A systematic review of factors impacting intraoral scanning accuracy in implant dentistry with emphasis on scan bodies.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this systematic review was to explore and identify the factors that influence the accuracy of intraoral scanning in implant dentistry, with a specific focus on scan bodies (ISBs). METHODS: Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, this study conducted a thorough electronic search across MedLine, PubMed, and Scopus to identify relevant studies. Articles were screened based on titles, abstracts, and full texts for relevance. The Robins I tool assessed the risk of bias in various study types. Data extraction occurred based on predetermined parameters for studying specimens and assessing outcomes. RESULTS: 16 studies met the specified criteria and were consequently included in the systematic review. Due to variations in variables and methods across the selected studies, statistical comparison of results was not feasible. Therefore, a descriptive review approach was chosen, acknowledging the substantial heterogeneity in the reviewed literature. CONCLUSIONS: The precision of virtual scan results is contingent upon diverse characteristics of ISBs and implants. These factors encompass their placement within the dental arch, structural design, shape, material composition, color, and the manufacturing system, all of which contribute to scan accuracy. Additionally, considerations such as the intraoral scanner (IOS) type, scanning technique, use of scan aids, inter-implant distance, scan span, and the number of implants warrant evaluation. In the context of capturing implant positions, intraoral scanning with ISBs demonstrates comparable accuracy to traditional impression methods, particularly in single and short-span scenarios. However, the existing data lacks sufficient information on in vivo applications to formulate clinical recommendations.

Microbiological cleaning and disinfection efficacy of a three-stage ultrasonic processing protocol for CAD-CAM implant abutments.

PURPOSE: Computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD-CAM) of implant abutments has been shown to result in surface contamination from site-specific milling and fabrication processes. If not removed, these contaminants can have a potentially adverse effect and may trigger inflammatory responses of the peri-implant tissues. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bacterial disinfection and cleaning efficacy of ultrasonic reprocessing in approved disinfectants to reduce the microbial load of CAD-CAM abutments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four different types of custom implant abutments (total N = 32) with eight specimens in each test group (type I to IV) were CAD-CAM manufactured. In two separate contamination experiments, specimens were contaminated with heparinized sheep blood alone and with heparinized sheep blood and the test bacterium Enterococcus faecium. Abutments in the test group were processed according to a three-stage ultrasonic protocol and assessed qualitatively and quantitatively by determination of residual protein. Ultrasonicated specimens contaminated with sheep blood and E. faecium were additionally eluted and the dilutions were incubated on agar plates for seven days. The determined bacterial counts were expressed as colony-forming units (CFU). RESULTS: Ultrasonic reprocessing resulted in a substantial decrease in residual bacterial protein to less than 80 µg and a reduction in microbiota of more than 7 log levels of CFU for all abutment types, exceeding the effect required for disinfection. CONCLUSION: A three-stage ultrasonic cleaning and disinfection protocol results in effective bacterial decontamination. The procedure is reproducible and complies with the standardized reprocessing and disinfection specifications for one- or two-piece CAD-CAM implant abutments.

Bacterial translocation and microgap formation at a novel conical indexed implant abutment system for single crowns.

OBJECTIVES: A conometric concept was recently introduced in which conical implant abutments hold the matching crown copings by friction alone, eliminating the need for cement or screws. The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the presence of microgap formation and bacterial leakage at the Acuris conometric restorative interface of three different implant abutment systems. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 75 Acuris samples of three implant-abutment systems (Ankylos, Astra Tech EV, Xive) were subjected to microbiological (n = 60) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) investigation (n = 15). Bacterial migration into and out of the conical coupling system were analyzed in an anaerobic workstation for 48, 96, 144, and 192 h. Bacterial DNA quantification using qrt-PCR was performed at each time point. The precision of the conometric coupling and internal fit of cemented CAD/CAM crowns on corresponding Acuris TiN copings were determined by means of SEM. RESULTS: qrt-PCR results failed to demonstrate microbial leakage from or into the Acuris system. SEM analysis revealed minute punctate microgaps at the apical aspect of the conometric junction (2.04 to 2.64 µm), while mean cement gaps of 12 to 145 µm were observed at the crown-coping interface. CONCLUSIONS: The prosthetic morse taper connection of all systems examined does not allow bacterial passage. Marginal integrity and internal luting gap between the ceramic crown and the coping remained within the clinically acceptable limits. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Conometrically seated single crowns provide sufficient sealing efficiency, relocating potential misfits from the crown-abutment interface to the crown-coping interface.

Optical Efficacy of Titanium Nitride-Coated Abutment Material on Soft Tissue Discoloration: A Spectrophotometric In Vitro Analysis.

PURPOSE: The objective of this investigation was to assess the extent of mucosal discoloration caused by different CAD/CAM abutment materials and to determine the influence of mucosa thickness on the subsequent color, with a particular focus on titanium nitride. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a pig maxilla, a trapdoor-shaped mucosa flap was prepared unilaterally. Several CAD/CAM abutment materials were used to assess a number of clinical scenarios. Varying mucosa thicknesses were simulated by connective tissue grafts harvested at the contralateral side of the palate, resulting in layer thicknesses of 1.5, 2, and 3 mm. Titanium (Ti), zirconia (ZrO2), and titanium nitride (TiN) served as test specimens with and without ceramic veneering. Color differences (ΔE) and deviations in brightness (L), chroma (C), and hue (H) were determined spectrophotometrically, comparing the measured value of the native tissue and the results obtained with different materials at varying mucosa thicknesses. RESULTS: All tested specimens caused a mucosa discoloration in comparison to the native tissue, diminishing with increasing mucosa thickness. The use of TiN demonstrated the least mucosa discoloration in thin soft tissue of 1.5 mm, with a mean ΔE value of 1.93 (P = .004). While ZrO2 revealed a comparable ΔE value of 2.13 (P = .022) at a tissue thickness of 1.5 mm, Ti showed the highest mucosa discoloration above the visibility threshold of ΔE = 3.1, with a mean ΔE value of 4.07 (P = .002). Ceramic veneering of the Ti samples led to a considerable reduction in soft tissue discoloration, with a resulting ΔE value of 2.2. The veneering of TiN and ZrO2 samples with porcelain, on the other hand, had no noticeable effect on the mucosa color. CONCLUSION: CAD/CAM abutment materials cause an adverse soft tissue color shift that decreases with increasing mucosa thickness. In thin peri-implant mucosa, titanium nitride and zirconia lead to the least discoloration. Due to their positive optical properties and mechanical superiority compared with ceramic abutments, gold-hue titanium nitride-coated CAD/CAM abutments could be a clinical alternative in cases of thin peri-implant mucosa.

Marginal Adaptation and Microbial Leakage at Conometric Prosthetic Connections for Implant-Supported Single Crowns: An In Vitro Investigation.

Encouraging clinical results were reported on a novel cone-in-cone coupling for the fixation of dental implant-supported crowns (Acuris, Dentsply Sirona Implants, Mölndal, Sweden). However, the presence or absence of a microgap and a potential bacterial leakage at the conometric joint has not yet been investigated. A misfit and a resulting gap between the conometric components could potentially serve as a bacterial reservoir that promotes plaque formation, which in turn may lead to inflammation of the peri-implant tissues. Thus, a two-fold study set-up was designed in order to evaluate the bidirectional translocation of bacteria along conometrically seated single crowns. On conometric abutments filled with a culture suspension of anaerobic bacteria, the corresponding titanium nitride-coated (TiN) caps were fixed by friction. Each system was sterilized and immersed in culture medium to provide an optimal environment for microbial growth. Positive and negative controls were prepared. Specimens were stored in an anaerobic workstation, and total and viable bacterial counts were determined. Every 48 h, samples were taken from the reaction tubes to inoculate blood agar plates and to isolate bacterial DNA for quantification using qrt-PCR. In addition, one Acuris test system was subjected to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the precision of fit of the conometric coupling and marginal crown opening. Throughout the observational period of one week, blood agar plates of the specimens showed no viable bacterial growth. qrt-PCR, likewise, yielded a result approaching zero with an amount of about 0.53 × 10-4 µg/mL DNA. While the luting gap/marginal opening between the TiN-cap and the ceramic crown was within the clinically acceptable range, the SEM analysis failed to identify a measurable microgap at the cone-in-cone junction. Within the limits of the in-vitro study it can be concluded that the Acuris conometric interface does not allow for bacterial translocation under non-dynamic loading conditions.

Qualitative and Semi-Quantitative Assessment of Processing-Related Surface Contamination of One- and Two-Piece CAD/CAM Abutments before and after Ultrasonic Cleaning.

Manufacturing processes of custom implant abutments may contaminate their surfaces with micro wear deposits and generic pollutants. Such particulate debris, if not removed, might be detrimental and provoke inflammatory reactions in peri-implant tissues. Although regulatory guidelines for adequate cleaning, disinfection, or sterilization exist, there does not appear to be a consistent application and data on the amount and extent of such contaminants is lacking. The aim of the present in vitro study was to evaluate the quality and quantity of processing-related surface contamination of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) abutments in the state of delivery and after ultrasonic cleaning. A total of 28 CAD/CAM monotype and hybrid abutments were cleaned and disinfected applying a three-stage ultrasonic protocol (Finevo protocol). Before and after cleaning, the chemical composition and the contamination of the abutments were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and computer-aided planimetric measurement (CAPM). In the delivery condition, monotype abutments showed a significantly higher amount of debris compared to hybrid abutments (4.86 ± 6.10% vs. 0.03 ± 0.03%, p < 0.001). The polishing process applied in the laboratory after bonding the hybrid abutment components reduces the surface roughness and thus contributes substantially to their purity. The extent of contamination caused by computer-aided manufacturing of custom abutments can be substantially minimized using a three-stage ultrasonic protocol.

Does the manual insertion torque of smartpegs affect the outcome of implant stability quotients (ISQ) during resonance frequency analysis (RFA)?

BACKGROUND: There is disagreement about the optimal torque for tightening smartpegs for resonance frequency analysis (RFA). Subjective finger pressure during hand tightening could affect the reliability of the resulting values. The aim of the current study was therefore to assess whether or not the insertion torque of a smartpeg magnetic device influences the implant stability quotient (ISQ) value during RFA. METHODS: Thirty self-tapping screw implants (XiVE S, Dentsply Sirona Implants, Bensheim, Germany) with a diameter of 3.8 mm and a length of 11 mm were inserted in three cow ribs with a bone quality of D1. The RFA value of each implant was measured (Ostell, FA W&H Dentalwerk, Bürmoos, Austria) in two orthogonal directions (mesial and buccal) after tightening the corresponding smartpeg type 45 with a mechanically defined value of 5 Ncm (Meg Torq device, Megagen, Daegu, South Korea) (test). Additionally, 4 different examiners measured the RFA after hand tightening the smartpegs, and the results were compared (control). Insertion torque values were determined by measuring the unscrew torque of hand seated smartpegs (Tohnichi Manufacturing Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan). RESULTS: The ISQ values varied from 2 to 11 Ncm by hand tightening and from 2 to 6 Ncm by machine tightening. The comparison of hand and machine tightening of smartpegs displayed only minor differences in the mean ISQ values with low standard deviations (mesial 79.76 ± 2,11, buccal 77.98 ± 2,) and no statistical difference (mesial p = 0,343 and buccal p = 0,890). CONCLUSIONS: Manual tightening of smartpeg transducers allows for an objective and reliable determination of ISQ values during RFA.

Computer-aided planning of soft tissue augmentation with prosthetic guidance for the establishment of a natural mucosal contour in late implant placement.

OBJECTIVE: Late implant placement in volume deficient sites has been considered a challenging situation for the establishment of a natural mucosal topography. Dimensional relations of hard and soft tissues together with the prosthetic components have not been clarified in the literature. The aim of this proof-of-concept case report was to establish the tooth-like appearance with virtual planning prior to surgical intervention and to calculate the ideal amount of desired soft tissue. CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS: Minimum amount of tissue reconstruction was calculated with computer-aided soft tissue augmentation and a temporary restoration mimicking the emergence profile of a molar was fabricated for guiding the peri-implant mucosa in the early wound healing phase. After 4 months of healing, the final restoration was completed with a screw-retained crown-abutment. The 2-year follow-up period demonstrated a stability of the mucosal margin and peri-implant health. CONCLUSIONS: A natural mucosal contour could be established with the help of virtual planning. The calculation of required tissue quantity may help clinicians for the creation of a natural appearance in late implant placement. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Virtual soft tissue augmentation may determine the required tissue quantity and therefore, could play an important role in the establishment of natural mucosal contour for late implant placement.

Influence of margin location and luting material on the amount of undetected cement excess on CAD/CAM implant abutments and cement-retained zirconia crowns: an in-vitro study.

BACKGROUND: The flexibility in designing the submucosal part of CAD/CAM customized implant abutments and the individual positioning of its shoulder line has been suggested to reduce the risk of leaving undetected cement residues, thus preventing adverse effects on peri-implant tissues. A high correlation between excess cement left in the soft tissues and the occurrence of increased biofilm accumulation with sulcular bleeding and/ or suppuration has been reported. This in turn may cause peri-implant inflammation and peri-implant marginal bone loss. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of cement remnants after the luting of zirconia crowns on CAD/CAM custom molar abutments with different margin levels and to evaluate the impact of the luting material. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 20 titanium molar CAD/CAM implant abutments (BEGO Medical GmbH) with internal taper connection/ internal hex anti-rotation protection, and a convex emergence profile with different margin positions (0, 1, 2 and 3 mm below the mucosa), were virtually designed (Implant Studio, 3Shape) and manufactured. A master cast was scanned, duplicated by a 3D printer and individual gingival masks were produced to simulate peri-implant soft tissues. 20 corresponding zirconia crowns were designed (Cerec 3D, Dentsply Sirona), produced and cemented to the abutments with two different luting materials; a zinc oxide non-eugenol cement (Temp Bond NE) or a methacrylate cement (Panavia V5). To ensure retrievability of the crown/abutment connection, occlusal openings providing access to the abutment screws were designed. Excess cement was thoroughly removed and the crown/abutment units were unscrewed to evaluate the occurrence of cement residues. All the quadrants of each specimen were evaluated for calculation of the ratio between the cement remnant area and the total specimen area using Adobe Photoshop. Spearman analysis was performed to detect correlations between different variables. A two-sided t-test, ANOVA, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were applied to detect differences between the groups. RESULTS: Cement remnants were found in every depth of the crown abutment complex and in almost every area investigated. The amount of cement residues increased as the crown-abutment margin was located more submucosally. Lingual areas were more prone to cement remnants than other surface areas (p = 0.0291). Excess cement was not only found at the margins of the crown-abutment complex, but also underneath (basal) the abutment itself, where cleaning was impossible. No statistical difference in the effect of zinc oxide non-eugenol- and methacrylate cement on the frequency of excess material at the lateral abutment surfaces could be demonstrated in vitro. The proportion of basal abutment aspects covered with cement residues was, however, significantly smaller in Panavia V5 samples with an average of 4.9 ± 3.7% compared to Temp Bond samples with an average of 8.6 ± 5.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Given the results obtained in the present investigation the margin of CAD/CAM molar abutments should be located as coronally as possible to minimize the amount of cement remnants. If an epigingival or supragingival margin location is not feasible due to esthetic concerns, it cannot be recommended to place the margin of molar CAD/CAM abutments deeper than 1.5 mm in the proximal and oral regions.

The Influence of an Ultrasonic Cleaning Protocol for CAD/CAM Abutment Surfaces on Cell Viability and Inflammatory Response In Vitro.

BACKGROUND/AIM: To evaluate the effect of an ultrasonic cleaning and disinfection method for CAD/CAM abutment surfaces on cell viability and inflammatory response in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Untreated and manually polished surfaces of CAD/CAM generated titanium and zirconia disks were randomly assigned, either to a 3-step ultrasonic cleaning and disinfection process (test: TiUF, TiPF, ZrUF, ZrPF) or to 30 sec steam cleaning (control: TiUS, TiPS, ZrUS, ZrPS). Pre-cleaning surface analyses using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and surface profilometry were performed. Human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) were cultured on test and control specimens and subsequently examined for cell viability and inflammatory response. Expression of acute inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) were assessed by means of RT-qPCR. RESULTS: Cells on all specimens exhibited a satisfactory viability, indicating firm attachment. Cells on polished zirconia samples, cleaned by means of sonication (ZrPF), exhibited significantly higher viability than cells on the same material cleaned by steam (ZrPS), p=0.019. For all other three material/ surface treatment combinations (TiU, TiP, ZrU), no such difference was observed between the cleaning methods. The messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels of IL-6 and VEGFA were between 50 and 105% of that of the control cells on the non-toxic control surface. mRNA levels of IL-6 and VEGFA correlated well with each other. CONCLUSION: Except for higher viability of cells cultured on polished zirconia specimens, no universally applicable advantage could be found for the ultrasonic cleaning procedure for zirconia and titanium abutment surfaces regarding cell viability, IL-6 expression or VEGFA expression. The cleaning procedures did not have any negative effect either.

Marginal and Internal Adaptation of Hybrid Abutment Assemblies After Central and Local Manufacturing, Respectively.

PURPOSE: Central manufacturing of two-piece computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacture (CAD/CAM) zirconia abutments may provide a higher accuracy of internal and external adaptation at the expense of delayed restoration delivery. The aim of this study was to compare the fit of two-part zirconia abutments that were either fabricated centrally with the DEDICAM system or at a local laboratory. The field of interest was the marginal, external, and internal luting gap between the titanium insert and CAD/CAM zirconia coping. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two groups of nine two-piece CAD/CAM zirconia hybrid abutments were subjected to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the precision of fit and thickness of the adhesive joint. Control specimens were fabricated with the CAMLOG DEDICAM system at the manufacturer's site; the test specimens were produced in a local laboratory. After embedding all samples (n = 18) in resin, they were sectioned, and the external, marginal, and internal luting gaps between the titanium base and zirconia coping were measured with SEM. Welch's t test was used for statistical analysis of the obtained data. RESULTS: The overall range of measured gaps between the components of two-piece CAD/CAM zirconia abutments was 0 to 115.5 µm; the mean overall gap size and standard deviation was 45.61 ± 5.88 µm and showed no appreciable difference between the test and control groups. The mean sizes of the marginal/external and internal gaps showed only negligible differences. The internal gap size was generally larger and showed a higher variability than the marginal/external gaps, albeit on a very low level. None of the reported differences between the test and control specimens were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Luting-gap sizes of CAMLOG DEDICAM- and locally fabricated CAD/CAM zirconia hybrid abutments showed no appreciable difference. Both configurations of two-piece abutments provided a highly precise fit of hybrid components, overmatching the high-quality standards in CAD/CAM implant-based prosthetic dentistry.

Influence of scaling procedures on the integrity of titanium nitride coated CAD/CAM abutments.

PURPOSE: To determine the extent of treatment traces, the roughness depth, and the quantity of titanium nitride (TiN) removed from the surface of CAD/CAM abutments after treatment with various instruments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve TiN coated CAD/CAM abutments were investigated for an in vitro study. In the test group (9), each abutment surface was subjected twice (150 g vs. 200 g pressure) to standardized treatment in a simulated prophylaxis measure with the following instruments: acrylic scaler, titanium curette, and ultrasonic scaler with steel tip. Three abutments were used as control group. Average surface roughness (Sa) and developed interfacial area ratio (Sdr) of treated and untreated surfaces were measured with a profilometer. The extent of treatment traces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: Manipulation with ultrasonic scalers resulted in a significant increase of average surface roughness (Sa, P<.05) and developed interfacial area ratio (Sdr, P<.018). Variable contact pressure did not yield any statistically significant difference on Sa-values for all instruments (P=.8). Ultrasonic treatment resulted in pronounced surface traces and partially detachment of the TiN coating. While titanium curettes caused predominantly moderate treatment traces, no traces or detectable substance removal has been determined after manipulation with acrylic curettes. CONCLUSION: Inappropriate instruments during regular plaque control may have an adverse effect on the integrity of the TiN coating of CAD/CAM abutments. To prevent defects and an increased surface roughness at the transmucosal zone of TiN abutments, only acrylic scaling instruments can be recommended for regular maintenance care.

Evaluation of concordance between CAD/CAM and clinical positions of abutment shoulder against mucosal margin: an observational study.

BACKGROUND: While working on CAD/CAM-customized abutments, the use of standard impression copings with a circular diameter produces inconsistency within the emergence profile. It may begin with a collapse of the supra-implant mucosa during impression taking, then lead to a computer-generated mismatch of the position and outline of the abutment shoulder, and consequently result in a compromised outcome of anticipated treatment. The aim of the study was to compare the virtual and clinical positions of the abutment shoulder in relation to the mucosal margin after the abutment delivery. METHODS: Conventional open-tray impression takings followed uncovering surgery. Master casts were scanned with a desktop scanner. Clinical examinations took place after abutment's insertion and temporization (T1) and prior to cementation of the definitive crown (T2). The distances between the abutment shoulder and marginal soft tissue were measured intraorally in four aspects and juxtaposed with those on the virtual model. RESULTS: The study evaluated 257 dental implants and CAD/CAM-customized abutments. As T1 and T2 showed, there was a positive correlation between the virtually designed abutment shoulder position and matching clinical location relative to the mucosal margin. In 42.1% of cases, the distance between the mucosal margin and the abutment shoulder did not change. It increased in 36.3% of cases while a decrease occurred in 21.6% of them. CONCLUSIONS: Computer-set position of the abutment shoulder in relation to the mucosal margin can be predictably implemented in clinical practice.

Incidence of undetected cement on CAD/CAM monolithic zirconia crowns and customized CAD/CAM implant abutments. A prospective case series.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of cement residues after cementation of CAD/CAM monolithic zirconia crowns on customized CAD/CAM titanium abutments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty premolars and molars were restored on Astra Tech Osseospeed TX™ implants using single monolithic zirconia crowns fixed on two types of custom-made abutments: Atlantis™ titanium or Atlantis™ Gold Hue. Occlusal openings providing access to the abutment screws were designed for retrievability of the crown/abutment connection. After fixation with glass ionomer cement, the crown/abutment units were unscrewed to evaluate the presence of residual cement. Dichotomous assessment of the presence or absence of cement at the crown/abutment unit and peri-implant tissues was performed. RESULTS: Clinically undetected cement excess was visible on 44 of 60 restorations (73.3%). There was no interdependency between residual cement presence and implant location or diameter. However, a dependency between the presence of residual cement and the aspect of the abutment/crown connection could be noted. The majority of the residues were observed on the distal (17.9%) and mesial (15%) aspects. While on the palatal/lingual aspect, the cement was visible in 8.8%; only 3.4% of all surfaces displayed cement residues. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of the study, it can be concluded that the use of customized CAD/CAM abutments do not guarantee avoidance of subgingival cement residues after crown cementation.

Interactions between water temperature and contaminant toxicity to freshwater fish.

Warming of freshwaters as a result of climate change is expected to have complex interactions with the toxicity of contaminants to aquatic organisms. The present study evaluated the effects of temperature on the acute toxicity of endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, and phenol to 3 warm water species of fish-silver perch, rainbowfish, and western carp gudgeon-and 1 cold water species, rainbow trout. Endosulfan was more toxic to silver perch at 30 °C and 35 °C than at 15 °C, 20 °C and 25 °C during short exposures of 24 h, but at 96 h, temperature had no effect on toxicity. Toxicity to rainbow trout increased with increasing temperature, whereas warm water species exhibited maximum toxicity at around 30 °C, decreasing again toward 35 °C. Chlorpyrifos became more toxic to all species with increasing temperature. Phenol toxicity to all species decreased at low to intermediate temperatures; but as temperatures increased further toward the upper thermal limit, phenol became more toxic. Increasing toxicity in the upper thermal range of cold water species may contribute to upstream range contraction in rivers with high toxicant loads. In contrast, warm water species may not exhibit a range shift within rivers as a result of interactions between temperature and toxicity. Catchment management to offset global warming at local scales may present opportunities to mitigate increased toxicity of contaminants to fish.

Microscopical and chemical surface characterization of CAD/CAM zircona abutments after different cleaning procedures. A qualitative analysis.

PURPOSE: To describe and characterize the surface topography and cleanliness of CAD/CAM manufactured zirconia abutments after steaming and ultrasonic cleaning. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 12 ceramic CAD/CAM implant abutments of various manufacturers were produced and randomly divided into two groups of six samples each (control and test group). Four two-piece hybrid abutments and two one-piece abutments made of zirconium-dioxide were assessed per each group. In the control group, cleaning by steam was performed. The test group underwent an ultrasonic cleaning procedure with acetone, ethyl alcohol and antibacterial solution. Groups were subjected to scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) to verify and characterize contaminant chemical characterization non-quantitatively. RESULTS: All zirconia CAD/CAM abutments in the present study displayed production-induced wear particles, debris as well as organic and inorganic contaminants. The abutments of the test group showed reduction of surface contamination after undergoing an ultrasonic cleaning procedure. However, an absolute removal of pollutants could not be achieved. CONCLUSION: The presence of debris on the transmucosal surface of CAD/CAM zirconia abutments of various manufacturers was confirmed. Within the limits of the study design, the results suggest that a defined ultrasonic cleaning process can be advantageously employed to reduce such debris, thus, supposedly enhancing soft tissue healing. Although the adverse long-term influence of abutment contamination on the biological stability of peri-implant tissues has been evidenced, a standardized and validated polishing and cleaning protocol still has to be implemented.

In vitro fatigue and fracture resistance of one- and two-piece CAD/CAM zirconia implant abutments.

PURPOSE: All-ceramic abutments are employed increasingly often in implant dentistry for esthetic reasons. In vitro stress testing is required to evaluate the suitability of these constructions, especially in load-bearing posterior regions. The purpose of the study was to assess and compare the fatigue and fracture resistance of one- and two-piece computer-aided design/computer-assisted manufacture (CAD/CAM) zirconia implant abutments with an internal-hex connection and prefabricated commercially available zirconia stock abutments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-one abutment-crown specimens were prepared for three test groups. Control group 1 (SZ) included specimens with unprepared stock zirconia abutments, test group 2 (OP) included one-piece CAD/CAM zirconia abutments, and test group 3 (TP) included two-piece CAD/CAM zirconia abutments. All 21 specimens underwent thermocycling and fatigue testing. Finally, all specimens were tested for fracture resistance with a universal testing machine. The maximum load was applied to the tapered occlusal area of each crown at a 30-degree angle and a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until the implant-abutment connection failed. Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Shapiro-Wilk, and post-hoc Scheffé tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: All abutments in groups SZ and OP fractured into two or more pieces after fracture resistance testing. None of the TP abutments displayed apparent disintegration, but failure was evidenced by bending of the retention screw. OP abutments (232.1 ± 29.8 N) and SZ abutments (251.8 ± 23.2 N) showed lower fracture loads than the TP abutments (291.4 ± 27.8 N). However, only the difference between the OP and TP groups was statistically significant. Further load-displacement analyses corroborated the higher mechanical stability of the TP abutments. CONCLUSION: Superior resistance was achieved for two-piece hybrid CAD/CAM zirconia abutments. These abutments might be clinically beneficial in high-load areas, such as premolar and molar regions.

Retentive strength of two-piece CAD/CAM zirconia implant abutments.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the retention of two-piece computer-aided design (CAD)/computer aided manufacturing (CAM) zirconia abutments after artificial aging under simulated oral conditions using three different types of resin-based luting agents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-one CAD/CAM-generated zirconia copings (CERCON Compartis, Degudent, Hanau, Germany) were bonded to a prefabricated secondary titanium implant insert (XiVE Ti-Base, Dentsply Friadent, Mannheim, Germany), using three different types of resin-based luting agents: group A: Panavia 21 (Kuraray Co, Kurashiki, Japan); group B: Multilink Implant (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein); and group C: SmartCem2 (Dentsply DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany). The bonding surfaces of the titanium inserts and the zirconia ceramic copings were air-abraded and cleaned in alcohol. All specimens were stored in distilled water for 60 days and subsequently thermal-cycled 15,000 times (5-55 °C). The dislodging force of the copings along the long axis of the implant/abutment complex was recorded using a universal testing machine with 2 mm/min crosshead speed. Data were analyzed descriptively and by performing the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: The mean retention values were 924.93 ± 363.31 N for Panavia 21, 878.05 ± 208.33 N for Multilink Implant, and 650.77 ± 174.92 N for SmartCem2. The Kruskal-Wallis test indicated no significant difference between the retention values of the tested luting agents (p = 0.1314). The failure modes of all tested two-piece abutments were completely adhesive, leaving the detached zirconia coping and titanium insert undamaged. CONCLUSION: The use of resin-based luting agents in combination with air abrasion of titanium inserts and zirconia copings led to a stable retention of two-piece CAD/CAM abutments. The bonding stability of the investigated luting agents exceeded the general limits of fracture resistance of two-piece zirconia abutments. A notable difference between the mean retention values of the tested bond materials was shown. However, the statistical analysis revealed that this difference was not significant.

Delayed function of dental implants: a 1- to 7-year follow-up study of 222 implants.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare implant-supported restorations placed and loaded immediately or with a delay in a longitudinal case control study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-six patients with 222 implants were enrolled in this study. One hundred eleven implants (45 patients) were submitted to immediate functional or nonfunctional loading. These were compared to 111 implants (51 patients) that received delayed loading after submerged healing. The mean observation time was 40.3 months (3.36 years). Implant success was determined, and peri-implant soft tissue parameters and esthetic outcomes for anterior restorations were evaluated. The implants were divided into four groups according to their treatment protocol: immediate (I) or delayed (D) implant placement (P) or function (F), ie: group 1 = IF+IP, group 2 = IF+DP, group 3 = DF+IP, and group 4 = DF+DP. RESULTS: Five implants were lost during healing, giving an overall success rate of 97.7%. Implants with delayed function showed significantly better results (100.0%) than implants that were immediately loaded (95.5%). Four of the five lost implants had been placed immediately postextraction (success rate for delayed implant placement, 99.4%, versus 93.1% for immediate implant placement). Regarding the four treatment protocols, group 1 showed a success rate of 91.3%; group 2 achieved 98.5%; and both delayed function groups showed 100% success. No statistically significant difference was seen between the four groups. Esthetically significant advantages were seen for the implants placed into immediate function. Probing depths and bleeding on probing were significantly lower in the group of implants placed into immediate function. CONCLUSIONS: Implants that are loaded immediately can achieve good outcomes. However, the risk of implant loss appears to be increased in cases where immediate function is combined with immediate implant placement.

Effects of temperature on ventilatory behavior of fish exposed to sublethal concentrations of endosulfan and chlorpyrifos.

The ventilation amplitude and frequency of silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus, and the ventilation frequency of rainbow fish Melanotaenia duboulayi and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, were determined at different temperatures upon exposure to endosulfan and chlorpyrifos, respectively. Silver perch and rainbow fish were tested at 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 degrees C, while rainbow trout was tested at 10, 15, 20, and 25 degrees C. Although some trend of increasing amplitudes with increasing temperature was evident; there was no significant temperature response of ventilation frequency rates over time in silver perch pre-exposed to 10 microg L(-1) endosulfan for 18 h. The rate of ventilation frequency of rainbow fish pre-exposed to 200 microg L(-1) of chlorpyrifos for 96 h was lower in treatments than in the control at 15 degrees C. However, between 20 and 35 degrees C, rates were significantly higher in the treatments than those of the control. In rainbow trout pre-exposed to 100 microg L(-1) of chlorpyrifos, the rates of frequency were significantly lower than those of controls in temperatures between 10 and 20 degrees C but higher at 25 degrees C. The amplitude of silver perch seemed to increase with the increase in temperature; however, the corresponding temperature quotient values at various temperature regimes and over exposure time showed no significant differences. The ventilation frequency of rainbow fish and rainbow trout significantly increased at the higher test temperatures, and their corresponding temperature quotient values for both fish also increased at the elevated temperatures.