Brief COPE Short Version (Mini-COPE): A Proposal of Item and Factorial Reduction in Mexican Population.

The factorial reduction of Brief COPE has not been successfully replicated by independent studies, and few have been performed in Spanish-speaking populations; therefore, the objective of this study was to perform a factorial reduction of the instrument in a large sample of the Mexican population and perform a convergent and divergent validity of the factors obtained. We distributed a questionnaire via social networks with sociodemographic and psychological variables, including the Brief COPE and the scales of the CPSS, GAD-7, and CES-D to measure stress, anxiety, and depression. A total of 1283 persons were included, most of whom (64.8%) were women and had a bachelor's degree (55.2%). After performing the exploratory factorial analysis, we did not find a model with an adequate fit and a reduced number of factors; therefore, we decided to reduce the number of items according to the most representative ones of adaptive, maladaptive, and emotional coping strategies. The resulting model with three factors showed good fit parameters and good internal consistency of the factors. In addition, the nature and naming of the factors were confirmed by convergent and divergent validity, with significant negative correlations between factor 1 (active/adaptive) and stress, depression, and anxiety, significant positive correlations between factor 2 (avoidant/maladaptive) and these three variables, and no significant correlation between factor 3 (emotional/neutral) and stress or depression. This shortened version of the brief COPE (Mini-COPE) is a good option to evaluate adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies in Spanish-speaking populations.

Relationship between lifestyle and positive psychological functioning in university administrative staff / Relación entre el estilo de vida y el funcionamiento psicológico positivo en personal administrativo universitario

Abstract In Mexico, healthy lifestyle has a low prevalence. The importance of a healthy lifestyle lies in avoiding the emergence of a chronic non-communicable disease. Thus, university administrative personnel are a vulnerable population due to working conditions that prevent them from having a healthy lifestyle, so it is necessary to analyze psychological variables that can explain how to promote and develop a healthy lifestyle. The purposes of this study were to identify relationships among lifestyle (LS) and positive psychological functioning (PPF) and their differences by gender in the administrative staff; a cross-sectional and correlational study was conducted. University administrative staff (n = 102), were recruited using the snowball sampling method, forming a non-probabilistic sample, completed the Fantastic Lifestyle Questionnaire and the Positive Psychological Functioning Scale. LS has a statistically significant correlation with PPF (r = .355, p = .001); in addition, it is worth pointing out that showing a low level of PPF implies a lower probability of having a healthy LS (Ψ = 28.333, 4.965 - 161.675). Results suggest the relevance of interventions to develop psychological resources in people seeking the adoption of a healthy LS.

Resumen En México, el estilo de vida saludable tiene una baja prevalencia. La importancia de un estilo de vida saludable radica en evitar la aparición de una enfermedad crónica no transmisible. Así, el personal administrativo universitario es una población vulnerable debido a las condiciones laborales que les impiden tener un estilo de vida saludable, por lo que es necesario analizar las variables psicológicas que pueden explicar cómo promoverlo y desarrollarlo. Los propósitos de este estudio fueron identificar las relaciones entre el estilo de vida (EV) y el funcionamiento psicológico positivo (FPP) y sus diferencias por sexo en personal administrativo universitario para lo cual se realizó un estudio transversal y correlacional. El personal administrativo universitario (n = 102) reclutado mediante el método de muestreo de bola de nieve, completó el Cuestionario de Estilo de Vida Fantástico y la Escala de Funcionamiento Psicológico Positivo. El EV presentó una correlación estadísticamente significativa con el FPP (r = .355, p = .001); además, vale la pena señalar que tener un bajo nivel de FPP implica una menor probabilidad de tener un EV saludable (Ψ = 28.333, 4.965 - 161.675). Los resultados sugieren la relevancia de las intervenciones para desarrollar recursos psicológicos en personas que buscan la adopción de un EV saludable.

Complexity and inclusivity of intrasituational behavior: empirical analysis / Complejidad e inclusividad del comportamiento intrasituacional: Análisis empírico

Abstract Ribes and López's (1985) taxonomy proposed that psychological behavior is progressively complex and inclusive. In that respect, there is little research and data are not robust. A study was conducted with the purpose to increase data related to the complexity and inclusivity of the three less complex behaviors of the taxonomy, with three training sequences, namely: 1) ascending (contextual-supplementary-selector), 2) descending-ascending (supplementary -contextual-selector) and 3) descending (selector-supplementary-contextual). The objective was to evaluate the effect of the interaction history (related to training sequences) on differential (contextual), effective (supplementary) and precise (selector) behavior adjustment process. Results showed that a greater number of training sessions were required to improve the performance in functional organizations with greater complexity when participants lacked an interaction history related to programmed contingencies. But, when the interaction history participated in the functional organization, as a previous interaction with the contingencies, a facilitating effect was found in the behavioral adjustment, regardless of whether the transition was ascending or descending. It is discussed whether the increase in the number of sessions is related to the complexity of each level of functional organization. Regarding the functional training transitions, ascending and descending, its effects on facilitation in learning are discussed in relation to the assumption of functional inclusivity.

Resumen En la taxonomía de Ribes y López (1985) se propone que el comportamiento psicológico es progresivamente complejo e inclusivo; sin embargo, en la literatura sobre el tema se encuentran pocas investigaciones y los datos no son robustos. Teniendo esto en cuenta, y con el propósito de aumentar la evidencia de la complejidad e inclusividad de los tres primeros niveles de complejidad conductual de la taxonomía en tres secuencias de entrenamiento -ascendente (contextual-suplementario-selector), descendente-ascendente (suplementario-contextual-selector) y descendente (selector-suplementario-contextual)-, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la historia de interacción -por medio de secuencias de entrenamiento- sobre el proceso de ajuste diferencial (contextual), efectivo (suplementario) y preciso (selector). En general, los resultados muestran que cuando los participantes carecían de historia de interacción ante las contingencias programadas se requirió de un mayor número de sesiones de entrenamiento para mejorar el desempeño en organizaciones funcionales de mayor complejidad; y que cuando la historia de interacción estaba presente en la organización funcional -en tanto interacción previa con las contingencias- se encontró un efecto de facilitación en el ajuste conductual, independientemente de si la transición fue ascendente o descendente. Al final se indaga sobre si el incremento en el número de sesiones se relaciona con la complejidad de cada nivel de organización funcional, y se discute, respecto a las transiciones de entrenamiento funcional, ascendente y descendente, sus efectos en la facilitación en el aprendizaje y su relación con el supuesto de inclusividad funcional.

Gaudiebility and health status perception in a Mexican sample / Gaudibilidade e percepção do estado de saúde em uma amostra mexicana / Gaudibilidad y percepción de estado de salud en una muestra mexicana

Abstract The current approach to the health-illness process requires, in addition to disease control, the preservation of the person's quality of life. This study has the purpose of identifying the relationship between gaudiebility and the perception of health status in a Mexican sample, as well as comparing these variables by gender. A cross-sectional and correlational study was conducted for such purposes. Gaudiebility was measured with the Gaudiebility Scale and the perception of health status with the MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). The sample consisted of 285 people between the ages of 14 and 78 (M = 32.13, SD = 13.38), who were recruited with the snowball sampling method, forming a non-probability sample. Results indicate a statistically significant positive and moderate relationship between gaudiebility and the General Health of people (p = .433, p < .001). Thus, people with high gaudiebility perceive less risks to their General Health compared with people who have low and moderate gaudiebility (RM = 4.527, 2.434 - 8.419). Furthermore, a statistically significant difference was identified by gender regarding Physical Functioning (z = -2.293, p = .022) and Mental Health (z = -2.243, p = .025) on the SF-36, where men reported a higher level in both cases. It was concluded that gaudiebility has a relevant influence on the perception of health status.

Resumo Na atualidade, para a abordagem do processo saúde-doença requer-se, além de controlar a doença, preservar, na medida do possível, a qualidade de vida da pessoa. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi identificar a relação entre a gaudibilidade e a percepção do estado de saúde em uma amostra de mexicanos e comparar tais variáveis de acordo com o gênero dos participantes. Para isso, utilizou-se um desenho transversal e correlacional com a aplicação da Escala de Gaudibilidade e a versão curta do Questionário de Saúde (SF-36). No total, participaram 285 pessoas com idades entre 14 e 78 anos (M = 32.13, DP = 13.38) recrutados por meio da técnica de bola de neve, com quem se formou uma amostra não probabilística. Os resultados indicaram uma relação estatisticamente significativa, positiva e moderada entre a gaudibilidade e a saúde geral dos participantes (p = .407, p < .001), devido ao fato de que as pessoas com alta gaudibilidade perceberam menos riscos em saúde geral em comparação com as pessoas com gaudibilidade baixa e moderada (RM = 4.527, 2.434 - 8.419). Igualmente, identificou-se uma diferença estatisticamente significativa com respeito ao gênero nos fatores funcionamento físico (z = -2.293, p = .022) e saúde mental (z = -2.243, p = .025) do SF-36, já que os homens indicaram um maior nível em ambos os casos. Conclui-se que a gaudibilidade tem uma influência relevante sobre a percepção do estado de saúde.

Resumen En la actualidad, para el abordaje del proceso salud-enfermedad se requiere, además de controlar la enfermedad, preservar en lo posible la calidad de vida de la persona. En este sentido, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue identificar la relación entre la gaudibilidad y la percepción del estado de salud en una muestra de mexicanos, y comparar dichas variables según el género de los participantes. Para esto, se utilizó un diseño transversal y correlacional con la aplicación de la Escala de Gaudibilidad y la versión corta del Cuestionario de Salud (SF-36). En total, participaron 285 personas de entre 14 y 78 años (M = 32.13, DE = 13.38), reclutados por medio de la técnica de bola de nieve, con quienes se formó una muestra no probabilística. Los resultados indicaron una relación estadísticamente significativa, positiva y moderada entre la gaudibilidad y la salud general de los participantes (p = .407, p < .001), debido a que las personas con alta gaudibilidad percibieron menos riesgos en salud general en comparación con las personas con baja y moderada gaudibilidad (RM = 4.527, 2.434 - 8.419). Asimismo, se identificó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en cuanto al género en los factores funcionamiento físico (z = -2.293, p = .022) y salud mental (z = -2.243, p = .025) del SF-36, ya que los hombres refirieron un nivel mayor en ambos casos. Se concluye que la gaudibilidad tiene una influencia relevante sobre la percepción del estado de salud.

Psychological capital and its relationship with lifestyle of Mexican university students / Capital psicológico y su relación con el estilo de vida de universitarios mexicanos

Background: University students don't have a healthy lifestyle so it is necessary to identify psychosocial variables that can increase it. Objective: To determine the relationship between the psychological capital (CapPsi) and lifestyle (EV) of Mexican university students. Method: A cross-sectional and correlational study was carried out among 320 students of a public university. The sample was non probabilistic by quotas. To assess the factors of CapPsi were used the General Scale of Self-efficacy, the Scale of Hope for Adults, Questionnaire of Resilience, the Life Orientation Test and; to assess the lifestyle was used the Fantastic questionnaire. Results: The variables of the CapPsi correlated with the healthy lifestyle; resilience (r = 0.505, p < 0.01); hope (r = 0.432, p < 0.01); optimism (r = 0.412, p < 0.01); and self-efficacy (r = 0.400, p < 0.01). The 33.3 of the total variance of the lifestyle was explained by the CapPsi (R2 = 0.333). Conclusions: Based on the results, it is assumed that the CapPsi improve lifestyle; however, further research is necessary to determine if the influence of CapPsi is in the adoption and / or maintenance of healthy lifestyle and identify how each one of its factors infl uences it particularly. The CapPsi has a representative percentage of prediction of healthy lifestyle. It is necessary that health promotion and prevention programs incorporate the approach of CapPsi to achieve a healthy lifestyle in the university students.

Introducción: en algunos estudios se ha reportado que los universitarios no tienen un estilo de vida saludable (EVS) por lo que es necesario identificar no solo las variables psicosociales negativas, sino también las variables de Psicología Positiva que pueden favorecerlo. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre el capital psicológico (CapPsi) y el estilo de vida (EV) de estudiantes universitarios mexicanos. Método: se realizó un estudio transversal y correlacional con 320 estudiantes de una universidad pública. La muestra fue no probabilística por cuotas. Para evaluar los factores del CapPsi se utilizaron los instrumentos Escala General de Autoeficacia, Escala de Esperanza para Adultos, Cuestionario de Resiliencia y Test de Orientación en la Vida (optimismo); para evaluar el EV se usó el Cuestionario Fantástico. Resultados: las variables del CapPsi mostraron una correlación estadísticamente significativa con el EV; resiliencia (r = 0,505, p < 0,01); esperanza (r = 0,432, p < 0,01); optimismo (r = 0,412, p < 0,01); autoeficacia (r = 0,400, p < 0,01). El 33,3 de la varianza total del EV es explicado por el CapPsi (R2 = 0,333). Conclusiones: con base en los resultados, se asume que el CapPsi favorece el EVS; no obstante, es necesario que futuras investigaciones detallen si la influencia es en la adopción y/o mantenimiento del EVS, así como identificar cómo influye particularmente en cada factor del EV. El CapPsi tiene un porcentaje representativo de predicción del EV saludable. Es necesario que los programas de promoción y prevención en salud incorporen el abordaje del CapPsi para lograr un EV saludable en los universitarios.

Capital psicológico y su relación con el estilo de vida de universitarios mexicanos / Psychological capital and its relationship with lifestyle of Mexican university students

Introducción: en algunos estudios se ha reportado que los universitarios no tienen un estilo de vida saludable (EVS) por lo que es necesario identificar no solo las variables psicosociales negativas, sino también las variables de Psicología Positiva que pueden favorecerlo. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre el capital psicológico (CapPsi) y el estilo de vida (EV) de estudiantes universitarios mexicanos. Método: se realizó un estudio transversal y correlacional con 320 estudiantes de una universidad pública. La muestra fue no probabilística por cuotas. Para evaluar los factores del CapPsi se utilizaron los instrumentos Escala General de Autoeficacia, Escala de Esperanza para Adultos, Cuestionario de Resiliencia y Test de Orientación en la Vida (optimismo); para evaluar el EV se usó el Cuestionario Fantástico. Resultados: las variables del CapPsi mostraron una correlación estadísticamente significativa con el EV; resiliencia (r = 0,505, p < 0,01); esperanza (r = 0,432, p < 0,01); optimismo (r = 0,412, p < 0,01); autoefi cacia (r = 0,400, p < 0,01). El 33,3 de la varianza total del EV es explicado por el CapPsi (R2 = 0,333). Conclusiones: con base en los resultados, se asume que el CapPsi favorece el EVS; no obstante, es necesario que futuras investigaciones detallen si la influencia es en la adopción y/o mantenimiento del EVS, así como identificar cómo influye particularmente en cada factor del EV. El CapPsi tiene un porcentaje representativo de predicción del EV saludable. Es necesario que los programas de promoción y prevención en salud incorporen el abordaje del CapPsi para lograr un EV saludable en los universitarios (AU)

Background: University students don’t have a healthy lifestyle so it is necessary to identify psychosocial variables that can increase it. Objective: To determine the relationship between the psychological capital (CapPsi) and lifestyle (EV) of Mexican university students. Method: A cross-sectional and correlational study was carried out among 320 students of a public university. The sample was non probabilistic by quotas. To assess the factors of CapPsi were used the General Scale of Self-effi cacy, the Scale of Hope for Adults, Questionnaire of Resilience, the Life Orientation Test and; to assess the lifestyle was used the Fantastic questionnaire. Results: The variables of the CapPsi correlated with the healthy lifestyle; resilience (r = 0.505, p < 0.01); hope (r = 0.432, p < 0.01); optimism (r = 0.412, p < 0.01); and self-effi cacy (r = 0.400, p < 0.01). The 33.3 of the total variance of the lifestyle was explained by the CapPsi (R2 = 0.333). Conclusions: Based on the results, it is assumed that the CapPsi improve lifestyle; however, further research is necessary to determine if the infl uence of CapPsi is in the adoption and / or maintenance of healthy lifestyle and identify how each one of its factors influences it particularly. The CapPsi has a representative percentage of prediction of healthy lifestyle. It is necessary that health promotion and prevention programs incorporate the approach of CapPsi to achieve a healthy lifestyle in the university students (AU)