Cost analysis of next-generation imaging in high-risk prostate cancer staging.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Next-generation imaging (NGI) tests, such as choline PET/CT and PSMA PET, have shown to increase sensitivity in the detection of nodal and metastatic disease in prostate cancer. However, their use implies an increase in diagnostic costs compared to conventional imaging (CI) tests such as CT and bone scan. The aim of our study was to determine which diagnostic pathway is more cost-effective in high-risk prostate cancer. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Cost-effectiveness analysis of the available imaging tests (CI, Choline/PSMA PET) for the staging of high-risk prostate cancer. Sensitivity and specificity were estimated based on published evidence, and costs were collected from the Management Department. In order to carry out a cost-effectiveness analysis, five diagnostic pathways were proposed estimating the accurate diagnoses. RESULTS: PSMA PET was the most accurate diagnostic option. The CI diagnostic workup was the most economical and CI+PSMA the most expensive. Analyzing the diagnostic cost-effectiveness ratio, CI+PSMA proved to be the most expensive (€5627.30 per correct diagnosis) followed by PET PSMA (€4987.11), choline (€4599.84) and CI (€4444.22). CONCLUSIONS: PSMA PET is the most accurate strategy in staging distant disease in patients with high-risk prostate cancer. Radiotracer uptake tests such as CI have been shown to be the most cost-effective option, followed by choline and PSMA.

Análisis comparativo entre nefrectomía parcial LESS híbrida y laparoscópica convencional multipuerto / Comparative study of hybrid laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) partial nephrectomy and conventional multiport laparoscopy

Objetivo: Comparar resultados operatorios y oncológicos de la nefrectomía parcial realizada mediante abordaje laparoendoscópico a través de puerto único (LESS) reutilizable y laparoscópico multipuerto. Material y método: Estudio comparativo prospectivo pareado no aleatorizado de pacientes tratados con nefrectomía parcial mediante abordaje LESS híbrido con trocar auxiliar de 3,5 mm (n = 20) y con laparoscopia multipuerto convencional (n = 26). Resultados: La media de seguimiento fue 31 ± 18,6 meses. Un caso LESS (5%) se reconvirtió a laparoscopia. No hubo diferencias significativas entre grupos con respecto a edad, sexo, índice de masa corporal, lateralidad, localización, tamaño tumoral o empleo de doble-J; aunque hubo dominancia de ASA-I (p = 0,09) y de histología benigna (p = 0,05) en el grupo LESS. Tampoco hubo diferencias en tiempo operatorio, tiempo de isquemia, empleo de materiales hemostáticos, sangrado estimado, hemoglobina postoperatoria, transfusión u otras complicaciones. Ningún caso precisó ampliar herida cutánea para extracción de espécimen. Los pacientes LESS tuvieron menor tiempo de drenaje (p = 0,006) y menor estancia hospitalaria (p = 0,003). No hubo diferencias en número ni severidad de complicaciones según escala Clavien-Dindo. Un paciente en grupo laparoscópico falleció por TEP tras el alta hospitalaria. No hubo márgenes positivos ni recidivas o progresión de la enfermedad tumoral en el tiempo evaluado. Conclusiones: La nefrectomía parcial LESS no implica ventajas en resultados operatorios salvo menor estancia hospitalaria, posiblemente debido a hemostasia operatoria más precisa y/o selección de casos. No conlleva riesgos operatorios y oncológicos, pero tampoco supone mejora en tiempo de isquemia, pérdida hemática o tasa de transfusión. Tampoco supone una ventaja evidente en términos cosméticos

Objective: To investigate the surgical and oncological outcomes of hybrid laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) in partial nephrectomy with reusable components compared with multiport laparoscopy. Material and method: Hybrid LESS technique with auxiliary 3.5mm trocar (n = 20) was compared with conventional multiport laparoscopy (n = 26) by a prospective, paired, nonrandomized, and comparative study in partially nephrectomized patients. Results: Follow-up average was 31 ± 18.6 months. In one case, LESS was converted to laparoscopy. No differences were found regarding age, sex, body mass index, laterality, localization, tumor size or use of double J stent. Dominance of Loop-I (P = 0.09) and benign histology (P = 0.05) were observed in the LESS group. Neither there were differences regarding operating time, ischemia time, use of hemostatic materials, estimated blood loss, postoperative hemoglobin levels, transfusion or other complications. In any case, to extend the skin incision for specimen extraction was not necessary. Drainage time (P = 0.006) and hospital stay (P = 0.003) were better in LESS patients. Concerning complications, no significant differences were observed according Clavien-Dindo scale. In laparoscopic group one patient died of pulmonary embolism after hospital discharge. No positive margins were observed in any case. During follow-up neither tumor recurrence nor disease progression were observed. Conclusions: Regarding surgical outcomes, partial nephrectomy by LESS technique does not imply improvements, excepting shorter hospital stay, probably due to accurate surgical hemostasis and/or selection of cases. No surgical and oncological risks are involved, as well as no improvement in ischemia time, blood loss or transfusion rate. We find no significant difference in cosmetic outcomes

Estudio comparativo entre laparoscopia multipuerto y LESS umbilical con plataforma reutilizable en el tratamiento de las masas renales / Comparative study of multiport laparoscopy and umbilical laparoendoscopic single-site surgery with reusable platform for treating renal masses

Introducción: La cirugía umbilical laparoendoscópica por puerto único (LESS) es una modalidad de uso creciente en el tratamiento de las masas renales. Se presenta una comparación prospectiva entre cirugía renal LESS y laparoscopia convencional. Material y método: Estudio pareado comparativo que evalúa resultados operatorios y complicaciones en pacientes con neoplasia renal tratada con cirugía LESS (n = 49) o laparoscopia multipuerto (n = 53). El abordaje LESS se realizó con material reutilizable colocado en el ombligo e instrumentos curvos de doble rotación, y en el 69,4% se empleó un puerto adicional de 3,5 mm. Se evalúan datos demográficos, tipo de técnica (nefrectomía, nefrectomía parcial o nefroureterectomía), tiempo operatorio, pérdida hemática, hemoglobina, necesidad de transfusión, número y gravedad de complicaciones (Clavien-Dindo), estancia hospitalaria, datos histológicos y pronóstico. Resultados: No hubo diferencias en seguimiento, edad, sexo, IMC, hemoglobina preoperatoria o tipo de cirugía. Hubo conversión en 2 casos (uno en cada grupo). El tiempo operatorio fue equivalente (p = 0,6). Transfusión intraoperatoria (p = 0,03) y pérdida hemática (p < 0,0001) fue menor en LESS, la hemoglobina postoperatoria mayor (p < 0,0001) y se emplearon también agentes hemostáticos más frecuentemente (p < 0,0001). No hubo diferencias en número (p = 0,6) ni gravedad (p = 0,47) de complicaciones. La estancia (p < 0,0001), la proporción de pacientes con drenaje (p = 0,04) y el número de días con drenaje (p = 0,0004) fueron menores en LESS. Un 25% de las lesiones intervenidas con LESS fueron benignas, pero el tamaño medio fue similar en ambos grupos (p = 0,5). La recurrencia y/o progresión tumoral fue más frecuente en laparoscopia multipuerto (p = 0,0013). Conclusiones: La cirugía LESS umbilical con plataforma reutilizable permite realizar diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas para el tratamiento de masas renales con consumo de tiempo y seguridad equiparable a laparoscopia convencional. El abordaje LESS resulta ventajoso en términos de pérdida hemática y estancia hospitalaria

Introduction: Umbilical laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) surgery is an increasingly used modality for treating renal masses. We present a prospective comparison between LESS renal surgery and conventional laparoscopy. Material and method: A comparative paired study was conducted that evaluated the surgical results and complications of patients with renal neoplasia treated with LESS surgery (n = 49) or multiport laparoscopy (n = 53). The LESS approach was performed with reusable material placed in the navel and double-rotation curved instruments. An additional 3.5-mm port was employed in 69.4% of the cases. We assessed demographic data, the type of technique (nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy and nephroureterectomy), surgical time, blood loss, haemoglobin, need for transfusion, number and severity of complications (Clavien-Dindo), hospital stay, histological data and prognosis. Results: There were no differences in follow-up, age, sex, body mass index, preoperative haemoglobin levels or type of surgery. Conversion occurred in 2 cases (1 in each group). The surgical time was equivalent (P = .6). Intraoperative transfusion (P = .03) and blood loss (P < .0001) was lower with LESS, postoperative haemoglobin levels were higher (P < .0001) and haemostatic agents were used more frequently (P < .0001). There were no differences in the number (P = .6) or severity (P = .47) of complications. The length of stay (P < .0001), the proportion of patients with drainage (P = .04) and the number of days with drainage (P = .0004) were lower in LESS. Twenty-five percent of the lesions operated on with LESS were benign, but the mean size was similar in the 2 groups (P = .5). Tumour recurrence and/or progression were more frequent in multiport laparoscopy (P = .0013). Conclusions: Umbilical LESS surgery with reusable platform enables various surgical techniques to be performed when treating renal masses, with time consumption and safety comparable to conventional laparoscopy. The LESS approach is advantageous in terms of blood loss and hospital stay

Comparative study of multiport laparoscopy and umbilical laparoendoscopic single-site surgery with reusable platform for treating renal masses. / Estudio comparativo entre laparoscopia multipuerto y LESS umbilical con plataforma reutilizable en el tratamiento de las masas renales.

INTRODUCTION: Umbilical laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) surgery is an increasingly used modality for treating renal masses. We present a prospective comparison between LESS renal surgery and conventional laparoscopy. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A comparative paired study was conducted that evaluated the surgical results and complications of patients with renal neoplasia treated with LESS surgery (n=49) or multiport laparoscopy (n=53). The LESS approach was performed with reusable material placed in the navel and double-rotation curved instruments. An additional 3.5-mm port was employed in 69.4% of the cases. We assessed demographic data, the type of technique (nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy and nephroureterectomy), surgical time, blood loss, haemoglobin, need for transfusion, number and severity of complications (Clavien-Dindo), hospital stay, histological data and prognosis. RESULTS: There were no differences in follow-up, age, sex, body mass index, preoperative haemoglobin levels or type of surgery. Conversion occurred in 2 cases (1 in each group). The surgical time was equivalent (P=.6). Intraoperative transfusion (P=.03) and blood loss (P<.0001) was lower with LESS, postoperative haemoglobin levels were higher (P<.0001) and haemostatic agents were used more frequently (P<.0001). There were no differences in the number (P=.6) or severity (P=.47) of complications. The length of stay (P<.0001), the proportion of patients with drainage (P=.04) and the number of days with drainage (P=.0004) were lower in LESS. Twenty-five percent of the lesions operated on with LESS were benign, but the mean size was similar in the 2 groups (P=.5). Tumour recurrence and/or progression were more frequent in multiport laparoscopy (P=.0013). CONCLUSIONS: Umbilical LESS surgery with reusable platform enables various surgical techniques to be performed when treating renal masses, with time consumption and safety comparable to conventional laparoscopy. The LESS approach is advantageous in terms of blood loss and hospital stay.

Comparative study of hybrid laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) partial nephrectomy and conventional multiport laparoscopy. / Análisis comparativo entre nefrectomía parcial LESS híbrida y laparoscópica convencional multipuerto.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the surgical and oncological outcomes of hybrid laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) in partial nephrectomy with reusable components compared with multiport laparoscopy. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Hybrid LESS technique with auxiliary 3.5mm trocar (n=20) was compared with conventional multiport laparoscopy (n=26) by a prospective, paired, nonrandomized, and comparative study in partially nephrectomized patients. RESULTS: Follow-up average was 31±18.6 months. In one case, LESS was converted to laparoscopy. No differences were found regarding age, sex, body mass index, laterality, localization, tumor size or use of double J stent. Dominance of Loop-I (P=0.09) and benign histology (P=0.05) were observed in the LESS group. Neither there were differences regarding operating time, ischemia time, use of hemostatic materials, estimated blood loss, postoperative hemoglobin levels, transfusion or other complications. In any case, to extend the skin incision for specimen extraction was not necessary. Drainage time (P=0.006) and hospital stay (P=0.003) were better in LESS patients. Concerning complications, no significant differences were observed according Clavien-Dindo scale. In laparoscopic group one patient died of pulmonary embolism after hospital discharge. No positive margins were observed in any case. During follow-up neither tumor recurrence nor disease progression were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Regarding surgical outcomes, partial nephrectomy by LESS technique does not imply improvements, excepting shorter hospital stay, probably due to accurate surgical hemostasis and/or selection of cases. No surgical and oncological risks are involved, as well as no improvement in ischemia time, blood loss or transfusion rate. We find no significant difference in cosmetic outcomes.

Cistectomía parcial laparoendoscópica umbilical / Umbilical laparoendoscopic partial cystectomy

Objetivo: Presentamos la experiencia de nuestro centro en cistectomía parcial laparoendoscópica por puerto único umbilical, tanto en proceso patológico benigno como maligno. Se revisan las características de los pacientes, los aspectos perioperatorios y la técnica quirúrgica empleada. Material y método: Desde mayo de 2012 5 pacientes fueron sometidos a cistectomía parcial laparoendoscópica por puerto único (LESS) transumbilical con material curvo a través de sistema multicanal reutilizable y un trocar accesorio de 3,5 mm. Tres fueron hombres y 2 mujeres, con edades comprendidas entre 28 y 78 (mediana 44 ± 42,5) años. La etiología fue endometriosis (2 casos), tumor en divertículo, divertículo vesical congénito y ureterocele (un caso cada uno, respectivamente). Resultados: La mediana de tiempo quirúrgico fue 273 ± 163,4 min, y el sangrado intraoperatorio 250 ± 175 ml. Ninguno de los pacientes requirió transfusión. El postoperatorio transcurrió sin incidencias, con buena evolución y sin complicación alguna. La estancia hospitalaria fue 3 ± 1 día. Con seguimiento de 20 ± 17,5 meses se ha confirmado la recuperación morfológica y funcional de vejiga y uréter en todos los casos, y el paciente con enfermedad neoplásica se encuentra libre de enfermedad más de 2 años después de la cirugía. Conclusiones: La cistectomía parcial laparoendoscópica umbilical representa una opción quirúrgica viable y segura, que consigue resultados quirúrgicos y cosméticos excelentes

Objective: To present our center's experience in single-port umbilical laparoendoscopic partial cystectomies, in both benign and malignant pathologies. Patient characteristics, perioperative aspects and the surgical techniques used are reviewed. Material and method: Since May 2012, five patients have undergone a transumbilical single-port laparoendoscopic partial cystectomy with curved equipment through a reusable multichannel system and a 3.5 mm accessory trocar. Patients were three males and two females aged between 28 and 78 (median: 44 ± 42.5) years. The etiologies were endometriosis (in 2 cases), a tumor in the diverticulum, a congenital bladder diverticulum and ureterocele (1 case of each). Results: Median surgery time was 273 ± 163.4 minutes, and intraoperative bleeding 250 ± 175 ml. None of the patients required transfusion. The postoperative period was uneventful, with good results and no complications. The hospital stay was 3 ± 1 days. With monitoring of 20 ± 17.5 months, morphological and functional recovery in the bladder and ureter was confirmed in all cases and the patient with neoplastic disease was disease-free more than 2 years after the surgery. Conclusions: An umbilical laparoendoscopic partial cystectomy represents a viable surgical option and ensures that excellent surgical and cosmetic results are achieved

Láser resección transuretral prostática: estudio de seguridad con un nuevo sistema de fotovaporización selectiva con láser de diodo de alta intensidad en próstatas mayores de 80 ml / Laser transurethral resection of the prostate: Safety study of a novel system of photoselective vaporization with high power diode laser in prostates larger than 80 mL

Objetivo: Presentar la viabilidad de la vaporización fotoselectiva de la próstata (VFP) con un nuevo sistema de resección de láser de diodo. El tratamiento quirúrgico de la hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB) está en constante evolución. Las técnicas de láser se utilizan cada vez más en próstatas de gran tamaño. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo para evaluar los datos operativos y los resultados de los pacientes con VFP utilizando láser de diodo de alta potencia (DAP) y una innovadora fibra con cabeza de cuarzo en forma de pala en los pacientes con próstata > 80 ml. Se describen los datos demográficos, tiempo quirúrgico, pérdida de hemoglobina, resultados operatorios (IPSS, calidad de vida [CdV], Qmáx, residuo posmiccional [RPM], IIEF-5 y micción diaria) y las complicaciones de la clasificación Clavien-Dindo. Resultados: Treinta y un pacientes fueron incluidos en el estudio. Dieciséis (51,6%) estaban en tratamiento antiplaquetario activo y 12 (38,7%) habían recibido anticoagulantes antes de la cirugía. Todos los casos fueron seguidos al menos 6 meses. No se produjeron complicaciones graves intraoperatorias ni postoperatorias. Tres pacientes (9,7%) tuvieron complicaciones leves según la clasificación Clavien-Dindo. Veintisiete (87,1%) fueron dados de alta en el primer día del postoperatorio sin catéter. Hubo mejoras significativas en el IPSS, CdV, Qmáx y RPM, tanto a los 3 como a los 6 meses (p < 0,0001), pero la función sexual según el IIEF-5 no mostró diferencias. La urgencia (de cualquier grado) aumentó a los 3 meses (48,4%; p = 0,002) y se redujo considerablemente a los 6 meses (9,7%, p < 0,0001). Conclusión: Esta experiencia piloto con fibra en forma de pala y DAP es alentadora. Esto demuestra que la resección con láser es un procedimiento seguro, logrando excelentes resultados en cuanto a IPSS, CdV y Qmáx en próstatas grandes, incluso en pacientes de alto riesgo. Se necesita un seguimiento más prolongado, estudios controlados comparativos y aleatorios para generalizar estos resultados

Objective: To present the feasibility of photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP) with of a new diode laser-resection system. Surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is constantly evolving. Laser techniques are increasingly used in prostates of large size. Methods: A prospective study was performed to evaluate operative data and patient outcomes with PVP using high-power diode laser (HPD) and a novel quartz-head fiber with shovel shape in patients with prostate > 80 mL. Demographic data, operative time, hemoglobin loss, operative results (IPSS, quality of life (QoL), Qmax, post void residue (PVR), IIEF-5 and micturition diary) and complications following Clavien-Dindo classification are described. Results: Thirty-one patients were included in the study. Sixteen (51.6%) were on active antiplatelet treatment and 12 (38.7%) had received anticoagulants before surgery. All cases were followed at least 6 mo. No intraoperative or postoperative major complications occurred. Three patients (9.7%) had minor complications according to Clavien-Dindo classification. Twenty-seven (87.1%) were discharged on postoperative day one without catheter. There were significant improvements in IPSS, QoL, Qmax and PVR, both at 3 and 6 mo (P < .0001), but sexual function according to IIEF-5 showed no differences. Urgency (any grade) increased at 3 mo (48.4%; P = .002) and considerably decreased at 6 mo (9.7%;P < .0001). Conclusion: This pilot experience with shovel shape fiber and HPD is encouraging. It shows that laser-resection is a safe procedure, achieving excellent results in terms of IPSS, QoL and Qmax in large prostates even in high-risk patients. Longer follow-up, comparative and randomized controlled studies are needed to widespread these results

Linfadenectomía retroperitoneal laparoendoscópica por puerto único en tumor germinal no seminomatoso / Laparoendoscopic single-site retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in non-seminomatous germ cell malignancy

Introducción: La cirugía laparoendoscópica a través de puerto único (LESS) umbilical constituye una excelente alternativa a la cirugía laparoscópica o robótica multipuerto. Implica menos dolor postoperatorio, rápida recuperación y óptimo resultado cosmético. Prácticamente, resulta posible practicar cualquier cirugía urológica a través de este abordaje. Paciente y método: Presentamos a un varón de 38 años con BMI 31,2 y antecedentes de tumor germinal mixto no seminomatoso estadio i en vigilancia que presenta recidiva ganglionar interaortocava sin elevación de marcadores. Se practicó una linfadenectomía retroperitoneal LESS (LDRP-LESS) derecha mediante abordaje umbilical por puerto único multicanal KeyPort (Richard Wolf GmbH, Knittingen, Alemania). Resultados: Tras la colocación del dispositivo y la triangulación de las pinzas, se incidió el peritoneo parietal posterior y se movilizó el colon ascendente para acceder al retroperitoneo. Se llevó a cabo una disección ganglionar retroperitoneal completa del lado derecho desde los vasos ilíacos hasta los vasos renales, incluyendo el espacio paracava e interaortocava. El espécimen se introdujo en una bolsa laparoscópica, que se extrajo junto con el sistema multicanal. No se colocó drenaje abdominal. El tiempo operatorio fue 85 min y el sangrado estimado 50 cc. El paciente se mostró muy satisfecho, con una herida absolutamente invisible, y fue dado de alta tras un día de ingreso hospitalario sin necesidad alguna de analgesia. El informe anatomopatológico reveló seminoma metastásico en 5 de 11 ganglios linfáticos, por lo que recibió 4 ciclos de quimioterapia sistémica (VP16-CDDP), con buena tolerancia. Un año después se encuentra libre de enfermedad y sin complicaciones. Conclusiones: Es posible llevar a cabo LDRP-LESS primaria mediante abordaje exclusivamente umbilical con excelente resultado oncológico y cosmético en casos seleccionados. Este abordaje podría ser la opción quirúrgica menos invasiva económicamente ventajosa, gracias a la naturaleza reutilizable de los instrumentos empleados

Introduction: Umbilical laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) surgery represents an excellent alternative to laparoscopic or robotic multiport surgery. LESS surgery offers faster recovery, less postoperative pain and optimal cosmetic results. LESS is possible in virtually any urologic surgery. Patient and method: We present a 38-year-old male with BMI 31.2 and with history of stage I nonseminomatous mixed germ cell tumor showing interaortocaval lymph node recurrence without elevation of tumor markers. Patient was undergone to right laparoendoscopic single-site retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (LDRP-LESS) by umbilical approach using a single-site multichannel KeyPort (Richard Wolf GmbH, Knittlingen, Germany). Results: After the placement of the device and triangulation of the clips, we proceeded to operate on posterior parietal peritoneum. The descending colon was mobilized to access the retroperitoneum. Complete retroperitoneal lymph node dissection on the right side from iliac vessels to renal vessels, including the paracaval and interaortocaval space, was performed. The specimen was inserted into a laparoscopic bag and was removed together with multichannel system. Abdominal drainage was not employed. Surgical time was 85 min and estimated bleeding 50 cc. The patient was very satisfied with the cosmetic results and was discharged the following day without needing analgesia. The pathology report revealed metastatic seminoma in 5 of 11 lymph nodes receiving systemic chemotherapy (VP16-CDDPs) for 4 cycles with good tolerance. A year later, the patient was disease-free and had no complications. Conclusions: Umbilical primary LDRP-LESS, with excellent oncologic and cosmetic results, is feasible in selected cases. This approach could be considered the least invasive surgical option economically advantageous due to the reusable nature of the instruments used

La opción óptima: nefrectomía radical LESS umbilical con extracción vaginal / The best option: Umbilical LESS radical nephrectomy with vaginal extraction

Introducción: La cirugía laparoendoscópica a través de puerto único (LESS) umbilical constituye una excelente alternativa a la cirugía laparoscópica o robótica multipuerto. Ofrece precoz recuperación, menos dolor postoperatorio y óptimo resultado cosmético. La naturaleza reutilizable de los instrumentos implica también importantes ventajas económicas. Paciente y método: Presentamos una paciente de 34 años con lesión sólida mesorrenal de 8 cm en riñón izquierdo tratada con nefrectomía radical LESS pura asistida por extracción vaginal del espécimen. El abordaje umbilical a través de dispositivo de puerto único multicanal KeyPort (Richard Wolf GmbH, Knittingen, Alemania) con instrumentos curvos DuoRotate permite mínimo agolpamiento y/o conflicto de espacio. Su perfecta adaptación umbilical proporciona un sistema estanco. La doble rotación del instrumental consigue gran precisión de movimientos. La extracción vaginal respeta la pared abdominal y evita la necesidad de ampliar la incisión umbilical. Resultados: Tras la colocación del dispositivo y la triangulación de las pinzas se procedió a incidir el peritoneo parietal posterior. El colon descendente fue movilizado para acceder al retroperitoneo y disecar el hilio renal. Se colocaron Hem-o-loks en arteria y vena, que posteriormente fueron seccionadas. La pieza se introdujo en bolsa laparoscópica. Bajo visión directa se colocó trócar de 15 mm a través del fondo del saco posterior vaginal para facilitar la extracción del hilo de la bolsa. Se amplió la incisión con los dedos y se extrajo el espécimen cerrándose la vagina desde el periné con visualización desde el ombligo. No se dejó drenaje abdominal. El tiempo quirúrgico fue 180 min. La paciente fue dada de alta al día siguiente sin necesidad alguna de analgesia. Un año después se encuentra libre de enfermedad y sin complicaciones. Conclusiones: La nefrectomía radical LESS umbilical con extracción vaginal resulta viable en casos seleccionados. Consigue seguridad oncológica, evita cicatrices y facilita la recuperación temprana. Desde un punto de vista práctico, este abordaje simplifica mucho la cirugía transluminal endoscópica por orificios naturales (NOTES) y permite alcanzar un resultado mínimamente invasivo equivalente

Introduction: Umbilical laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) surgery represents an excellent alternative to laparoscopic or robotic multiport surgery. LESS surgery offers faster recovery, less postoperative pain and optimal cosmetic results. The reusable nature of its instruments also has significant economic advantages. Patient and method: We present a 34-year-old patient with a solid mesorenal lesion measuring 8 cm in the left kidney treated with pure LESS radical nephrectomy assisted by vaginal extraction of the specimen. The umbilical approachusing a single-site multichannel KeyPort (Richard Wolf GmbH, Knittlingen, Germany) with DuoRotate curved instruments allows for minimum crushing and fewer spatial conflicts. Its perfect umbilical adaptation provides a hermetic system. The instrument's double rotation provides considerable movement precision. Vaginal extraction avoids damage to the abdominal wall and the need for widening the umbilical incision. Results: After the placement of the device and triangulation of the clips, we proceeded to operate on posterior parietal peritoneum. The descending colon was mobilized to access the retroperitoneum and dissect the renal hilum. Hem-o-lok clips were placed on the artery and vein, which were subsequently sectioned. The specimen was inserted into a laparoscopic bag. Under direct vision, we placed a 15-mm trocar through the bottom of the vaginal posterior fornix to facilitate the extraction of the bag's thread. The incision was widened with the fingers, and the specimen was extracted, closing the vagina from the perineum with visualization from the navel. Abdominal drainage was not employed. The surgical time was 180 min. The patient was discharged the following day without needing analgesia. A year later, the patient was disease-free and had no complications. Conclusion: Umbilical LESS radical nephrectomy with vaginal extractionis feasible in selected cases. The procedure is oncologically safe, avoids scars and facilitates early recovery. From a practical point of view, this approach greatly simplifies natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) and enables a minimally invasive equivalent result

Reimplantación ureteral laparoendoscópica por puerto único transumbilical / Transumbilical laparoendoscopic single-site ureteral reimplantation

Objetivo: Análisis de los resultados obtenidos mediante técnica de reimplantación ureteral laparoendoscópica por puerto único (LESS) transumbilical con plataforma de puerto único reutilizable. Material y método: Se presenta la casuística de 5 pacientes sometidos a reimplantación ureteral LESS. Se describe la técnica quirúrgica empleada con plataforma de puerto único KeyPort® de colocación umbilical y puerto accesorio de 3,5 mm en la fosa iliaca, a través del cual se emplea material de minilaparoscopia que facilita la disección, aspiración y sutura. Se presentan los resultados operatorios y postoperatorios obtenidos. La mediana de seguimiento en el momento del análisis fue de 11 ± 14 meses. Resultados: La mediana de edad de los pacientes fue 49 ± 34 años y la proporción hombre/mujer 1:1,5. En todos los casos la reimplantación fue izquierda. La etiología fue secundaria a estenosis en 4 casos (3 iatrogénica y una debida a endometriosis pélvica) y en el caso restante se realizó tras escisión de ureterocele tipo adulto sintomático. En todos los casos se dejó sonda vesical por un tiempo de 7 ± 3 d y catéter ureteral doble-J 30 ± 15 d. No hubo reconversión a cirugía laparoscópica convencional ni abierta en ningún caso, y la duración de la intervención fue 145 ± 60 min con un sangrado intraoperatorio de 100 ± 75 cc. No se precisó transfusión ni analgesia al alta. No hubo complicaciones postoperatorias menores ni mayores y el tiempo de hospitalización fue 2 ± 0,5 d. Ningún paciente presentó reestenosis ni empeoramiento de la función renal. Conclusiones: La técnica de ureteroneocistosotomía laparoendoscópica a través de puerto único transumbilical constituye una alternativa segura en centros con experiencia en este abordaje, con resultados equiparables a la laparoscopia convencional y excelente resultado cosmético a muy bajo coste debido al carácter reutilizable del dispositivo

Objective: To analyze the outcomes of umbilical laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) ureteral reimplantation using a reusable single-port platform. Material and method: The casuistic of LESS ureteral reimplantation in 5 patients is presented. The surgical technique using KeyPort system (reusable umbilical single-site platform) is described. Dissection, suctioning and suturing by minilaparoscopy through 3.5mm accessory port in the iliac fossa are performed. Operative and postoperative outcomes are presented. The median follow-up at time of analysis was 11 ± 14 months. Results: The median age of patients was a 49 ± 34 year; male-female ratio was 1:1.15. Left surgery was carried out in all cases. In 4 patients, the etiology was secondary to stenosis (3 iatrogenic and 1 pelvic endometriosis). In the remaining case, the procedure was performed after excision of a symptomatic adult ureterocele. In all cases, bladder catheter and double-J ureteral catheter were inserted for 7 ± 3 and 30 ± 15 days and then removed. No conversion to convectional laparoscopic or open surgery occurred. The surgery time was 145 ± 60 min, and intraoperative bleeding was 100 ± 75 cc. Neither transfusion nor high analgesia was necessary. No postoperative complications, minor or major, have been reported. Hospital stay was 2±0.5 days. In any patient, restenosis or worsening of renal function occurred. Conclusions: In experimented centers, transumbilical laparoendoscopic single-site ureteroneocystostomy is a safe alternative with comparable results to conventional laparoscopy and an excellent cosmetic result at low cost thanks to device reuse

Umbilical laparoendoscopic partial cystectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To present our center's experience in single-port umbilical laparoendoscopic partial cystectomies, in both benign and malignant pathologies. Patient characteristics, perioperative aspects and the surgical techniques used are reviewed. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Since May 2012, five patients have undergone a transumbilical single-port laparoendoscopic partial cystectomy with curved equipment through a reusable multichannel system and a 3.5mm accessory trocar. Patients were three males and two females aged between 28 and 78 (median: 44±42.5) years. The etiologies were endometriosis (in 2 cases), a tumor in the diverticulum, a congenital bladder diverticulum and ureterocele (1 case of each). RESULTS: Median surgery time was 273±163.4minutes, and intraoperative bleeding 250±175ml. None of the patients required transfusion. The postoperative period was uneventful, with good results and no complications. The hospital stay was 3±1 days. With monitoring of 20±17.5 months, morphological and functional recovery in the bladder and ureter was confirmed in all cases and the patient with neoplastic disease was disease-free more than 2 years after the surgery. CONCLUSIONS: An umbilical laparoendoscopic partial cystectomy represents a viable surgical option and ensures that excellent surgical and cosmetic results are achieved.

Laser transurethral resection of the prostate: Safety study of a novel system of photoselective vaporization with high power diode laser in prostates larger than 80mL.

OBJECTIVE: To present the feasibility of photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP) with of a new diode laser-resection system. Surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is constantly evolving. Laser techniques are increasingly used in prostates of large size. METHODS: A prospective study was performed to evaluate operative data and patient outcomes with PVP using high-power diode laser (HPD) and a novel quartz-head fiber with shovel shape in patients with prostate>80mL. Demographic data, operative time, hemoglobin loss, operative results (IPSS, quality of life (QoL), Qmax, post void residue (PVR), IIEF-5 and micturition diary) and complications following Clavien-Dindo classification are described. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients were included in the study. Sixteen (51.6%) were on active antiplatelet treatment and 12 (38.7%) had received anticoagulants before surgery. All cases were followed at least 6mo. No intraoperative or postoperative major complications occurred. Three patients (9.7%) had minor complications according to Clavien-Dindo classification. Twenty-seven (87.1%) were discharged on postoperative day one without catheter. There were significant improvements in IPSS, QoL, Qmax and PVR, both at 3 and 6mo (P<.0001), but sexual function according to IIEF-5 showed no differences. Urgency (any grade) increased at 3mo (48.4%; P=.002) and considerably decreased at 6mo (9.7%; P<.0001). CONCLUSION: This pilot experience with shovel shape fiber and HPD is encouraging. It shows that laser-resection is a safe procedure, achieving excellent results in terms of IPSS, QoL and Qmax in large prostates even in high-risk patients. Longer follow-up, comparative and randomized controlled studies are needed to widespread these results.

Estudio comparativo entre abordaje abierto y laparoscópico en la cistectomía radical con reservorio ortotópico ileal continente / A comparative study between open and laparoscopic approach in radical cystectomy with orthotopic ileal neobladder

Objetivo: La cistectomía radical laparoscópica con neovejiga ileal y anastomosis neovesicouretral realizada por laparoscopia posiblemente sea uno de los procedimientos más complejos de la cirugía mínimamente invasiva. Material y métodos: Estudio prospectivo realizado entre enero de 2008 y octubre de 2013 con 72 pacientes afectos de neoplasia vesical infiltrante, intervenidos mediante cistectomía radical con neovejiga ileal (33 mediante técnica abierta y 39 laparoscópica). Evaluamos de forma comparativa los resultados quirúrgicos, la tasa de continencia y las complicaciones postoperatorias. Resultados: La edad media fue 63,5 ± 9 años (64,3 abierta vs. 62,7 laparoscópica, p = 0,46), el tiempo medio quirúrgico 323,6 ± 78,7 min (321,3 vs. 326,5, p = 0,77), la estancia media 14,8 ± 8,1 días (16,2 vs. 13,6, p = 0,2), la tasa de transfusión 40,3% (66,7% vs. 17,9%, p < 0,0001), la tasa de complicaciones 47,2% (63,6% vs. 33,3%, p = 0,01). Sucedieron complicaciones mayores en 29,1% (39,4% abierta vs. 20,5% laparoscópica, p = 0,07). La media de seguimiento fue 42,5 + 19,2 meses (rango 15-70); 50 pacientes (69,4%) estaban vivos y libres de enfermedad y pudieron ser evaluados con respecto al estado de continencia. La tasa de continencia total fue 38% (50% vs. 27%, p = 0,09) y la tasa de continencia diurna 58% (70,8% vs. 46,1%, p = 0,07). La proporción de pacientes con autocateterismo fue 8% (4,2% vs. 11,5%, p = 0,67). La tasa de incontinencia total fue 34% (25% vs. 42,3%, p = 0,19). Conclusión: En nuestra experiencia la tasa de transfusión, el número y severidad de complicaciones es menor en la cistectomía radical con neovejiga realizada mediante abordaje laparoscópico, sin claro impacto en el tiempo quirúrgico y en la estancia hospitalaria. La tasa de continencia de los pacientes intervenidos mediante abordaje laparoscópico es inferior, aunque sin alcanzar significación estadística

Objective: Probably, laparoscopic radical cystectomy with ileal neobladder and neovesicourethral anastomosis is one of the most complex procedures in minimally invasive surgery. Material and methods: Prospective study carried out in 72 patients surgically treated for invasive bladder neoplasia between January 2008 and October 2013. Patients were undergone to radical cystectomy with ileal neobladder (open approach in 33 patients and laparoscopic approach in 39). The study assessed comparatively surgical outcomes, continence rate and postoperative complications. Results: Mean age was 63.5 ± 9 years (64.3 open vs. 62.7 laparoscopic, P = .46) mean surgery time 323.6 ± 78.7 minutes (321.3 vs. 326.5, P = .77), average hospital stay 14.8 days ± 8,1 (16.2 vs. 13.6, P = .2), transfusion rate 40.3% (66.7% vs. 17.9%, P < .0001) and complications rate 47.2% (63.6% vs. 33.3%, P = .01). Major complications were reported in 29.1% of cases (39.4% open vs. 20,5% laparoscopic, P = .07). With a mean follow-up rate of 42.5 ± 19.2 months (range 15-70), 50 (69.4%) patients remain alive and free of disease. Continence was evaluated in these patients: total continence rate was 38% (50% vs. 27%, P = .09) and diurnal continence rate 58% (70.8% vs. 46.1%, P = .07). Self-catheterization rate was 8% (4.2% vs. 11.5%, P = .67). Total incontinence rate was 34% (25% vs. 42.3%, P = .19). Conclusion: According to our experience, transfusion rate, number and severity of complications are lower in laparoscopic cystectomy with ileal neobladder. No statistically significant impact on operative time and on hospital stay was observed. In patients undergone to laparoscopic approach, continence rate is lower but not statistically significant

Adenomectomía laparoscópica extraperitoneal «sin nudos» / «Knotless» Laparoscopic Extraperitoneal Adenomectomy

Introducción: La adenomectomía laparoscópica es una cirugía factible y efectiva. Progresivamente simplificamos el procedimiento empleando sutura barbada, mediante una técnica que denominamos adenomectomía laparoscópica «sin nudos». Presentamos un estudio prospectivo multicéntrico descriptivo que refleja eficacia y seguridad de dicha técnica en una situación de práctica clínica real reproducible. Métodos: Un total de 26 pacientes con hipertrofia prostática benigna de gran tamaño (> 80 cc) fueron sometidos a adenomectomía laparoscópica «sin nudos». Se trata de una técnica laparoscópica extraperitoneal con 4 trocares basada en la enucleación controlada y hemostática del adenoma empleando bisturí ultrasónico, sección uretral precisa bajo visión asistida por una bujía uretral, trigonización empleando sutura barbada que cubre la pared posterior de la celda prostática, capsulorrafia con sutura barbada y extracción del adenoma morcelado a través de la incisión umbilical. Resultados: La mediana de la edad fue de 69 (54-83) años, el volumen prostático 127 (89-245) cc, el tiempo operatorio 136 (90-315) min, el sangrado estimado 200 (120-500) cc, la estancia hospitalaria 3 (2-6) días. Todos los pacientes presentaron mejoría funcional objetivada por uroflujometría, cuestionario de IPSS y calidad de vida. Hubo complicaciones en 6 pacientes, 5 fueron menores. Conclusiones: La adenomectomía laparoscópica «sin nudos» es un procedimiento de escasa complejidad que combina las ventajas de la cirugía abierta (resultados funcionales duraderos y extracción completa del adenoma) con los procedimientos laparoscópicos (disminución del sangrado y de transfusiones, menor estancia hospitalaria, morbilidad y complicaciones relacionadas con la pared abdominal). El empleo de bisturí ultrasónico y sutura barbada simplifica el procedimiento y permite realizar la técnica de forma segura y hemostática

Introduction: Laparoscopic adenomectomy is a feasible and effective surgical procedure. We have progressively simplified the procedure using barbed sutures and a technique we call «knotless» laparoscopic adenomectomy. We present a prospective, multicenter, descriptive study that reflects the efficacy and safety of this technique in an actual, reproducible clinical practice situation. Methods: A total of 26 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia of considerable size (> 80 cc) underwent «knotless» laparoscopic adenomectomy. This is an extraperitoneal laparoscopic technique with 4 trocars based on the controlled and hemostatic enucleation of the adenoma using ultrasonic scalpels, precise urethral sectioning under direct vision assisted by a urethral plug, trigonization using barbed suture covering the posterior wall of the fascia, capsulorrhaphy with barbed suture and extraction of the morcellated adenoma through the umbilical incision. Results: The median patient age was 69 (54-83) years, the mean prostate volume was 127 (89-245) cc, the mean operative time was 136 (90-315) min, the mean estimated bleeding volume was 200 (120-500) cc and the hospital stay was 3 (2-6) days. All patients experienced improved function in terms of uroflowmetry and International Prostate Symptom Score and quality of life questionnaires. There were complications in 6 patients, 5 of which were minor. Conclusions: «Knotless» laparoscopic adenomectomy is a procedure with low complexity that combines the advantages of open surgery (lasting functional results and complete extraction of the adenoma) with laparoscopic procedures (reduced bleeding and need for transfusions, shorter hospital stays and reduced morbidity and complications related to the abdominal wall). The use of ultrasonic scalpels and barbed sutures simplifies the procedure and enables a safe and hemostatic technique

Transumbilical laparoendoscopic single-site ureteral reimplantation.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the outcomes of umbilical laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) ureteral reimplantation using a reusable single-port platform. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The casuistic of LESS ureteral reimplantation in 5 patients is presented. The surgical technique using KeyPort system (reusable umbilical single-site platform) is described. Dissection, suctioning and suturing by minilaparoscopy through 3.5mm accessory port in the iliac fossa are performed. Operative and postoperative outcomes are presented. The median follow-up at time of analysis was 11 ± 14 months. RESULTS: The median age of patients was a 49 ± 34 year; male-female ratio was 1:1.15. Left surgery was carried out in all cases. In 4 patients, the etiology was secondary to stenosis (3 iatrogenic and 1 pelvic endometriosis). In the remaining case, the procedure was performed after excision of a symptomatic adult ureterocele. In all cases, bladder catheter and double-J ureteral catheter were inserted for 7 ± 3 and 30 ± 15 days and then removed. No conversion to convectional laparoscopic or open surgery occurred. The surgery time was 145 ± 60 min, and intraoperative bleeding was 100 ± 75 cc. Neither transfusion nor high analgesia was necessary. No postoperative complications, minor or major, have been reported. Hospital stay was 2 ± 0.5 days. In any patient, restenosis or worsening of renal function occurred. CONCLUSIONS: In experimented centers, transumbilical laparoendoscopic single-site ureteroneocystostomy is a safe alternative with comparable results to conventional laparoscopy and an excellent cosmetic result at low cost thanks to device reuse.

Laparoendoscopic single-site retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in non-seminomatous germ cell malignancy.

INTRODUCTION: Umbilical laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) surgery represents an excellent alternative to laparoscopic or robotic multiport surgery. LESS surgery offers faster recovery, less postoperative pain and optimal cosmetic results. LESS is possible in virtually any urologic surgery. PATIENT AND METHOD: We present a 38-year-old male with BMI 31.2 and with history of stage I nonseminomatous mixed germ cell tumor showing interaortocaval lymph node recurrence without elevation of tumor markers. Patient was undergone to right laparoendoscopic single-site retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (LDRP-LESS) by umbilical approach using a single-site multichannel KeyPort (Richard Wolf GmbH, Knittlingen, Germany). RESULTS: After the placement of the device and triangulation of the clips, we proceeded to operate on posterior parietal peritoneum. The descending colon was mobilized to access the retroperitoneum. Complete retroperitoneal lymph node dissection on the right side from iliac vessels to renal vessels, including the paracaval and interaortocaval space, was performed. The specimen was inserted into a laparoscopic bag and was removed together with multichannel system. Abdominal drainage was not employed. Surgical time was 85 min and estimated bleeding 50 cc. The patient was very satisfied with the cosmetic results and was discharged the following day without needing analgesia. The pathology report revealed metastatic seminoma in 5 of 11 lymph nodes receiving systemic chemotherapy (VP16-CDDPs) for 4 cycles with good tolerance. A year later, the patient was disease-free and had no complications. CONCLUSIONS: Umbilical primary LDRP-LESS, with excellent oncologic and cosmetic results, is feasible in selected cases. This approach could be considered the least invasive surgical option economically advantageous due to the reusable nature of the instruments used.

The best option: Umbilical LESS radical nephrectomy with vaginal extraction.

INTRODUCTION: Umbilical laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) surgery represents an excellent alternative to laparoscopic or robotic multiport surgery. LESS surgery offers faster recovery, less postoperative pain and optimal cosmetic results. The reusable nature of its instruments also has significant economic advantages. PATIENT AND METHOD: We present a 34-year-old patient with a solid mesorenal lesion measuring 8 cm in the left kidney treated with pure LESS radical nephrectomy assisted by vaginal extraction of the specimen. The umbilical approach using a single-site multichannel KeyPort (Richard Wolf GmbH, Knittlingen, Germany) with DuoRotate curved instruments allows for minimum crushing and fewer spatial conflicts. Its perfect umbilical adaptation provides a hermetic system. The instrument's double rotation provides considerable movement precision. Vaginal extraction avoids damage to the abdominal wall and the need for widening the umbilical incision. RESULTS: After the placement of the device and triangulation of the clips, we proceeded to operate on posterior parietal peritoneum. The descending colon was mobilized to access the retroperitoneum and dissect the renal hilum. Hem-o-lok clips were placed on the artery and vein, which were subsequently sectioned. The specimen was inserted into a laparoscopic bag. Under direct vision, we placed a 15-mm trocar through the bottom of the vaginal posterior fornix to facilitate the extraction of the bag's thread. The incision was widened with the fingers, and the specimen was extracted, closing the vagina from the perineum with visualization from the navel. Abdominal drainage was not employed. The surgical time was 180 min. The patient was discharged the following day without needing analgesia. A year later, the patient was disease-free and had no complications. CONCLUSIONS: Umbilical LESS radical nephrectomy with vaginal extraction is feasible in selected cases. The procedure is oncologically safe, avoids scars and facilitates early recovery. From a practical point of view, this approach greatly simplifies natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) and enables a minimally invasive equivalent result.

A comparative study between open and laparoscopic approach in radical cystectomy with orthotopic ileal neobladder.

OBJECTIVE: Probably, laparoscopic radical cystectomy with ileal neobladder and neovesicourethral anastomosis is one of the most complex procedures in minimally invasive surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective study carried out in 72 patients surgically treated for invasive bladder neoplasia between January 2008 and October 2013. Patients were undergone to radical cystectomy with ileal neobladder (open approach in 33 patients and laparoscopic approach in 39). The study assessed comparatively surgical outcomes, continence rate and postoperative complications. RESULTS: Mean age was 63.5±9 years (64.3 open vs. 62.7 laparoscopic, P=.46) mean surgery time 323.6±78.7 minutes (321.3 vs. 326.5, P=.77), average hospital stay 14.8 days±8,1 (16.2 vs. 13.6, P=.2), transfusion rate 40.3% (66.7% vs. 17.9%, P<.0001) and complications rate 47.2% (63.6% vs. 33.3%, P=.01). Major complications were reported in 29.1% of cases (39.4% open vs. 20,5% laparoscopic, P=.07). With a mean follow-up rate of 42.5±19.2 months (range 15-70), 50 (69.4%) patients remain alive and free of disease. Continence was evaluated in these patients: total continence rate was 38% (50% vs. 27%, P=.09) and diurnal continence rate 58% (70.8% vs. 46.1%, P=.07). Self-catheterization rate was 8% (4.2% vs. 11.5%, P=.67). Total incontinence rate was 34% (25% vs. 42.3%, P=.19). CONCLUSION: According to our experience, transfusion rate, number and severity of complications are lower in laparoscopic cystectomy with ileal neobladder. No statistically significant impact on operative time and on hospital stay was observed. In patients undergone to laparoscopic approach, continence rate is lower but not statistically significant.

"Knotless" laparoscopic extraperitoneal adenomectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic adenomectomy is a feasible and effective surgical procedure. We have progressively simplified the procedure using barbed sutures and a technique we call "knotless" laparoscopic adenomectomy. We present a prospective, multicenter, descriptive study that reflects the efficacy and safety of this technique in an actual, reproducible clinical practice situation. METHODS: A total of 26 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia of considerable size (>80cc) underwent "knotless" laparoscopic adenomectomy. This is an extraperitoneal laparoscopic technique with 4 trocars based on the controlled and hemostatic enucleation of the adenoma using ultrasonic scalpels, precise urethral sectioning under direct vision assisted by a urethral plug, trigonization using barbed suture covering the posterior wall of the fascia, capsulorrhaphy with barbed suture and extraction of the morcellated adenoma through the umbilical incision. RESULTS: The median patient age was 69 (54-83)years, the mean prostate volume was 127 (89-245)cc, the mean operative time was 136 (90-315)min, the mean estimated bleeding volume was 200 (120-500)cc and the hospital stay was 3 (2-6)days. All patients experienced improved function in terms of uroflowmetry and International Prostate Symptom Score and quality of life questionnaires. There were complications in 6 patients, 5 of which were minor. CONCLUSIONS: "Knotless" laparoscopic adenomectomy is a procedure with low complexity that combines the advantages of open surgery (lasting functional results and complete extraction of the adenoma) with laparoscopic procedures (reduced bleeding and need for transfusions, shorter hospital stays and reduced morbidity and complications related to the abdominal wall). The use of ultrasonic scalpels and barbed sutures simplifies the procedure and enables a safe and hemostatic technique.

Betalactamasas de espectro extendido en las infecciones del tracto urinario causadas por enterobacterias: aproximación a su conocimiento y pautas de actuación / Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in urinary tract infections caused by Enterobacteria: Understanding and guidelines for action

Contexto: Las betalactamasas son enzimas bacterianas que protegen a los microorganismos de los efectos letales de los antibióticos β-lactámicos. Su producción es el mecanismo más importante de resistencia a estos antibióticos, especialmente en bacterias gramnegativas. Objetivo: Revisar la magnitud del problema de las betalactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) en el ámbito urológico y presentar las pautas de actuación fundamentales al respecto, los principales factores de riesgo y las estrategias de prevención. Adquisición de evidencia: Se lleva a cabo una estrategia de búsqueda estructurada tipo paciente, problema, intervención, comparación y resultado en PubMed-Medline identificando los estudios más relevantes relacionados con el manejo de pacientes con infección urinaria por microorganismos productores de BLEE. Se presenta también análisis de la casuística de nuestro centro en esta misma problemática. íntesis de evidencia: Las BLEE se encuentran en enterobacterias, fundamentalmente Klebsiella sp. y Escherichia coli y se caracterizan por tener capacidad hidrolítica frente a los antibióticos betalactámicos, lo que implica resistencia frente a penicilinas, cefalosporinas y aztreonam. También se asocian a resistencia a otros antibióticos. Existe alto riesgo de infección o colonización por productores de BLEE en pacientes con estancia hospitalaria prolongada o que han precisado dispositivos invasivos. El uso previo de antibióticos y la estancia en residencia de cuidados son también elementos de riesgo. Los programas de prevención deben centrarse en evitar la infección nosocomial. Resulta fundamental implantar una política restrictiva en el uso de antibióticos. La terapia de elección en infecciones graves se centra en carbapenémicos, aunque debe evitarse su uso indiscriminado. En la infección de tracto urinario bajo no complicada fosfomicina y nitrofurantoína son las mejores alternativas terapéuticas. Conclusión: Las cepas productoras de BLEE constituyen un verdadero problema de salud a nivel mundial. Las estrategias de prevención deben centrarse en la infección nosocomial, pero no debe olvidarse que cada vez es más frecuente la aparición de estos patógenos en infecciones comunitarias. Las decisiones terapéuticas deben basarse en el conocimiento de la distribución local de los microorganismos y sus patrones de resistencia

Context: Beta-lactamases are bacterial enzymes that protect microorganisms from the lethal effects of β-lactam antibiotics. The production of beta-lactamases is the most important mechanism of resistance to these antibiotics, especially in Gram-negative bacteria. Objective: Review the magnitude of the problem of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) in the urological setting and present the fundamental action guidelines on the issue, the main risk factors and the prevention strategies. Acquisition of evidence: A structured search strategy for patient, problem, intervention, comparison and result was conducted in the PubMed-Medline database to identify the most relevant studies related to the management of patients with urinary tract infection by ESBL-producing microorganisms. We also present a caseload analysis of our center on this issue. Summary of the evidence: ESBL are found in Enterobacteria, mainly Klebsiella sp. and Escherichia coli and are characterized by their hydrolytic ability compared with beta-lactam antibiotics, which entails resistance to penicillin, cephalosporin and aztreonam. They are also associated with resistance to other antibiotics. There is a high risk of infection and colonization by ESBL producers in patients with prolonged hospital stays or who required invasive devices. The prior use of antibiotics and stays in residential care are also risk factors. Prevention programs should focus on preventing nosocomial infection. It is essential that a restrictive policy on the use of antibiotics be implemented. The therapy of choice for severe infections is focused on carbapenems, although their indiscriminate use should be avoided. In uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections, fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin are the best treatment alternatives. Conclusion: ESBL-producing strains constitute a true global health problem. Prevention strategies should focus on nosocomial infection. We should not forget, however, that the appearance of these pathogens in community-acquired infections is increasingly frequent. Therapeutic decisions should be based on an understanding of the local distribution of microorganisms and their resistance patterns