Entropy-based air quality monitoring network optimization using NINP and Bayesian maximum entropy.

Effectual air quality monitoring network (AQMN) design plays a prominent role in environmental engineering. An optimal AQMN design should consider stations' mutual information and system uncertainties for effectiveness. This study develops a novel optimization model using a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II). The Bayesian maximum entropy (BME) method generates potential stations as the input of a framework based on the transinformation entropy (TE) method to maximize the coverage and minimize the probability of selecting stations. Also, the fuzzy degree of membership and the nonlinear interval number programming (NINP) approaches are used to survey the uncertainty of the joint information. To obtain the best Pareto optimal solution of the AQMN characterization, a robust ranking technique, called Preference Ranking Organization METHod for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE) approach, is utilized to select the most appropriate AQMN properties. This methodology is applied to Los Angeles, Long Beach, and Anaheim in California, USA. Results suggest using 4, 4, and 5 stations to monitor CO, NO2, and ozone, respectively; however, implementing this recommendation reduces coverage by 3.75, 3.75, and 3 times for CO, NO2, and ozone, respectively. On the positive side, this substantially decreases TE for CO, NO2, and ozone concentrations by 8.25, 5.86, and 4.75 times, respectively.

Renal Cystic Adenocarcinoma in a Flowerhorn Cichlid with Metastatic Involvement of the Spleen.

A 480-g flowerhorn cichlid (an ornamental hybrid) with severe bilateral abdominal swelling, bulla-like structures on the skin, bilateral exophthalmia, and a prolapsed intestine was presented. Radiographs showed compression of the posterior part of the swim bladder and abdominal distention. Ultrasonography of visceral organs revealed a heterogeneous mass with hypoechoic to anechoic polycystic parenchyma and free fluid in the abdominal cavity. At necropsy, free fluid in the abdominal cavity and a large polycystic mass originating from the posterior kidney were observed. Histologically, the mass was composed of more cystic growth of tubules. The renal architecture was replaced by tubules, often irregular in shape, lined by simple to lightly stratified layers of neoplastic and pleomorphic cuboidal to columnar epithelial cells and the absence of glomeruli. Birefringent crystals were observed with polarized light within the lumen of some tubules. The apical border of the neoplastic cells was periodic acid-Schiff positive. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were positive for cytokeratin AE1/AE3 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen and were negative for p53 (tumor suppressor protein). Microscopic metastasis was seen in the spleen. The metastatic tumor was classified as a cystic adenocarcinoma of the kidney, originating from the proximal tubules. Received October 7, 2016; accepted June 18, 2017.