of insulin in this process are discussed. The findings justify introduction of immunomodulating therapy of diabetes mellitus patients with drugs acting on monocytes.

[Thymogen in the treatment of type-1 diabetes mellitus]. / Timogen v lechenii sakharnogo diabeta I tipa.

Thymogen effect was assessed in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus with clinical and laboratory evidence of secondary immunodeficiency. It was found that thymogen removes signs of secondary immunodeficiency due to activation of T-lymphocyte differentiation. Clinical effect of thymogen was registered in 94.4%, laboratory effect in 83.3% of patients. The scheme of thymogen administration is suggested.

[The characteristics of T-lymphocyte differentiation in type-1 diabetes mellitus]. / Ob osobennostiakh differentsirovki T-limfotsitov pri sakharnom diabete I tipa.

Postthymic T-precursors were quantified in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) varying in forms. The number of pre-T-lymphocytes and auto-rosette-forming cells was found to differ significantly in DM type I patients from that of healthy donors. The count of T-precursors was analyzed with regard of DM duration, pattern, ketoacidosis, diabetic microangiopathy, insulin dose, associated diseases. The findings justify introduction of immunomodulating therapy of DM type I patients with thymic drugs and thymomimetics.

[The characteristics of the immunogenesis and immunocorrection of diabetes mellitus]. / Ob osobennostiakh immunogeneza i immunokorrektsii sakharnogo diabeta.

The authors review literature data and their own experience on immunopathogenesis of diabetes mellitus types I and II, discuss desirability of immunomodulating drugs inclusion in the treatment schemes, application of immune system mediators and synthetic immunomodulators, selection of patients for immunocorrection. Immunomodulating therapy in diabetes mellitus is thought beneficial though further serious studies are required.

[Glycosylation products in the early diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of carbohydrate metabolism disorders]. / Produkty glikozilirovaniia v rannei diagnostike i otsenke prognoza narushenii uglevodnogo obmena.

HbAIc and FA were investigated as markers in the diagnosis of early carbohydrate metabolic derangements. A group with normal TSH and a high concentration for glycosylation products was singled out. Carbohydrate metabolic derangements in 89 per cent showed a tendency to progression. Interrelationship between glycemia and PH was noted. The diagnostic and prognostic importance of HbAIc and FA was determined, and their combined use for single investigation of carbohydrate metabolism was recommended, making it possible to exclude "accidental" latent transitory hyperglycemia. TSH determination at early stages can be of low informative value, whereas HbAIc and FA measurements can detect disorders of carbohydrate metabolism early enough.

[Free fatty acid spectrum and rheological properties of erythrocytes in people with disturbed glucose tolerance and in patients with diabetes mellitus]. / Spektr svobodnykh zhirnykh kislot i reologicheskie svoistva éritrotsitov u lits s narushennoi tolerantnost'iu k gliukoze i u bol'nykh sakharnym diabetom.

The paper is devoted to a study of mechanisms of deterioration of blood rheological properties in disturbed carbohydrate metabolism in 17 patients with disorders in GTT and in 83 patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). The level of lipids, the spectrum of fatty acids (SFA) were determined in the blood plasma using gas chromatography by an original method, proposed by the authors for assessment of the rheological properties of erythrocytes (rotation viscosimetry of erythrocyte suspension in standard hematocrit of 45%). The concentrations of saturated and polyunsaturated acids in the blood plasma of persons with disturbed GTT and DM were increased, and the concentration of linoleic acid was lowered. More noticeable changes were observed in insulin dependent DM. A simultaneous increase in the viscosity of erythrocyte suspension at low rates of a shift in the DM group and change of the spectrum of fatty acids were revealed. Changes in the plasma SFA composition can be one of the causes of deteriorated rheological properties of erythrocytes.

[Glycosylated proteins and the rheological properties of the erythrocytes in carbohydrate metabolic disorders]. / Glikozilirovannye proteiny i reologicheskie svoistva éritrotsitov pri narusheniiakh uglevodnogo obmena.

The level of glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb AIc), the concentration of glycosylated proteins in red blood cell membranes (GPCM), and fructosamine were measured in patients with different carbohydrate metabolism abnormalities (glucose tolerance test disorders, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus/IDDM/). The "pyrene" probe was used to examine rheological disorders in different shift rates and microviscosity of red blood cell membranes. Close correlations were established between glycosylated proteins and microviscosity as well as between GPCM and viscosity of red blood cell suspension. In addition to an increase of the content of glycosylated proteins, deterioration of the rheological properties, and a rise of microviscosity associated with hypoxic phenomena, a group of patients suffering from IDDM with low microviscosity and graver clinical manifestations (microangiopathies, coronary heart disease, cerebral atherosclerosis) were distinguished. Low microviscosity can also be seen in normoglycemia. The cumulative action of the hemorheological shifts, a decrease of red blood cell deformity accompanied by tissue hypoxia favour the development of diabetic angiopathies. A possibility is revealed of the use of microviscosity of red blood cell membranes together with Hb AIc as markers of early carbohydrate metabolism abnormalities and early microcirculatory disorders.

[Pathogenetic therapy of tissue hypoxia, hemorheologic disorders and microangiopathies in patients with diabetes mellitus]. / Patogeneticheskaia terapiia gipoksii tkanei, gemoreologicheskikh narushenii i mikroangiopatii pri sakharom diabete.

To reveal oxygen transport and hemorheological changes in derangements of carbohydrate metabolism, a unified scheme for patients' examination was devised. It includes examination of oxygen metabolism, rheological blood properties (viscosity of the whole blood, hematocrit, viscosity of erythrocyte and plasma suspension), microcirculation and compensatory responses of the body. Identification of oxygen transport disorders and hemorheological shifts, determination of their nature, intensity as well as of the mechanism by which they occur make it possible to form a genuine basis for effective differentiated correction of the abnormalities of the blood rheological properties and tissue hypoxia, and favours stabilization of microangiopathies in patients with diabetes mellitus.

[Blood hyperviscosity syndrome in type I diabetes mellitus]. / Sindrom giperviazkosti krovi pri sakharnom diabete I tipa.

Blood rheological properties and oxygen metabolism were investigated in 50 patients with type I insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolic and morphological phases of the blood hyperviscosity syndrome were defined in relation to the nature of hemorheological disturbances. Oxygen metabolic disturbances were of unidirectional type manifesting themselves in a decrease in tissue oxygenation and the development of tissue hypoxia. Such disturbances of rheological properties and oxygen metabolism caused the development and progression of diabetic microangiopathies. Therefore pharmacological correction of hemorheological disturbances is a reserve method of therapy of patients with diabetes mellitus.

[Lipid peroxidation in patients with diabetes mellitus]. / Perekisnoe okislenie lipidov u bol'nykh sakharnym diabetom.

The activity of free radical oxidation in patients with diabetes mellitus was investigated with respect to a type of diabetes using chemiluminescence. Clinical, laboratory and instrumental investigation of 80 patients with diabetes mellitus was conducted. The level of free radical oxidation in the patients changed as compared to that in the controls. Direct correlation between an increase in a degree of severity of disease and a rise of the level of chemiluminescence was discovered. Changes of lipid peroxidation in patients with diabetes mellitus permitted sound recommendation of drugs with antioxidant and membrane-stabilizing properties.

[Diagnostic significance of determining glycosylated hemoglobin in the detection of early forms of diabetes mellitus]. / Diagnosticheskoe znachenie opredeleniia glikozilirovannogo gemoglobina v vyiavlenii rannikh form sakharnogo diabeta.

In order to determine the diagnostic value of glycolytic hemoglobin (HbA1c) in early forms of diabetes mellitus its content was studied in 62 individuals with disturbed glucose tolerance, then used as a kind of screening for examination of 357 workers employees at a factory with a subsequent glucose tolerance test (GTT). The level of HbA1c was raised almost in all persons with disturbed carbohydrate metabolism. There was correlation between HbA1c and GTT results in the diagnosis of disturbed glucose tolerance. The highest was the correlation between the HbA1c and glycemia in 2 hours during a GTT (r = +0.91). A conclusion was made that the level of HbA1c can serve as a diagnostic criterion of early forms of diabetes mellitus; HbA1c determination taking into account its lesser dependence on the conditions of investigation as compared to GTT, can be used as a method for mass screening and prophylactic medical examination.

[Desynchronization of circadian rhythms of the oxygen balance in the tissues and rheological properties of the blood in type I diabetes mellitus]. / Desinkhronizatsiia okolosutochnykh ritmov kislorodnyogo balansa tkanei i reologicheskikh svoistv krovi pri sakharnom diabete I tipa.

Circadian rhythms of tissue oxygen balance and blood rheological properties were investigated in 40 patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. The syndrome of blood hyperviscosity determined by a rise of the level of packed cell volume and blood viscosity developed in decompensation of diabetes mellitus, resulting in desynchronization of packed cell volume. Blood viscosity rhythm was preserved but fluctuation ranges were sharply on an increase. Tissue oxygen balance disorders were manifested in the development of tissue hypoxia leading to rhythm desynchronization. Progression of the above disorders were noted in parallel with growing severity of disease. Compensation of diabetes mellitus was accompanied by moderate hyperviscosity and disappearance of tissue hypoxia in the morning. Fluctuation rhythm of all studied indices returned to normal with the exception of packed cell volume. Preserved blood hyperviscosity and increasing tissue hypoxia at night indicated stable disturbance of hemorheological properties and tissue oxygen balance. These disorders could lead to the development of another decompensation of diabetes mellitus.