[Atypical presentation of early childhood epileptic encephalopathy associated with the gene KCNT1]. / Presentación atípica de encefalopatía epiléptica infantil precoz asociada al gen KCNT1.

TITLE: Presentación atípica de encefalopatía epiléptica infantil precoz asociada al gen KCNT1.

[Neurofibromatosis 1 and multiple familial cavernomatosis in an infant with episodic profuse sialorrhoea]. / Neurofibromatosis 1 y cavernomatosis multiple familiar en un lactante con sialorrea profusa episodica.

TITLE: Neurofibromatosis 1 y cavernomatosis multiple familiar en un lactante con sialorrea profusa episodica.

[Infant with intracranial calcifications and retinopathy]. / Lactante con calcificaciones intracraneales y retinopatia.

INTRODUCTION: Intracranial calcifications can have a number of different causes, and the distribution and characteristics they present in neuroimaging can orient the specialist towards one or another. It is important to rule out the most frequent entities that are accompanied by intracranial calcifications, but other more remote genetic causes, such as Coats plus syndrome, should not be overlooked. CASE REPORT: Ex-premature female Infant with a gestational age of 34 weeks, diagnosed with retinopathy at 9 months after presenting strabismus. At 2 years of age, an MRI scan was performed for right hemiparesis, in which an image suggestive of a neoplasm was initially observed. Upon completion of the study with a cranial computed tomography scan, extensive calcifications were observed predominantly in the basal ganglia along with cystic lesions. After ruling out the most frequent causations of intracranial calcifications, the association between the retinopathy and the neurological features was established, and Coats plus syndrome was confirmed by a genetic study that revealed the presence of two hitherto unreported variants in heterozygosis in the CTC1 gene. CONCLUSION: Coats plus syndrome is an extraordinarily rare autosomal recessive disease, caused by mutations in the CTC1 gene, which involves the appearance of retinal telangiectasias, brain cysts, calcifications in deep nuclei and leukoencephalopathy, as well as other bone and gastrointestinal conditions. Treatment is symptomatic and the disease has a poor prognosis.

TITLE: Lactante con calcificaciones intracraneales y retinopatia.Introduccion. Las calcificaciones intracraneales pueden tener multiples etiologias, y la distribucion y las caracteristicas que presenten en la neuroimagen pueden orientar hacia unas u otras. Es importante descartar las entidades mas frecuentes que cursan con calcificaciones intracraneales, pero no deben olvidarse otras causas geneticas mucho mas remotas, como el sindrome de Coats plus. Caso clinico. Lactante exprematura de 34 semanas de edad gestacional, diagnosticada de retinopatia a los 9 meses al presentar estrabismo. A los 2 años de edad se realizo una resonancia magnetica por hemiparesia derecha, en la que se observo una imagen sugestiva inicialmente de neoplasia. Al completar el estudio con una tomografia computarizada craneal, se observaron extensas calcificaciones de predominio en los ganglios basales y lesiones quisticas. Tras descartarse las etiologias mas frecuentes de calcificaciones intracraneales, se llego a la asociacion de la retinopatia y la clinica neurologica y se confirmo el sindrome de Coats plus mediante estudio genetico, que revelo la presencia de dos variantes en heterocigosis no documentadas hasta la fecha en el gen CTC1. Conclusion. El sindrome de Coats plus es una enfermedad autosomica recesiva extraordinariamente infrecuente, provocada por mutaciones en el gen CTC1, que supone la aparicion de telangiectasias retinianas, quistes cerebrales, calcificaciones en los nucleos profundos y leucoencefalopatia, ademas de otras afecciones oseas y gastrointestinales. El tratamiento es sintomatico y la enfermedad tiene un mal pronostico.

Myoblots: dystrophin quantification by in-cell western assay for a streamlined development of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) treatments.

AIMS: New therapies for neuromuscular disorders are often mutation specific and require to be studied in patient's cell cultures. In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) dystrophin restoration drugs are being developed but as muscle cell cultures from DMD patients are scarce and do not grow or differentiate well, only a limited number of candidate drugs are tested. Moreover, dystrophin quantification by western blotting requires a large number of cultured cells; so fewer compounds are as thoroughly screened as is desirable. We aimed to develop a quantitative assessment tool using fewer cells to contribute in the study of dystrophin and to identify better drug candidates. METHODS: An 'in-cell western' assay is a quantitative immunofluorescence assay performed in cell culture microplates that allows protein quantification directly in culture, allowing a higher number of experimental repeats and throughput. We have optimized the assay ('myoblot') to be applied to the study of differentiated myoblast cultures. RESULTS: After an exhaustive optimization of the technique to adapt it to the growth and differentiation rates of our cultures and the low intrinsic expression of our proteins of interests, our myoblot protocol allows the quantification of dystrophin and other muscle-associated proteins in muscle cell cultures. We are able to distinguish accurately between the different sets of patients based on their dystrophin expression and detect dystrophin restoration after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: We expect that this new tool to quantify muscle proteins in DMD and other muscle disorders will aid in their diagnosis and in the development of new therapies.

Paracetamol y fallo hepático agudo, ¿la gota que colma el vaso? / Acetaminophen and acute liver failure, was it the last thing needed?

El fallo hepático agudo (FHA) es una patología poco frecuente, pero fatal en pediatría. Su segunda causa más habitual es la tóxica, y el paracetamol es el agente más frecuente en esta edad, incluso en una dosis adecuada. Presentamos 2 casos de FHA sin etiología clara, en los que el paracetamol pudo ser determinante. El primer caso corresponde una lactante con bronquiolitis complicada con sobreinfección bacteriana, que presenta un fallo hepático agudo atribuido a una posible idiosincrasia del paracetamol, favorecida por una hipoperfusión hepática, desestimando la inestabilidad hemodinámica como única causa, dado su carácter leve y tardío. El segundo caso corresponde a otra lactante que desarrolló un FHA en el contexto de una deshidratación hipernatrémica por una gastroenteritis aguda; su estudio metabólico era compatible con un déficit de 3-OH metilglutaril-CoA liasa (no confirmado en el estudio molecular), considerándose una posible inhibición de la betaoxidación agravada por paracetamol (idiosincrasia) y favorecida por una hipoperfusión hepática ante una deshidratación severa. En ambos casos se empleó N-acetilcisteína (NAC) como parte del tratamiento del FHA y la evolución fue favorable. La acumulación del metabolito tóxico del paracetamol en un hígado previamente dañado, puede empeorar su función. Se deben solicitar sus niveles ante un FHA en los pacientes que han recibido este fármaco, considerando su toxicidad en función del tiempo transcurrido tras la administración. El tratamiento con NAC puede ser beneficioso en todo paciente con FHA (AU)

Acute liver failure (ALF) in children is a rare but often fatal condition. Drugs are the second most common identified cause in most of the series in children. Acetaminophen is the most frequent agent in these patients, even when it is administered in correct dosage. We present two acute liver failure cases without evident cause, in which acetaminophene could be a determinant agent. An infant with bronchiolitis complicated with bacterial sobreinfection, who presents ALF. ALF is attributed to possible acetominophen idiosyncrasy, enhanced by hepatic hypoperfusion; rejecting hemodynamic instability as the only cause because its mild and late nature. Another infant who presents ALF in context of hypernatremic dehidratation secondary to acute gastroenteritis. Metabolic study is compatible with a deficit of 3-OH methyl-glutaryl-CoA lyase (not confirmed by molecular study). It is considered possible b-oxidation inhibition exacerbated by acetaminophen (idiosyncrasy) and enhanced by liver hypoperfusion due to severe dehydration. In both cases, we use N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as part of ALF treatment; the course is favorable, normalizing liver function. The accumulation of acetaminophen toxic metabolite in a previously damaged liver can worsen its function. We must request its level in every patient with ALF who have received this drug, given its toxicity based on the time after administration. The administration of NAC to children with ALF not caused by acetaminophen toxicity appeared to be safe and may be associated with a better outcome (AU)

Condrodisplasia «punctata» rizomélica clásica: comunicación de dos casos con las formas grave y benigna de la afección / Classic rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata: report of 2 cases with two forms of the disease

La condrodisplasia punctata rizomélica clásica (RCDP) es una rara enfermedad multisistémica autosómica recesiva, debida a una alteración del metabolismo peroxisomal que determina una deficiencia de la biosíntesis de plasmalógenos y de la alfaoxidación del ácido fitánico. Se caracteriza por la presencia desde el nacimiento de un acortamiento proximal de las extremidades, calcificaciones periarticulares, dismorfia facial, retraso del desarrollo y mortalidad precoz. Se presentan dos casos de RCDP clásica, o tipo I, con las dos formas clínicas de presentación, grave o mortal y leve o benigna, en relación con la existencia de actividad enzimática residual, y se revisan sus principales aspectos clínicos(AU)

Classic rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (CRCP) is a rare multisystem disease, autosomal recessive disorder. It is due because a peroxisomal metabolism alteration that determine deficiency of the plasmalogen biosynthesis and the alpha oxidation of phytanic acid. It is characterized by proximal shortening of the limbs, punctuate calcifications of the epiphyses, facial dysmorphia, developmental delay and early lethality. We present two cases of CRCP type I with two different forms of presentation, one severe and another one mild or bening, in relation with the residual enzyme activity and we revise the main clinical aspects(AU)

Hiperinsulinimso neonatal por nueva mutación del gen ABBCC8 con evolución hacia diabetes hipoinsulínica / Neonatal hyperinsulinism due to new mutation of ABCCS gene with evolution towards hypoinsulinemic diabetes

Recientemente se han descrito mutaciones activadoras de los genes ABCC8 y KCNJ11 causantes de hiperinsulinismo hipoglucémico seguido del desarrollo de una diabetes hipoinsulínica posterior. Se presenta un caso de hiperinsulinismo congénito neonatal por nueva mutación el gen ABCC8 con evolución hacia una diabetes hipoinsulínica al cabo de cuatro caos de evolución. Se trata de una recién nacida macrosómica afecta de hiperinsulinismo con una expresión clínica importante ya que inicialmente presentaba hipoglucemias e hiperinsulinemias severas con buena respuesta al diazóxido. Posteriormente fue estabilizándose la situación metabólica, llegando a retirarse la medicación sin apenas recaídas importantes. A continuación y coincidiendo con procesos infecciosos intercurrentes, se apreciaba tendencia a descender las glucemias sin llegar a presentar hipoglucemias e hiperinsulinemias francas y sin cetosis, que no respondieron a la medicación. Finalmente, a los cinco años de edad aparece una intolerancia a la glucosa con hiperglucemias postprandiales y una sobrecarga oral de glucosa patológica indicativa de una evolución a diabetes mellitus hipoinsulínica. Se detectó la mutación Thr1515Ala en heterocigosis en el exón 37 del gen ABCC8 responsable de la codificación de la proteína SUR1 que no hemos encontrado descrita en la literatura revisada. Se discute el posible mecanismo por la cual se pasa de un estado de hiperinsulinismo hipoglucémico a hipoinsulinismo o diabetes hipoinsulínica (AU)

The have been described recently activating mutations in ABCC8 and KCNJ11 genes that are related wyth hypoglycemic hyperinsulinism that subsequently change to hypoinsulinemic diabetes. We present a case of congenital neonatal hyperinsulinism caused by a new mutation in ABCC8 gene that changed to a hypoinsulinemic diabetes after 4 years of evolution. A macrosomic female newborn with severe hypoglycaemia and hyperinsulinemia with good response to diazoxide was followed in our Unit. Subsequently the patient remains compensated and the medication could be discontinued without symptoms of relapses of hypoglycaemia. Along the period of evolution and when the patient suffered intercurrent infectious episodes she showed tendency to present with low glycemia but without of documented hypoglycaemia, hyperinsulinemia or ketosis that did not respond to medication. When she was 5 years old the patient developed glucose intolerance with postprandial hyperglycaemia nad with an oral glucose tolerance curve compatible with hypoinsulinemic diabetes mellitus. Genetic analysis showed Thr1515Ala mutation in heterozygosis in exon 37 of the ABCC8 gene responsible of coding SUR1 protein that has not been previously described. The possible mechanisms involved in the modification of the clinical phenotype from an state of hyperinsulinemic hypoglicaemia to a state of hypoinsulinemia and diabetes are discussed (AU)

Hipotermia tras el consumo de ibuprofeno. A propósito de dos casos / No disponible

La hipotermia en relación con el consumo de fármacos es un fenómeno poco frecuente.Existen sólo seis casos documentados de hipotermia relacionados con el consumo de ibuprofenoen la base de datos de reacciones adversas medicamentosas de la OrganizaciónMundial de la Salud (OMS). Se plantea la sospecha de dos casos de hipotermia tras el consumode dicho fármaco. Ante la existencia de hipotermia grave serán necesarias la realizaciónde pruebas complementarias para descartar previamente otras causas más frecuentes,así como la notificación de la sospecha de reacción adversa al centro de farmacovigilanciacorrespondiente

Hypothermia due to medicaments is an infrequent idiosyncratic reaction. There are onlysix similar cases related to the consumption of ibuprofen reported in the WHO adverse drugreactions database. Two of the cases of hypothermia attended in our unit seem to be due tothe consumption of the mentioned medicament. The existence of hypothermia makes necessarysome complementary tests to discard other more frequent aetiologies, as well as the notificationof the adverse reaction to the corresponding Drugs and Therapeutics Centre

[Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia: a study of four cases]. / Hipoglucemia por hiperinsulinismo: estudio de cuatro casos.

We present a review of four cases of hypoglycemia caused by hyperinsulinemia that were diagnosed at our hospital during the last few years. In all of the cases the disease appeared with neurological symptoms (seizures) for the first months of life, followed by hypoglycemia. We propose a diagnostic algorithm which could be used with hypoglycemia cases. In addition, the diagnostic tests are discussed, as well as the treatment applied and the later evolution of each patient.