Four Years' Experience in the Diagnosis of Very Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency in Infants Detected in Three Spanish Newborn Screening Centers.

Identification of very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency is possible in the expanded newborn screening (NBS) due to the increase in tetradecenoylcarnitine (C14:1) and in the C14:1/C2, C14:1/C16, C14:1/C12:1 ratios detected in dried blood spots. Nevertheless, different confirmatory tests must be performed to confirm the final diagnosis. We have revised the NBS results and the results of the confirmatory tests (plasma acylcarnitine profiles, molecular findings, and lymphocytes VLCAD activity) for 36 cases detected in three Spanish NBS centers during 4 years, correlating these with the clinical outcome and treatment. Our aim was to distinguish unambiguously true cases from disease carriers in order to obtain useful diagnostic information for clinicians that can be applied in the follow-up of neonates identified by NBS.Increases in C14:1 and of the different ratios, the presence of two pathogenic mutations, and deficient enzyme activity in lymphocytes (<12% of the intra-assay control) identified 12 true-positive cases. These cases were given nutritional therapy and all of them are asymptomatic, except one. Seventeen individuals were considered disease carriers based on the mild increase in plasma C14:1, in conjunction with the presence of only one mutation and/or intermediate residual activity (18-57%). In addition, seven cases were classified as false positives, with normal biochemical parameters and no mutations in the exonic region of ACADVL. All these carriers and the false positive cases remained asymptomatic. The combined evaluation of the acylcarnitine profiles, genetic results, and residual enzyme activities have proven useful to definitively classify individuals with suspected VLCAD deficiency into true-positive cases and carriers, and to decide which cases need treatment.

The homozygous R504C mutation in MTO1 gene is responsible for ONCE syndrome.

We report clinical and biochemical finding from three unrelated patients presenting ONCE (Optic Neuropathy, Cardiomyopathy and Encephalopathy with lactic acidosis and combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency) syndrome. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) of the three patients and the healthy sister of one of them was used to identify the carry gene. Clinical and biochemical findings were used to filter variants, and molecular, in silico and genetic studies were performed to characterize the candidate variants. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) defects involving mutations, deletions or depletion were discarded, whereas WES uncovered a double homozygous mutation in the MTO1 gene (NM_001123226:c.1510C>T, p.R504C, and c.1669G>A, p.V557M) in two of the patients and the homozygous mutation p.R504C in the other. Therefore, our data confirm p.R504C as pathogenic mutation responsible of ONCE syndrome, and p.V557M as a rare polymorphic variant.

Assessment of resting energy expenditure in pediatric mitochondrial diseases with indirect calorimetry.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Mitochondrial diseases (MD) are the most frequent inborn errors of metabolism. In affected tissues, MD can alter cellular oxygen consumption rate leading to potential decreases in whole-body resting energy expenditure (REE), but data on pediatric children are absent. We determined, using indirect calorimetry (IC), whole-body oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), respiratory quotient (RQ) and REE in pediatric patients with MD and healthy controls. Another goal was to assess the accuracy of available predictive equations for REE estimation in this patient population. METHODS: IC data were obtained under fasting and resting conditions in 20 MD patients and 27 age and gender-matched healthy peers. We determined the agreement between REE measured with IC and REE estimated with Schofield weight and FAO/WHO/UNU equations. RESULTS: Mean values of VO2, VCO2 (mL·min-1·kg-1) or RQ did not differ significantly between patients and controls (P = 0.085, P = 0.055 and P = 0.626 respectively). Accordingly, no significant differences (P = 0.086) were found for REE (kcal·day-1 kg-1) either. On the other hand, although we found no significant differences between IC-measured REE and Schofield or FAO/WHO/UNU-estimated REE, Bland-Altman analysis revealed wide limits of agreement and there were some important individual differences between IC and equation-derived REE. CONCLUSIONS: VO2, VCO2, RQ and REE are not significantly altered in pediatric patients with MD compared with healthy controls. The energy demands of pediatric patients with MD should be determined based on IC data in order to provide the best possible personalized nutritional management for these children.

Estudio epidemiológico de las enfermedades metabólicas con homocistinuria en España / Epidemiological study of the metabolic diseases with homocystinuria in Spain

Objetivos: Conocer la prevalencia en España de los diferentes errores congénitos del metabolismo que presentan homocistinuria y establecer las medidas oportunas para garantizar su prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento, en aquellos casos posibles. Material y métodos: En abril 2009 se realizó una encuesta nacional de carácter transversal mediante cuestionario enviado a 35 centros, en los que se atiende a pacientes infantiles y adultos. La finalidad de la encuesta era establecer la prevalencia en ese momento recogiendo el histórico de pacientes que cada centro tuviera documentados. Resultados: A través de los cuestionarios respondidos por 25 médicos de 16 centros, se han identificado 75 pacientes: 41 defectos de transulfuración (uno fallecido), 27 de remetilación (6 fallecidos) y 7 sin diagnóstico etiológico definitivo. La edad de diagnóstico muestra una amplia variación, en 18 casos había más de un hermano afectado. Las manifestaciones clínicas más graves inciden en el grupo de los pacientes afectados de trastornos de la remetilación. Destaca el alto porcentaje de déficit cognitivo, seguido de la patología de cristalino; casi la mitad de los pacientes presentan trastornos neurológicos, es elevada la afectación vascular en los adultos con deficiencia de CBS; las opciones terapéuticas más utilizadas han sido el ácido fólico, la hidroxicobalamina y la betaína. Conclusiones: A la vista de estos resultados, y en especial del escaso número de deficiencias de CBS detectadas, se concluye la necesidad de implantar el cribado neonatal para la homocistinuria clásica y asegurar la puesta en marcha del proceso diagnóstico oportuno en todos los pacientes de riesgo(AU)

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of homocystinuria in Spain and to establish the measures and mechanisms to ensure its prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Material and methods: A national cross-sectional survey was conducted by means of a questionnaire sent to 35 hospitals in which children and adult patients are treated. Results: Using the questionnaires submitted by 25 physicians from 16 centres, 75 patients were identified: 41 transsulphuration defects (one deceased), 27 remethylation (six deaths) and 7 without a syndromic diagnosis. The age at diagnosis varied widely, and 18 cases had more than one sibling affected. The more severe clinical manifestations involved the patients with remethylation defects. There was a high percentage of cognitive impairment, followed by lens diseases. Almost half of the patients had neurological disorders. There was increased vascular involvement in CBS-deficient adults. The therapeutic options most used were, folic acid, hydroxycobalamin and betaine. Conclusions: In view of these results and especially the small number of CBS deficiencies detected, we conclude that there is a need to introduce newborn screening for classical homocystinuria and ensure implementation of an appropriate diagnostic workup in all patients at risk(AU)

Clinical, molecular and biochemical characterization of nine Spanish families with Conradi-Hünermann-Happle syndrome: new insights into X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata with a comprehensive review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Conradi-Hünermann-Happle syndrome (CDPX2, OMIM 302960) is an inherited X-linked dominant variant of chondrodysplasia punctata which primarily affects the skin, bones and eyes. CDPX2 results from mutations in EBP (emopamil binding protein), and presents with increased levels of sterol precursors 8(9)-cholesterol and 8-dehydrocholesterol. OBJECTIVES: To expand the understanding of CDPX2, clinically, biochemically and genetically. METHODS: We present one of the largest series reported to date, including 13 female patients belonging to nine Spanish families. Patients were studied biochemically using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, genetically using polymerase chain reaction and in their methylation status using the HUMARA assay. RESULTS: In our cases, there was a clear relationship between abnormal sterol profile and the EBP gene mutation. We describe three novel mutations in the EBP gene. EBP mutations were inherited in three out of nine families and were sporadic in the remaining cases. CONCLUSIONS: No clear genotype-phenotype correlation was found. Patients' biochemical profiles did not reveal a relationship between sterol profiles and severity of disease. A skewed X-chromosome inactivation may explain the clinical phenotype in CDPX2 in some familial cases.

[Epidemiological study of the metabolic diseases with homocystinuria in Spain]. / Estudio epidemiológico de las enfermedades metabólicas con homocistinuria en España.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of homocystinuria in Spain and to establish the measures and mechanisms to ensure its prevention, diagnosis and treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A national cross-sectional survey was conducted by means of a questionnaire sent to 35 hospitals in which children and adult patients are treated. RESULTS: Using the questionnaires submitted by 25 physicians from 16 centres, 75 patients were identified: 41 transsulphuration defects (one deceased), 27 remethylation (six deaths) and 7 without a syndromic diagnosis. The age at diagnosis varied widely, and 18 cases had more than one sibling affected. The more severe clinical manifestations involved the patients with remethylation defects. There was a high percentage of cognitive impairment, followed by lens diseases. Almost half of the patients had neurological disorders. There was increased vascular involvement in CBS-deficient adults. The therapeutic options most used were, folic acid, hydroxycobalamin and betaine. CONCLUSIONS: In view of these results and especially the small number of CBS deficiencies detected, we conclude that there is a need to introduce newborn screening for classical homocystinuria and ensure implementation of an appropriate diagnostic workup in all patients at risk.

Enfermedad de Niemann-Pick tipo C: desde una colestasis neonatal hacia un deterioro neurológico. Variabilidad fenotípica / Niemann-Pick type C disease: From neonatal cholestasis to neurological degeneration. Different phenotypes

Introducción: La enfermedad de Niemann-Pick tipo C está causada por un defecto en el transporte intracelular de colesterol que produce un acúmulo de lípidos en los lisosomas de diferentes tejidos. Es una enfermedad rara, debida generalmente a mutaciones en el gen NPC1 y solo unos pocos casos se asocian a mutaciones en el gen NPC2. Frecuentemente se manifiesta en la edad pediátrica, presentando gran variabilidad en las manifestaciones clínicas. La enfermedad conduce a un deterioro neurológico con diferentes síntomas que están relacionados con la edad. Una colestasis neonatal transitoria, la aparición de esplenomegalia y/o hepatomegalia pueden preceder en años a los síntomas neurológicos. Pacientes y métodos: Presentamos los 6 casos diagnosticados en nuestra unidad en los últimos 20 años. Se han revisado las manifestaciones clínicas, los hallazgos neurorradiológicos (RM) y el análisis molecular de todos ellos. Resultados: Todos se presentaron antes de los 6 años y 5 casos tuvieron afectación hepática y/o colestasis en el periodo neonatal. En 2 casos se detectó ascitis en el periodo prenatal. La presencia de esplenomegalia se objetivó en 5 casos. En todos los casos se detectaron mutaciones en el gen NPC1. Conclusión: Es importante el conocimiento de esta enfermedad y la identificación de los síntomas clínicos precoces para poder diagnosticarla precozmente, lo que conllevaría a un tratamiento adecuado, pudiendo evitar procedimientos innecesarios. Por otra parte es importante asesorar adecuadamente a las familias y proporcionar un consejo genético (AU)

Introduction: Niemann-Pick type C is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by a defect in intracellular trafficking of cholesterol. It is a rare disease, usually caused by mutations in NPC1 gene, but in some cases by mutations in NPC2 gene. Usually it is present in the paediatric age with a great variability of clinical manifestations. This disease leads to neurological degeneration with various age-related symptoms. Transient neonatal cholestasis, the appearance of splenomegaly and/or hepatomegaly may occur years before the neurological symptoms. Patients and methods: We report 6 cases diagnosed in our unit in the last 20 years. We reviewed the clinical manifestations, neuroradiological findings (MRI) and molecular analysis of all of them. Results: The disease began before 6 years of age and 5 cases had liver dysfunction and cholestasis in the neonatal period. Ascites was detected in 2 cases in prenatal period. Five cases have or had splenomegaly. Mutations in NPC1 gene were detected in all of them. Conclusions: It is important to understand this disease and the identification of early clinical symptoms to make an early diagnosis, leading to appropriate treatment and avoiding unnecessary tests. Moreover, it is important to suitably advise families and provide them with genetic counseling (AU)

Síndromes de Pearson y de Kearns-Sayre: dos enfermedades mitocondriales multisistémicas, debidas a deleciones en el ADN mitocondrial / Pearson and Kearns-Sayre syndromes: two multisystem mitochondrial diseases caused by mitochondrial DNA deletions

El síndrome de Pearson (SP) y el síndrome de Kearns-Sayre (SKS) son enfermedades mitocondriales multisistémicas con diferente fenotipo, causadas por deleciones en el ADN mitocondrial (ADN mt).Objetivo: Describir las manifestaciones clínicas y los hallazgos neurorradiológicos, bioquímicos y genético-moleculares de ambos síndromes, con objeto de difundir su conocimiento entre los pediatras. Pacientes y métodos: Se han estudiado retrospectivamente 6 pacientes con SKS y 3 con SP inicial, dos de los cuales evolucionaron a SKS. Resultados: La edad de inicio de los síntomas fue inferior en los SP. Los síntomas más precoces fueron los hematológicos (anemia), seguidos de los renales (Fanconi) y digestivos (insuficiencia pancreática), y de forma más tardía se presenta la afectación ocular, endocrinológica, cardiológica y neurológica. Cuatro pacientes precisaron implantación de marcapasos. Seis casos presentaron alteraciones cerebrales y/o del tronco del encéfalo en la resonancia magnética. Se observó hiperlactatorraquia, hiperproteinorraquia y descenso de ácido fólico en el líquido cefalorraquídeo. La mitad de los SKS presentaron fibras musculares rojo-rasgadas y fibras citocromo C oxidasa negativas. En ocho pacientes se detectó una deleción única del ADN mt. Conclusiones: 1) Las diferencias más acusadas entre el SP y el SKS fueron la edad de comienzo y las manifestaciones iniciales. Los síntomas en la evolución, así como los hallazgos bioquímicos, neurorradiológicos y genéticos, fueron similares. 2) Las enfermedades mitocondriales deberían incluirse en el diagnóstico diferencial del síndrome de Fanconi, el déficit de la hormona del crecimiento y los trastornos de la conducción cardiaca, especialmente en los casos con afectación multiorgánica. El diagnóstico se confirma por la presencia de una gran deleción en el ADN mt (AU)

Kearns-Sayre (KSS) and Pearson syndromes are both multisystem mitochondrial diseases whose underlying genetic defect is a single large-scale mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA) deletion. Objectives: To describe the clinical spectrum of KSS and PS, with the object of spreading the knowledge of these disease to the pediatricians. Patients and methods: We reviewed the clinical notes of 6 patients diagnosed with KSS and 3 patients initially diagnosed with PS. Results: The age at the onset was lower in PS patients. First appearing symptoms were hematological (anemia), followed by renal (Fanconi) and digestive involvement (pancreatic insufficiency). Ophthalmological, endocrinological, cardiological and neurological symptoms were manifested at later stages. Four patients required pacemaker implantation. Six showed cerebral and/or brain stem involvement in MRI. CSF analysis showed increased levels of both lactic acid and proteins where as folate levels were diminished. Half of the KSS patients showed ragged-red fibers and COX negative fibers in their skeletal muscle. A large-scale mt DNA deletion was found in eight patients. Conclusions: 1. The most remarkable differences between PS and KSS were the age at presentation and the initial clinical symptoms; symptoms during evolution, and biochemical, neuroradiological and genetic findings were similar in both disorders,2. Mitochondrial diseases should be included in the differential diagnosis of the Fanconi syndrome, growth hormone deficiency and cardiac conduction disorders. A single large scale mt DNA is essential to confirm the diagnosis (AU)

PDH E1ß deficiency with novel mutations in two patients with Leigh syndrome.

Most cases of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHc) deficiency are attributable to mutations in the PDHA1 gene which encodes the E(1)α subunit, with few cases of mutations in the genes for E(3), E3BP (E(3) binding protein), E(2) and E(1)-phosphatase being reported. Only seven patients with deficiency of the E(1)ß subunit have been described, with mutations in the PDHB gene in six of them. Clinically they presented with a non-specific encephalomyopathy. We report two patients with new mutations in PDHB and Leigh syndrome. Patient 1 was a boy with neonatal onset of hyperlactataemia, corpus callosum hypoplasia and a convulsive encephalopathy. After neurological deterioration, he died at age 5 months. Autopsy revealed the characteristic features of Leigh syndrome. Patient 2, also a boy, presented a milder clinical course. First symptoms were noticed at age 16 months with muscular hypotonia, lactic acidosis and recurrent episodes of somnolence and transient tetraparesis. MRI revealed bilateral signal hyperintensities in the globus pallidus, midbrain and crura cerebri. PDHc and E(1) activities were deficient in fibroblasts in patient 1; in patient 2 PDHc deficiency was found in skeletal muscle. Mutations in PDHA1 were excluded. Sequencing of PDHB revealed a homozygous point mutation (c.302T>C), causing a predicted amino acid change (p.M101T) in patient 1. Patient 2 is compound heterozygote for mutations c.301A>G (p.M101V) and c.313G>A (p.R105Q). All three mutations appear to destabilize the E(1) enzyme with a decrease of both E(1)α and E(1)ß subunits in immunoblot analysis. To our knowledge, these patients with novel PDHB mutations are the first reported with Leigh syndrome.

Déficit del cofactor molibdeno como causa de encefalopatía epiléptica precoz / Molybdenum cofactor deficiency as a cause of early epileptic encephalopathy

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Enfermedades congénitas del metabolismo en el periodo neonatal (II). Manifestaciones clínicas / Inborn errors of metabolism during the neonatal period (II). Clinical manifestations

Analizamos las formas de presentación clínica y el diagnóstico diferencial de los errores congénitos del metabolismo en el periodo neonatal. La identificación precoz de los pacientes con riesgo de padecer una de estas enfermedades nos permitirá poner en marcha los estudios encaminados a establecer el diagnóstico y, al mismo tiempo, iniciar las primeras medidas terapéuticas, consiguiendo así una mejoría en el pronóstico

We analyse the clinical manifestations and the differential diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism during the neonatal period. The early identification of patients at risk for these diseases enables us to under take studies to achieve the diagnosis and initiate specific therapy, thus improving the prognosis

Enfermedades congénitas del metabolismo en el periodo neonatal (I). Generalidades / Inborn errors of metabolism during the neonatal period (I). General aspects

Las enfermedades congénitas del metabolismo son raras individualmente pero frecuentes en su conjunto, debido al gran número de entidadeds escritas. A menudo se presentan clínicamente en el periodo neonatal. Los avances en su diagnóstico y tratamiento, por un lado, han mejorado enormemente el pronóstico en muchas de ellas y, por otro, nos permiten prevenir nuevos casos mediante el consejo genético y el diagnóstico prenatal. Por todo ello, es de suma importancia que los neonatólogos y pediatras estén familiarizados con estas enfermedades, y a que serán ellos los que habrán de identificar a los pacientes que se pueden beneficiar de un estudio más profundo y de un tratamiento específico

Inborn errors of metabolism are rare at the individual level, but are common at the collective level, due to the great number of entities described in recent years. The first signs are often detected during the neonatal period. The advances in the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases have substantially improved the prognosis of many of them, while they have also enabled us to prevent new cases through genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis. For these reasons, it is of the utmost importance that general pediatricians and neonatologists familiarize themselves with these disorders, since they need to beable to identify those patients that might benefit from metabolic studies and specific treatment

Congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG) type Ie. A new patient.

CDG Ie is caused by a deficiency of dolichol-phosphate-mannose synthase 1 (DPM1), an enzyme involved in N-glycan assembly in the endoplasmic reticulum. Three proteins are known to be part of the synthase complex: DPM 1, DPM2 and DPM3. Only mutations in DPM1, the catalytic subunit, have been described in three families. One was homozygous for the c274C>G (R92G) mutation in DPM1 and two others were compound heterozygous for R92G and a c628delC deletion or a c331-343del13, respectively. Clinical features were a severe infantile encephalopathy, early intractable seizures, acquired microcephaly, and some dysmorphic features. We report a patient with milder symptoms: microcephaly, dysmorphic features, developmental delay, optic atrophy, and cerebellar dysfunction without cerebellar atrophy. The patient is homozygous for a new mutation in exon 9 of the DPM1 gene (c742T>C (S248P)). Our findings extend the spectrum of CDG Ie.

Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) may be underdiagnosed when mimicking mitochondrial disease.

Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) and mitochondrial diseases are multisystem disorders with clinical characteristics that may overlap. We present four patients with CDG whose phenotypes suggested the diagnosis of a mitochondrial disease. Patients 1 and 2 are siblings with hemiplegic headache, stroke-like episodes, lactic acidaemia and history of maternal migraine; their initial clinical diagnosis was MELAS syndrome (mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes). Patient 3 suffers from ataxia, neuropathy, ophtalmoplegia and retinitis pigmentosa suggestive of NARP (neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa) syndrome. Patient 4 presented with neurological regression mimicking Leigh disease, with ptosis, myoclonus, ataxia and brainstem and cerebellar atrophy. Screening for mitochondrial disease including enzyme and mtDNA investigations on muscle biopsy were performed on Patients 1, 2 and 4 with normal results. However, evidence for a glycosylation disorder was substantiated by an increased carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT). The isoelectric focussing pattern of serum sialotransferrin was typical of CDG type I in Patients 1, 2 and 3 and was shifted towards the less sialylated bands in case 4. A deficiency of phosphomanomutase (PMM) confirmed the diagnosis of CDG-Ia in Patients 1, 2 and 3, who are compound heterozygous for mutations R141H/T237M (Patients 1 and 2) and R141H/P113L (Patient 3). In Patient 4, PMM activity was normal, and further enzymatic and molecular studies are underway. As the search for the primary defect in mitochondrial diseases is often unsuccessful, the pool of mitochondrial patients that remain without definite diagnosis might include CDG cases. Routine screening for CDG may avoid precocious invasive investigations.

Diabetes neonatal permanente asociada ahipotiroidismo, sordera y rasgos dismórficos / Permanent neonatal diabetes associated with other anomalies

La diabetes mellitus neonatal se define como una hiperglucemia detectada durante el primer mes de vida, de más de 2 semanas de duración, que precisa tratamiento con insulina. Es muy rara (1/500.000 recién nacidos) y sólo el 30% de los casos es permanente. Se han postulado varias hipótesis sobre su etiología, tales como inmadurez pancreática, isodisomía del cromosoma 6 paterno o la existencia de un gen localizado en la región cromosómica 6 q 22-23 sometido a impregnación y de expresión exclusivamente paterna. Se caracterizan por ser pacientes de difícil tratamiento, bajo peso para su edad gestacional y no se detectan anticuerpos antiinsulina ni antiislotes. Se ha estudiado un recién nacido ingresado por bajo peso para la edad gestacional con rasgos dismórficos e hiperglucemia desde el día 17 de vida. Se realiza el seguimiento clínico y analítico periódico hasta la actualidad, en el que se ha observado se trata de una diabetes neonatal permanente con anticuerpos negativos, y de difícil tratamiento a pesar de utilizar diversas pautas insulínicas desde el inicio del cuadro, hipotiroidismo, sordera neurosensorial bilateral, catarata congénita bilateral, miopía, rasgos dismórficos, estridor congénito y curva ponderostatural lenta. El estudio de biopsia muscular y metabólico fue normal. Se descartó un síndrome de Wolfram y una diabetes mitocondrial. Se trata de un caso excepcional de diabetes neonatal permanente asociado a otras malformaciones no encuadrable dentro de un patrón sindrómico conocido (AU)

[Congenital errors of metabolism with repercussion on the nervous system of the newborn infant. When and how to investigate them]. / Errores congénitos del metabolismo con repercusión sobre el sistema nervioso del recién nacido. Cuándo y cómo investigarlos.

INTRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT: In the last years we have assisted to a great knowledge of inborn errors of metabolism (IEM). As consequence, the clinical suspicion of IEM in neuropediatrics is more frequent. The IEM must be investigated in the newborn with neurologic symptoms without any evident etiology, when anamnesis of gestation and delivery is not informative. The IEM play an important role in infants with severe hypotonia, seizures, some dysmorphic children and when there is a multisystem disorder. They must be investigated too when the fetus shows hydrops fetalis, seizures, cardiomyopathy, and pericardial effusion; also when there is a family history of IEM or sudden infant death in a brother or HELLP syndrome in the pregnant mother. Some times routine laboratory investigations may be useful for diagnosis, although in other occasions more specific and sophisticated laboratory studies are necessary. CONCLUSIONS: This is a review of different neurological presentation of IEM in the newborn and the importance of different investigations in the diagnosis. We comment the diagnosis problems in some diseases, and new neurometabolic diseases with presentation in the first months of life and how to diagnose them.

Errores congénitos del metabolismo con repercusión sobreel sistema nervioso del recién nacido. Cuándo y cómo investigarlos / Congenital errors of metabolism with repercussions on the nervous system of newborn babies. How and when to investigate them

Introducción y desarrollo. En los últimos años hemos asistido a un gran avance y mejor conocimiento de los errores congénitos del metabolismo (ECM). Como consecuencia, en neuropediatría la sospecha clínica de un ECM es cada vez más frecuente. Los EMC se deben investigar ante todo recién nacido con síntomas neurológicos sin una causa bien evidente, sobre todo si la anamnesis durante el embarazo y el parto es anodina. Los ECM también forman parte del diagnóstico diferencial del recién nacido hipotónico, en las crisis convulsivas del neonato, así como en determinados síndromes dismórficos o cuando existe afectación simultánea de varios órganos. También se deben investigar en aquellos casos en que el feto muestra alteraciones como hidrops fetalis, convulsiones intraútero, miocardiopatía y/o derrame pericárdico, o cuando existen antecedentes familiares sospechosos de ECM, entre ellos el síndrome de muerte súbita en hermanos y en enfermedades maternas como el síndrome de HELLP en la madre. Los exámenes complementarios habituales pueden orientar algunas veces el diagnóstico; sin embargo, en otras ocasiones hay que recurrir a estudios más específicos y sofisticados. Conclusiones. Se revisan las diferentes formas de presentación clínica y el valor de los distintos exámenes bioquímicos que pueden ayudar al diagnóstico. Se comentan los problemas diagnósticos que presentan algunas enfermedades, además de revisar nuevas enfermedades neurometabólicas que pueden incidir en los primeros meses de la vida y cómo diagnosticarlas (AU)