The Interventions and Challenges of Antimicrobial Stewardship in the Emergency Department.

Over the last decades, we have witnessed a constant increase in infections caused by multi-drug-resistant strains in emergency departments. Despite the demonstrated effectiveness of antimicrobial stewardship programs in antibiotic consumption and minimizing multi-drug-resistant bacterium development, the characteristics of emergency departments pose a challenge to their implementation. The inclusion of rapid diagnostic tests, tracking microbiological results upon discharge, conducting audits with feedback, and implementing multimodal educational interventions have proven to be effective tools for optimizing antibiotic use in these units. Nevertheless, future multicenter studies are essential to determine the best way to proceed and measure outcomes in this scenario.

Programa de optimización de antibioterapia en infección urinaria por cepas multirresistentes en el servicio de urgencias / Antimicrobial stewardship program in urinary tract infections due to multi resistant strains in the emergency department

Introducción. Las infecciones urinarias (ITU) son un mo tivo frecuente de asistencia a los servicios de urgencias hospi talarias (SU), siendo cada vez más frecuente el aislamiento de cepas multirresistentes. El presente trabajo pretende evaluar el impacto de un programa multidisciplinar de optimización de antibioterapia en pacientes con ITU causada por bacterias mul tirresistentes atendidas desde el SU. Material y métodos. Estudio descriptivo de la puesta en marcha de un programa en el que participaron los servicios de urgencias, microbiología y farmacia. El tratamiento antibiótico de los pacientes que consultaron urgencias con urinocultivos positivos para bacterias multirresistentes fue revisado al alta por el equipo multidisciplinar. En aquellos pacientes con tra tamiento inapropiado se contactó con los médicos y/o farma céuticos del siguiente nivel asistencial o con los propios pa cientes en el caso de alta a domicilio. Se evaluó el impacto del programa sobre las nuevas consultas a urgencias a 30 días en comparación con los resultados obtenidos de la práctica habi tual en tres meses previos a la intervención. Resultados. Durante el año de implantación se revisaron 2.474 urinocultivos de pacientes con ITU, 537 (21,7%) causa das por bacterias multirresistentes. El tratamiento empírico al alta de urgencias fue inapropiado en 287 (53,4%) pacientes, realizando modificaciones del tratamiento en 232 de ellos. 73 pacientes (19,3%) reconsultaron el SU a los 30 días del alta, siendo este porcentaje inferior a los resultados obtenidos en los tres meses previos a la intervención (27,9%; p=0,031), sin encontrar diferencias significativas en el porcentaje de nuevas visitas asociadas a infecciones urinarias. Conclusión (AU)

Introduction. Urinary tract infections (UTI) are a fre quent reason for attendance at emergency department (ED). The present study evaluates the impact of a multidisciplinary program for the optimization of antibiotic therapy in patients with UTI caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria treated from the hospital ED. Material and methods. Descriptive study of the imple mentation of a program in which emergency, microbiology and pharmacy departments participated. Antibiotic treatment of the patients who consulted the ED with positive urine cul tures caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria was reviewed up on discharge. In those patients with inappropriate treatment, doctors and/or pharmacists of the next level of healthcare or patients in the case of home discharge were contacted. The impact of the program was evaluated based on new visits to the ED at 30 days after discharge, compared with the results obtained from the usual practice three months prior the in tervention. Results. During the first year, 2,474 urine cultures of pa tients with UTI were reviewed, 533 (21.7%) were caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria. Empirical treatment was inap propriate in 287 (53.4%), making treatment modifications in 243 of them. 73 (19.3%) patients returned to the ED 30 days after discharge, being lower than the results obtained in the three months prior intervention (27.9%; p=0.031), without significant differences in new visits associated with UTI. Conclusion. The implementation of a multidisciplinary program focused on multidrug resistant UTI at discharge form ED correct antibiotic therapy in a large number of patients, be ing a potentially tool to reduce the number of new ED visits (AU)

PREDICTION OF MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT BACTERIA IN URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT.

BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infections (UTI) due to multidrug-resistant bacteria are a frequent reason for visiting the emergency department (ED). OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of a predictive model of infection by multidrug-resistant microorganisms in UTIs treated in an ED. METHODS: This is a retrospective observational study. Adult patients admitted to an ED with a diagnosis of UTI and positive urine culture were included. The main objective was to evaluate the area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic (AUC-ROC), the scale proposed by González-del-Castillo, considering infection by a resistant pathogen as the dependent variable and the scale score of the predictive model used as the independent variable. RESULTS: The study included 414 patients with UTIs, 125 (30.2%) of which were caused by multidrug-resistant microorganisms. A total of 38.4% of patients were treated with antibiotics during the previous 3 months and a multidrug-resistant pathogen was isolated from 10.4% of the total during the previous 6 months. The AUC-ROC of the scale for predicting UTIs due to multidrug-resistant microorganisms was 0.79 (95% confidence interval 0.76-0.83), the optimal cut-off point being 9 points, with a sensitivity of 76.8% and a specificity of 71.6%. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the predictive model evaluated is a useful tool in real clinical practice to improve the success of empirical treatment of patients presenting to the ED with a diagnosis of UTI and positive urine culture pending identification.

Ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure at discharge as precipitating factors in immediate adverse events in patients treated for decompensated heart failure.

To investigate the relationship of ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure (AP) at patient discharge after an episode of acute heart failure (AHF) with very early post-discharge adverse outcomes. We analyzed 14,656 patients discharged after an AHF episode from 26 hospitals in 16 Spanish cities. The primary outcome was the 7-day post-discharge combined adverse event (emergency department -ED- revisit or hospitalization due to AHF, or all-cause death), and secondary outcomes were these three adverse events considered individually. Associations (adjusted for patient and demographic conditions, and length of stay -LOS- during the AHF index episode) of temperature and AP with the primary and secondary outcomes were investigated. We used restricted cubic splines to model the continuous non-linear association of temperature and AP with each endpoint. Some sensitivity analyses were performed. Patients were discharged after a median LOS of 5 days (IQR = 1-10). The highest temperature at discharge ranged from - 2 to 41.6 °C, and AP was from 892 to 1037 hPa. The 7-day post-discharge combined event occurred in 1242 patients (8.4%), with percentages of 7-day ED-revisit, hospitalization and death of 7.8%, 5.1% and 0.9%, respectively. We found no association between the maximal temperature and AP on the day of discharge and the primary or secondary outcomes. Similarly, there were no significant associations when the analyses were restricted to hospitalized patients (median LOS = 7 days, IQR = 4-11) during the index event, or when lag-1, lag-2 or the mean of the 3 post-discharge days (instead of point estimation) of ambient temperature and AP were considered. Temperature and AP on the day of patient discharge are not independently associated with the risk of very early adverse events during the vulnerable post-discharge period in patients discharged after an AHF episode.

Cefepime Dosing Requirements in Elderly Patients Attended in the Emergency Rooms.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the probability of reaching an adequate pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (pK/pD) index for different cefepime dosages in frail patients with bacteremia treated in the emergency room. METHODS: Simulation study based on Gram-negative bacterial strains that cause bacteremia. The probability of reaching a time above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at 50% and 100% dosing intervals (fT > 50 and fT > 80% MIC) was assessed for two different renal clearance intervals. RESULTS: One hundred twenty nine strains were collected, the predominant species being Escherichia coli (n = 83 [64.3%]). In patients with a ClCr of 30 mL/min, an fT > 50% MIC was reached in more than 90% of the simulations. However, a dose of at least 1 g every 12 h must be administered to reach an fT > 80% MIC. In patients with a ClCr of 30-60 mL/min, the probability of reaching an fT > 50% MIC was higher than 90% with doses of 1 g every 8 h or more, but this value was not reached in > 90% simulations for any of the doses tested in this study. CONCLUSIONS: Standard cefepime dosing can reach an adequate PK/PD index in frail patients. Nevertheless, a high dose or extended infusion is necessary to reach an fT > 80% MIC in patients with a ClCr > 60 mL/min.

Worsening renal function during an episode of acute heart failure and its relation to short- and long-term mortality: associated factors in the Epidemiology of Acute Heart Failure in Emergency Departments- Worsening Renal Function study. / Factores asociados con el empeoramiento de la función renal durante un episodio de insuficiencia cardiaca aguda y su relación con la mortalidad a corto y largo plazo: estudio EAHFE - EFRICA.

OBJECTIVES: To identify factors associated with worsening renal function (WRF) and explore associations with higher mortality in patients with acute heart failure (AHF). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seven emergency departments (EDs) in the EAHFE-EFRICA study (Spanish acronym for Epidemiology of AHF in EDs - WRF in AHF) consecutively included patients with AHF and creatinine levels determined in the ED and between 24 and 48 hours later. Patients with WRF were identified by an increase in creatinine level of 0.3 mg/dL or more. Forty-seven clinical characteristics were explored to identify those associated with WRF. To analyze for 30-day all-cause mortality we calculated odds ratios (ORs). To analyze mortality at the end of follow-up and by trimester, adjusted for between-group differences, we calculated hazard ratios (HRs). The data were analyzed by subgroups according to age, sex, baseline creatinine levels, AHF type, and risk group. RESULTS: A total of 1627 patients were included. The subgroup of 220 (13.5%) with WRF were older, had higher systolic blood pressure, were more often treated with morphine, and had chronic renal failure; there was also a higher rate of hypertensive crisis as the trigger for AHF in patients with WRF. However, only chronic renal failure was independently associated with WRF (adjusted OR, 1.695; 95% CI, 1.264-2.273). The rate of 30-day mortality was 13.1% overall but higher in patients with WRF (20.9% vs 11.8% in patients without WRF; adjusted OR, 1.793; 95% CI, 1.207-2.664). Accumulated mortality at 18 months (average follow-up time, 14 mo/patient) was 40.0% overall but higher in patients with WRF (adjusted HR, 1.275; 95% CI, 1.018-1.598). Increased risk was greater in the first trimester. Subgroup analyses revealed no differences. CONCLUSION: AHF with WRF in the first 48 hours after ED care is associated with higher mortality, especially in the first trimester after the emergency.

OBJETIVO: Identificar los factores asociados con el empeoramiento de la función renal (EFR) y si este se asocia a mayor mortalidad en pacientes que presentan un episodio de insuficiencia cardiaca aguda (ICA). METODO: Participaron 7 servicios de urgencias (SU) que incluyeron consecutivamente pacientes con ICA con determinación de creatinina en urgencias y a las 24-48 horas, y se identificaron aquellos con EFR (incremento de creatinina $ 0,3 mg/dL). Entre 47 características clínicas, se identificó las asociadas a EFR. Se investigó la mortalidad por cualquier causa a 30 días (OR) y al final del seguimiento (HR), esta última global y por periodos trimestrales, que se ajustó por las diferencias entre grupos. Se analizaron subgrupos según edad, sexo, creatinina basal, tipo de ICA y grupo de riesgo. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 1.627 pacientes, 220 (13,5%) con EFR, los cuales presentaban mayor edad, presión arterial sistólica, crisis hipertensiva como precipitante, tratamiento con morfina e insuficiencia renal crónica, aunque solo esta última se asoció independientemente a EFR (ORajustada = 1,695, IC 95% = 1,264-2,273). La mortalidad a 30 días fue de 13,1% (mayor en pacientes con EFR: 20,9% vs 11,8%, ORajustada = 1,793, IC 95% = 1,207-2,664) y la mortalidad acumulada a 18 meses (tiempo medio de seguimiento 14 meses/paciente) fue del 40,0% (mayor en pacientes con EFR: HRajustada = 1,275, IC 95% = 1,018-1,598). Este incremento de riesgo fue durante el primer trimestre. El análisis de subgrupos no mostró diferencias. CONCLUSIONES: La ICA con EFR en las primeras 48 horas posteriores a la atención en el SU se asocia a mayor mortalidad, que se concentra durante el primer trimestre.

Factores asociados con el empeoramiento de la función renal durante un episodio de insuficiencia cardiaca aguda y su relación con la mortalidad a corto y largo plazo: estudio EAHFE - EFRICA / Worsening renal function during an episode of acute heart failure and its relation to short- and long-term mortality: associated factors in the Epidemiology of Acute Heart Failure in Emergency Departments- Worsening Renal Function study

OBJETIVO: Identificar los factores asociados con el empeoramiento de la función renal (EFR) y si este se asocia a mayor mortalidad en pacientes que presentan un episodio de insuficiencia cardiaca aguda (ICA). MÉTODO: Participaron 7 servicios de urgencias (SU) que incluyeron consecutivamente pacientes con ICA con determinación de creatinina en urgencias y a las 24-48 horas, y se identificaron aquellos con EFR (incremento de creatinina $ 0,3 mg/dL). Entre 47 características clínicas, se identificó las asociadas a EFR. Se investigó la mortalidad por cualquier causa a 30 días (OR) y al final del seguimiento (HR), esta última global y por periodos trimestrales, que se ajustó por las diferencias entre grupos. Se analizaron subgrupos según edad, sexo, creatinina basal, tipo de ICA y grupo de riesgo. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 1.627 pacientes, 220 (13,5%) con EFR, los cuales presentaban mayor edad, presión arterial sistólica, crisis hipertensiva como precipitante, tratamiento con morfina e insuficiencia renal crónica, aunque solo esta última se asoció independientemente a EFR (ORajustada = 1,695, IC 95% = 1,264-2,273). La mortalidad a 30 días fue de 13,1% (mayor en pacientes con EFR: 20,9% vs 11,8%, ORajustada = 1,793, IC 95% = 1,207-2,664) y la mortalidad acumulada a 18 meses (tiempo medio de seguimiento 14 meses/paciente) fue del 40,0% (mayor en pacientes con EFR: HRajustada = 1,275, IC 95% = 1,018-1,598). Este incremento de riesgo fue durante el primer trimestre. El análisis de subgrupos no mostró diferencias. CONCLUSIÓN: La ICA con EFR en las primeras 48 horas posteriores a la atención en el SU se asocia a mayor mortalidad, que se concentra durante el primer trimestre

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with worsening renal function (WRF) and explore associations with higher mortality in patients with acute heart failure (AHF). METHODS: Seven emergency departments (EDs) in the EAHFE-EFRICA study (Spanish acronym for Epidemiology of AHF in EDs - WRF in AHF) consecutively included patients with AHF and creatinine levels determined in the ED and between 24 and 48 hours later. Patients with WRF were identified by an increase in creatinine level of 0.3 mg/dL or more. Forty-seven clinical characteristics were explored to identify those associated with WRF. To analyze for 30-day all-cause mortality we calculated odds ratios (ORs). To analyze mortality at the end of follow-up and by trimester, adjusted for between-group differences, we calculated hazard ratios (HRs). The data were analyzed by subgroups according to age, sex, baseline creatinine levels, AHF type, and risk group. RESULTS: A total of 1627 patients were included. The subgroup of 220 (13.5%) with WRF were older, had higher systolic blood pressure, were more often treated with morphine, and had chronic renal failure; there was also a higher rate of hypertensive crisis as the trigger for AHF in patients with WRF. However, only chronic renal failure was independently associated with WRF (adjusted OR, 1.695; 95% CI, 1.264-2.273). The rate of 30-day mortality was 13.1% overall but higher in patients with WRF (20.9% vs 11.8% in patients without WRF; adjusted OR, 1.793; 95% CI, 1.207-2.664). Accumulated mortality at 18 months (average follow-up time, 14 mo/patient) was 40.0% overall but higher in patients with WRF (adjusted HR, 1.275; 95% CI, 1.018-1.598). Increased risk was greater in the first trimester. Subgroup analyses revealed no differences. CONCLUSION: AHF with WRF in the first 48 hours after ED care is associated with higher mortality, especially in the first trimester after the emergency

Prognostic value of chest radiographs in patients with acute heart failure: the Radiology in Acute Heart Failure (RAD-ICA) study. / Estudio RAD-ICA: valor pronóstico de la radiografía de tórax obtenida en urgencias en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca aguda.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether chest radiographs can contribute to prognosis in patients with acute heart failure (AHF). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Consecutive patients with AHF were enrolled by the participating emergency departments. Radiographic variables assessed were the presence or absence of evidence of cardiomegaly and pleural effusion and the pulmonary parenchymal pattern observed (vascular redistribution, interstitial edema, and/or alveolar edema). We gathered variables for the AHF episode and the patient's baseline state. Outcomes were in-hospital and 1-year mortality; hospital stay longer than 7 days, and a composite of events within 30 days of discharge (revisit, rehospitalization, and/or death). Crude and adjusted hazard ratios were calculated for the 3 categories of radiographic variables. The variables were also studied in combination. RESULTS: A total of 2703 patients with a mean (SD) age of 81 (19) years were enrolled; 54.5% were women. Cardiomegaly was observed in 1711 cases (76.8%) and pleural effusion in 992 (36.7%). A pulmonary parenchymal pattern was observed in all cases, as follows: vascular redistribution in 1672 (61.9%), interstitial edema in 629 (23.3%) and alveolar edema in 402 (14.9%). The adjusted hazard ratios showed that cardiomegaly lacked prognostic value. However, the presence of pleural effusion was associated with a 23% (95% CI, 2%-49%) higher rate of the 30- day composite outcome; in-hospital mortality was 89% (30%-177%) higher in the presence of alveolar edema, and 1-year mortality was 38% (14%-67%) higher in association with vascular redistribution. The results for the variables in combination were consistent with the results for individual variables. CONCLUSION: A diagnostic chest radiograph can also contribute to the prediction of adverse events. Pleural effusion is associated with a higher rate of events after discharge, and alveolar edema is associated with higher mortality.

OBJETIVO: Investigar si la radiografía de tórax en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca aguda (ICA) puede contribuir a establecer el pronóstico. METODO: Se incluyeron pacientes consecutivos diagnosticados de ICA en urgencias. Se valoró: cardiomegalia radiológica (CR), derrame pleural (DP) y el patrón parenquimatoso pulmonar (PPP: redistribución vascular, edema intersticial, edema alveolar). Se recogieron variables del estado basal del paciente y del episodio. Las variables de resultado evaluadas fueron mortalidad intrahospitalaria y al año, ingreso prolongado (> 7 días) y evento combinado (reconsulta, rehospitalización o muerte) a 30 días postalta, para las cuales se calcularon las hazard ratio crudas y ajustadas para las tres variables radiológicas y su combinación entre ellas. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 2.703 pacientes con una edad media de 81 (DE 19) años; el 54,5% eran mujeres. Se observó CR en 1.711 casos (76,8%), DP en 992 (36,7%) y todos los pacientes mostraron PPP (redistribución vascular el 61,9%, edema intersticial el 23,3% y edema alveolar el 14,9%). El análisis ajustado mostró que la CR no tuvo valor pronóstico; el DP incrementó un 23% (IC 95% 2-49%) los eventos combinados a los 30 días postalta; y el PPP edema alveolar aumentó un 89% (30-177%) la mortalidad intrahospitalaria y un 38% (14-67%) la mortalidad al año respecto al PPP redistribución vascular (referencia). El estudio de la combinación de estos tres hallazgos radiológicos mostró resultados similares y congruentes con los hallazgos del estudio individualizado. CONCLUSIONES: La radiografía de tórax, además de ayudar a establecer el diagnóstico de ICA, puede contribuir a estimar el pronóstico de eventos adversos. Así, el DP se asocia a un incremento de eventos adversos postalta y el PPP edema alveolar a una mayor mortalidad.

Estudio RAD-ICA: valor pronóstico de la radiografía de tórax obtenida en urgencias en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca aguda / Prognostic value of chest radiographs in patients with acute heart failure: the Radiology in Acute Heart Failure (RAD-ICA) study

Objetivos. Investigar si la radiografía de tórax en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca aguda (ICA) puede contribuir a establecer el pronóstico. Método. Se incluyeron pacientes consecutivos diagnosticados de ICA en urgencias. Se valoró: cardiomegalia radiológica (CR), derrame pleural (DP) y el patrón parenquimatoso pulmonar (PPP: redistribución vascular, edema intersticial, edema alveolar). Se recogieron variables del estado basal del paciente y del episodio. Las variables de resultado evaluadas fueron mortalidad intrahospitalaria y al año, ingreso prolongado (> 7 días) y evento combinado (reconsulta, rehospitalización o muerte) a 30 días postalta, para las cuales se calcularon las hazard ratio crudas y ajustadas para las tres variables radiológicas y su combinación entre ellas. Resultados. Se incluyeron 2.703 pacientes con una edad media de 81 (DE 19) años; el 54,5% eran mujeres. Se observó CR en 1.711 casos (76,8%), DP en 992 (36,7%) y todos los pacientes mostraron PPP (redistribución vascular el 61,9%, edema intersticial el 23,3% y edema alveolar el 14,9%). El análisis ajustado mostró que la CR no tuvo valor pronóstico; el DP incrementó un 23% (IC 95% 2-49%) los eventos combinados a los 30 días postalta; y el PPP edema alveolar aumentó un 89% (30-177%) la mortalidad intrahospitalaria y un 38% (14-67%) la mortalidad al año respecto al PPP redistribución vascular (referencia). El estudio de la combinación de estos tres hallazgos radiológicos mostró resultados similares y congruentes con los hallazgos del estudio individualizado. Conclusiones. La radiografía de tórax, además de ayudar a establecer el diagnóstico de ICA, puede contribuir a estimar el pronóstico de eventos adversos. Así, el DP se asocia a un incremento de eventos adversos postalta y el PPP edema alveolar a una mayor mortalidad

Objective. To determine whether chest radiographs can contribute to prognosis in patients with acute heart failure (AHF). Methods. Consecutive patients with AHF were enrolled by the participating emergency departments. Radiographic variables assessed were the presence or absence of evidence of cardiomegaly and pleural effusion and the pulmonary parenchymal pattern observed (vascular redistribution, interstitial edema, and/or alveolar edema). We gathered variables for the AHF episode and the patient’s baseline state. Outcomes were in-hospital and 1-year mortality; hospital stay longer than 7 days, and a composite of events within 30 days of discharge (revisit, rehospitalization, and/or death). Crude and adjusted hazard ratios were calculated for the 3 categories of radiographic variables. The variables were also studied in combination. Results. A total of 2703 patients with a mean (SD) age of 81 (19) years were enrolled; 54.5% were women. Cardiomegaly was observed in 1711 cases (76.8%) and pleural effusion in 992 (36.7%). A pulmonary parenchymal pattern was observed in all cases, as follows: vascular redistribution in 1672 (61.9%), interstitial edema in 629 (23.3%) and alveolar edema in 402 (14.9%). The adjusted hazard ratios showed that cardiomegaly lacked prognostic value. However, the presence of pleural effusion was associated with a 23% (95% CI, 2%-49%) higher rate of the 30-day composite outcome; in-hospital mortality was 89% (30%-177%) higher in the presence of alveolar edema, and 1-year mortality was 38% (14%-67%) higher in association with vascular redistribution. The results for the variables in combination were consistent with the results for individual variables. Conclusions. A diagnostic chest radiograph can also contribute to the prediction of adverse events. Pleural effusion is associated with a higher rate of events after discharge, and alveolar edema is associated with higher mortality

Effect of risk of malnutrition on 30-day mortality among older patients with acute heart failure in Emergency Departments.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the prevalence and impact of risk of malnutrition on short-term mortality among seniors presenting with acute heart failure (AHF) in emergency setting. The objective was to determine the impact of risk of malnutrition on 30-day mortality risk among older patients who attended in Emergency Departments (EDs) for AHF. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a secondary analysis of the OAK-3 Registry including all consecutive patients ≥65 years attending in 16 Spanish EDs for AHF. Risk of malnutrition was defined by the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form (MNA-SF) < 12 points. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models were used to assess the association between risk of malnutrition and 30-day mortality. RESULTS: We included 749 patients (mean age: 85 (SD 6); 55.8% females). Risk of malnutrition was observed in 594 (79.3%) patients. The rate of 30-day mortality was 8.8%. After adjusting for MEESSI-AHF risk score clinical categories (model 1) and after adding all variables showing a significantly different distribution among groups (model 2), the risk of malnutrition was an independent factor associated with 30-day mortality (adjusted OR by model 1 = 3.4; 95%CI 1.2-9.7; p = .020 and adjusted OR by model 2 = 3.1; 95%CI 1.1-9.0; p = .033) compared to normal nutritional status. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of malnutrition assessed by the MNA-SF is associated with 30-day mortality in older patients with AHF who were attended in EDs. Routine screening of risk of malnutrition may help emergency physicians in decision-making and establishing a care plan.

Eventos adversos en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca aguda clasificados de bajo riesgo por la escala MEESSI y dados de alta desde urgencias: cuantificación y predictibilidad / Patients with acute heart failure discharged from the emergency department and classified as low risk by the MEESSI score (multiple risk estimate based on the Spanish emergency department scale): prevalence of adverse events and predictability

Objetivo: Investigar la tasa de eventos adversos en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca aguda (ICA) clasificados de bajo riesgo por la escala MEESSI y dados de alta desde urgencias, la capacidad discriminativa de dicha escala para estos eventos en dichos pacientes y las variables asociadas. Método: Se estratificó el riesgo de los pacientes del Registro EAHFE (cohortes 2-5) mediante la escala MEESSI y se analizaron los clasificados de bajo riesgo dados de alta desde urgencias. Se investigó la mortalidad por cualquier causa a 30 días (M-30d), la revisita a urgencias por ICA a 7 días (REV-7d) y la revisita a urgencias u hospitalización por ICA a 30 días (REV-H-30d). Se calculó el área bajo la curva (ABC) de la característica operativa del receptor (COR) de la escala MEESSI para estos eventos. Se analizó la relación entre 42 variables y RV-7d y RV-H-30d mediante regresión logística multivariable. Resultados: Se incluyeron 1028 pacientes. La M-30d fue 1,6% (IC 95%: 0,9-2,5), la REV-7d fue 8,0% (6,4-9,8) y la REV-H-30d fue 24,7% (22,1-25,7). El ABC ROC de la puntuación MEESSI para discriminar estos eventos adversos fue 0,69 (0,58-0,80), 0,56 (0,49-0,63) y 0,54 (0,50-0,59), respectivamente. Se asociaron con RV-7d: tratamiento diurético crónico (OR 2,45; 1,01-5,98), hemoglobina < 110 g/L (1,68; 1,02-2,75) y tratamiento diurético intravenoso en urgencias (0,53; 0,31-0,90). Se asociaron con REV-H-30d: arteriopatía periférica (1,74; 1,01-3,00), episodios previos de ICA (1,42; 1,02-1,98), tratamiento crónico con inhibidores de receptores mineralocorticoides (1,71; 1,09-2,67), índice de Barthel en urgencias < 90 puntos (1,48; 1,07-2,06) y tratamiento diurético intravenoso en urgencias (0,58; 0,40-0,84). Conclusiones: Los pacientes con ICA de bajo riesgo dados de alta desde urgencias presentan tasas de eventos adversos cercanas a los estándares recomendados internacionalmente. La escala MEESSI, diseñada para predecir M-30d, tiene escasa capacidad predictiva para REV-7d y REV-H-30d en los pacientes de bajo riesgo. Este estudio describe otros factores asociados a tales eventos

Objective: To determine the rate of adverse events in patients with acute heart failure (AHF) who were discharged from the emergency department (ED) after classification as low risk according to MEESSI score (multiple risk estimate based on the Spanish ED scale), to analyze the ability of the score to predict events, and to explore variables associated with adverse events. Methods: Patients in the EAHFE registry (Epidemiology of Acute Heart Failure in EDs) were stratified according to risk indicated by MEESSI score in order to identify those considered at low risk on discharge. All-cause 30-day mortality and revisits related to AHF within 7 days and 30 days were recorded. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated for the MEESSI score's ability to predict these events. Associations between 42 variables and 7-day and 30-day revisits to the ED were analyzed by multivariable logistic regression. Results: A total of 1028 patients were included. The 30-day mortality rate was 1.6% (95% CI, 0.9%-2.5%). The 7-day and 30-day revisit rates were 8.0% (95% CI, 6.4%-9.8%) and 24.7% (95% CI, 22.1%-25.7%), respectively. The AUCs for MEESSI score discrimination between patients with and without these outcomes were as follows: 30-day mortality, 0.69 (95% CI, 0.58-0.80); 7-day revisiting, 0.56 (95% CI, 0.49-0.63); and 30-day revisiting, 0.54 (95% CI, 0.50-0.59). Variables associated with 7-day revisits were long-term diuretic treatment (odds ratio [OR], 2.45; 95% CI, 1.01-5.98), hemoglobin concentration less than 110 g/L (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.02-2.75), and intravenous diuretic treatment in the ED (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.31-0.90). Variables associated with 30-day revisits were peripheral artery disease (OR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.01-3.00), prior history of an AHF episode (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.02-1.98), long-term mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist treatment (OR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.09-2.67), Barthel index less than 90 points in the ED (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.07-2.06), and intravenous diuretic treatment in the ED (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.40-0.84). Conclusions: Patients with AHF who are at low risk for adverse events on discharge from our EDs have event rates that are near internationally recommended targets. The MEESSI score, which was designed to predict 30-day mortality, is a poor predictor of 7-day or 30-day revisiting in these low-risk patients. We identified other factors related to these events

Patients with acute heart failure discharged from the emergency department and classified as low risk by the MEESSI score (multiple risk estimate based on the Spanish emergency department scale): prevalence of adverse events and predictability. / Eventos adversos en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca aguda clasificados de bajo riesgo por la escala MEESSI y dados de alta desde urgencias: cuantificación y predictibilidad.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the rate of adverse events in patients with acute heart failure (AHF) who were discharged from the emergency department (ED) after classification as low risk according to MEESSI score (multiple risk estimate based on the Spanish ED scale), to analyze the ability of the score to predict events, and to explore variables associated with adverse events. METHODS: Patients in the EAHFE registry (Epidemiology of Acute Heart Failure in EDs) were stratified according to risk indicated by MEESSI score in order to identify those considered at low risk on discharge. All-cause 30-day mortality and revisits related to AHF within 7 days and 30 days were recorded. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated for the MEESSI score's ability to predict these events. Associations between 42 variables and 7-day and 30-day revisits to the ED were analyzed by multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 1028 patients were included. The 30-day mortality rate was 1.6% (95% CI, 0.9%-2.5%). The 7-day and 30-day revisit rates were 8.0% (95% CI, 6.4%-9.8%) and 24.7% (95% CI, 22.1%-25.7%), respectively. The AUCs for MEESSI score discrimination between patients with and without these outcomes were as follows: 30-day mortality, 0.69 (95% CI, 0.58-0.80); 7-day revisiting, 0.56 (95% CI, 0.49-0.63); and 30-day revisiting, 0.54 (95% CI, 0.50-0.59). Variables associated with 7-day revisits were long-term diuretic treatment (odds ratio [OR], 2.45; 95% CI, 1.01-5.98), hemoglobin concentration less than 110 g/L (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.02-2.75), and intravenous diuretic treatment in the ED (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.31-0.90). Variables associated with 30-day revisits were peripheral artery disease (OR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.01-3.00), prior history of an AHF episode (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.02-1.98), long-term mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist treatment (OR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.09-2.67), Barthel index less than 90 points in the ED (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.07-2.06), and intravenous diuretic treatment in the ED (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.40-0.84). CONCLUSION: Patients with AHF who are at low risk for adverse events on discharge from our EDs have event rates that are near internationally recommended targets. The MEESSI score, which was designed to predict 30-day mortality, is a poor predictor of 7-day or 30-day revisiting in these low-risk patients. We identified other factors related to these events.

OBJETIVO: Investigar la tasa de eventos adversos en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca aguda (ICA) clasificados de bajo riesgo por la escala MEESSI y dados de alta desde urgencias, la capacidad discriminativa de dicha escala para estos eventos en dichos pacientes y las variables asociadas. METODO: Se estratificó el riesgo de los pacientes del Registro EAHFE (cohortes 2-5) mediante la escala MEESSI y se analizaron los clasificados de bajo riesgo dados de alta desde urgencias. Se investigó la mortalidad por cualquier causa a 30 días (M-30d), la revisita a urgencias por ICA a 7 días (REV-7d) y la revisita a urgencias u hospitalización por ICA a 30 días (REV-H-30d). Se calculó el área bajo la curva (ABC) de la característica operativa del receptor (COR) de la escala MEESSI para estos eventos. Se analizó la relación entre 42 variables y RV-7d y RV-H-30d mediante regresión logística multivariable. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 1028 pacientes. La M-30d fue 1,6% (IC 95%: 0,9-2,5), la REV-7d fue 8,0% (6,4-9,8) y la REV-H-30d fue 24,7% (22,1-25,7). El ABC ROC de la puntuación MEESSI para discriminar estos eventos adversos fue 0,69 (0,58-0,80), 0,56 (0,49-0,63) y 0,54 (0,50-0,59), respectivamente. Se asociaron con RV-7d: tratamiento diurético crónico (OR 2,45; 1,01-5,98), hemoglobina < 110 g/L (1,68; 1,02-2,75) y tratamiento diurético intravenoso en urgencias (0,53; 0,31-0,90). Se asociaron con REV-H-30d: arteriopatía periférica (1,74; 1,01-3,00), episodios previos de ICA (1,42; 1,02-1,98), tratamiento crónico con inhibidores de receptores mineralocorticoides (1,71; 1,09-2,67), índice de Barthel en urgencias < 90 puntos (1,48; 1,07-2,06) y tratamiento diurético intravenoso en urgencias (0,58; 0,40-0,84). CONCLUSIONES: Los pacientes con ICA de bajo riesgo dados de alta desde urgencias presentan tasas de eventos adversos cercanas a los estándares recomendados internacionalmente. La escala MEESSI, diseñada para predecir M-30d, tiene escasa capacidad predictiva para REV-7d y REV-H-30d en los pacientes de bajo riesgo. Este estudio describe otros factores asociados a tales eventos.

Diagnóstico en urgencias del embolismo pulmonar en ancianos: adherencia a las guías y valor del dímero-D corregido por edad / Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in the elderly: adherence to guidelines and age-adjusted D-dimer concentration values

Objetivo. El objetivo principal fue estudiar la adherencia a las guías de práctica clínica (GPC) para el diagnóstico de embolismo pulmonar (EP) según la edad del paciente. Los objetivos secundarios fueron investigar las características del dímero-D corregido por edad (DDc) en combinación con la Escala de Wells para el diagnóstico de EP y el número de angio-TC pulmonares potencialmente evitables con dicha estrategia. Método. Estudio observacional retrospectivo de una serie de casos de pacientes con sospecha de EP con estabilidad hemodinámica en un servicio de urgencias de un hospital universitario de tercer nivel durante el año 2012. Los casos se obtuvieron a partir de las solicitudes de dímero-D, las angio-TC pulmonares realizadas por sospecha de EP y el registro de altas hospitalarias. Se realizó un análisis del grado de adherencia a las GPC según grupos de edad y se calculó las características del DDc en combinación con la Escala de Wells y el número de angio-TC potencialmente evitables con dicha estrategia. Resultados. Se incluyeron 785 pacientes con sospecha de EP con una edad mediana de 69 años (rango 18-97), de los cuales 403 (51,3%) fueron mujeres. Se observaron diferencias significativas del grado de adherencia a las GPC en función del grupo de edad de los pacientes para las diferentes escalas de probabilidad clínica (EPC) ( 50 años: 69,7%-76,5%; 65-74 años: 32,3%-53,2%; 75-84 años: 29,1%-46,8%; 85-89 años: 32,7%-41,8%; 90 años: 24,4%-46,7%). La combinación del DDc y la Escala de Wells simplificada aumentó la adherencia (incrementos del 10,4%, 8,0%, 13,6%, 11,1%, en cada grupo de edad, respectivamente). El punto de corte del DDc aumentó la especificidad (34,2% vs 45,8%) y el valor predictivo positivo (9,6% vs 11,4%), y hubiera evitado 70 (12,5%) angio-TC pulmonares. Conclusiones. Se hallaron diferencias de adherencia a las GPC en las sospechas de EP en función de la edad. La Escala de Wells simplificada combinada con el punto de corte del DDc obtuvo una mayor especificidad y valor predictivo positivo que con el DD estándar, lo que podría disminuir el número de angio-TC pulmonares

Objectives. The main purpose was to assess our emergency department's level of adherence to clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in different age groups. The secondary aims were to study the utility and estimated the number of avoidable CT angiography with this approach of age-adjusted D-dimer concentrations in combination with the Wells score in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Methods. Retrospective observational study of a series of hemodynamically stable patients suspected of having pulmonary embolism in the emergency department of a tertiary care university hospital in 2012. Cases were identified in hospital discharge records on the basis of orders for D-dimer assays and computed tomography (CT) angiography of pulmonary arteries justified by suspicion of pulmonary embolism. We analyzed the degree of adherence to CPGs according to age groups, calculated the specificity and sensitivity of combining age-adjusted D-dimer test results and the Wells score, and estimated the number of potentially avoidable CT angiography procedures. Results. We found a total of 785 patients (mean age, 69 years; range, 18-97 years) suspected of having pulmonary embolism; 403 (51.3%) were women. Significant differences were detected in adherence to CPGs, depending on which clinical prediction models were used and patient age (50 years or younger, 69.7%-76.5% adherence; 65-74 years, 32.3%-53.2%; 75-84 years, 29.1%-46.8%; 85-89 years, 32.7%-41.8%; and 90 years or older, 24.4%-46.7%). Adherence was increased when D-dimer test result and the simplified Wells score were combined (increments of 10.4%, 8.0%, 13.6%, 11.1%, respectively in the following age groups: 65-74 years, 75-84 years, 85-89 years, and 90 years or older). Using an ageadjusted D-dimer cut-point increased diagnostic specificity (34.2% without such a cut-point vs 45.8% with one). The positive predictive value of the test also increased when an age-adjusted D-dimer cut-point was used (to 11.4%, from 9.6% without age adjustement). Seventy CT angiograph procedures (12.5%) could have been avoided by using age-adjusted cut-points. Conclusions. We observed different degrees of age-related adherence to CPGs in cases in which pulmonary embolism was suspected. Using the simplified Wells score combined with an age-adjusted cut-point for D-dimer assay positivity improved the specificity and positive predictive value of the D-dimer assessment in comparison with standard practice. Using age-adjusted D-dimer cut-points could decrease the number of pulmonary artery CT angiograms required

Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in the elderly: adherence to guidelines and age-adjusted D-dimer concentration values. / Diagnóstico en urgencias del embolismo pulmonar en ancianos: adherencia a las guías y valor del dímero-D corregido por edad.

OBJECTIVES: . The main purpose was to assess our emergency department's level of adherence to clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in different age groups. The secondary aims were to study the utility and estimated the number of avoidable CT angiography with this approach of age-adjusted D-dimer concentrations in combination with the Wells score in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective observational study of a series of hemodynamically stable patients suspected of having pulmonary embolism in the emergency department of a tertiary care university hospital in 2012. Cases were identified in hospital discharge records on the basis of orders for D-dimer assays and computed tomography (CT) angiography of pulmonary arteries justified by suspicion of pulmonary embolism. We analyzed the degree of adherence to CPGs according to age groups, calculated the specificity and sensitivity of combining age-adjusted D-dimer test results and the Wells score, and estimated the number of potentially avoidable CT angiography procedures. RESULTS: We found a total of 785 patients (mean age, 69 years; range, 18-97 years) suspected of having pulmonary embolism; 403 (51.3%) were women. Significant differences were detected in adherence to CPGs, depending on which clinical prediction models were used and patient age (50 years or younger, 69.7%-76.5% adherence; 65-74 years, 32.3%-53.2%; 75-84 years, 29.1%-46.8%; 85-89 years, 32.7%-41.8%; and 90 years or older, 24.4%-46.7%). Adherence was increased when D-dimer test result and the simplified Wells score were combined (increments of 10.4%, 8.0%, 13.6%, 11.1%, respectively in the following age groups: 65-74 years, 75-84 years, 85-89 years, and 90 years or older). Using an ageadjusted D-dimer cut-point increased diagnostic specificity (34.2% without such a cut-point vs 45.8% with one). The positive predictive value of the test also increased when an age-adjusted D-dimer cut-point was used (to 11.4%, from 9.6% without age adjustement). Seventy CT angiograph procedures (12.5%) could have been avoided by using age-adjusted cut-points. CONCLUSION: We observed different degrees of age-related adherence to CPGs in cases in which pulmonary embolism was suspected. Using the simplified Wells score combined with an age-adjusted cut-point for D-dimer assay positivity improved the specificity and positive predictive value of the D-dimer assessment in comparison with standard practice. Using age-adjusted D-dimer cut-points could decrease the number of pulmonary artery CT angiograms required.

OBJETIVO: El objetivo principal fue estudiar la adherencia a las guías de práctica clínica (GPC) para el diagnóstico de embolismo pulmonar (EP) según la edad del paciente. Los objetivos secundarios fueron investigar las características del dímero-D corregido por edad (DDc) en combinación con la Escala de Wells para el diagnóstico de EP y el número de angio-TC pulmonares potencialmente evitables con dicha estrategia. METODO: Estudio observacional retrospectivo de una serie de casos de pacientes con sospecha de EP con estabilidad hemodinámica en un servicio de urgencias de un hospital universitario de tercer nivel durante el año 2012. Los casos se obtuvieron a partir de las solicitudes de dímero-D, las angio-TC pulmonares realizadas por sospecha de EP y el registro de altas hospitalarias. Se realizó un análisis del grado de adherencia a las GPC según grupos de edad y se calculó las características del DDc en combinación con la Escala de Wells y el número de angio-TC potencialmente evitables con dicha estrategia. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 785 pacientes con sospecha de EP con una edad mediana de 69 años (rango 18-97), de los cuales 403 (51,3%) fueron mujeres. Se observaron diferencias significativas del grado de adherencia a las GPC en función del grupo de edad de los pacientes para las diferentes escalas de probabilidad clínica (EPC) ( 50 años: 69,7%-76,5%; 65-74 años: 32,3%-53,2%; 75-84 años: 29,1%-46,8%; 85-89 años: 32,7%-41,8%; 90 años: 24,4%-46,7%). La combinación del DDc y la Escala de Wells simplificada aumentó la adherencia (incrementos del 10,4%, 8,0%, 13,6%, 11,1%, en cada grupo de edad, respectivamente). El punto de corte del DDc aumentó la especificidad (34,2% vs 45,8%) y el valor predictivo positivo (9,6% vs 11,4%), y hubiera evitado 70 (12,5%) angio-TC pulmonares. CONCLUSIONES: Se hallaron diferencias de adherencia a las GPC en las sospechas de EP en función de la edad. La Escala de Wells simplificada combinada con el punto de corte del DDc obtuvo una mayor especificidad y valor predictivo positivo que con el DD estándar, lo que podría disminuir el número de angio-TC pulmonares.

Impacto de las variables geriátricas en la mortalidad a 30 días de los ancianos atendidos por insuficiencia cardiaca aguda / Impact of geriatric assessment variables on 30-day mortality among older patients with acute heart failure

OBJETIVOS: Estudiar el impacto de las variables geriátricas en la mortalidad a 30 días entre los ancianos con insuficiencia cardiaca aguda (ICA). MÉTODO: Análisis retrospectivo del registro Older Acute heart failure Key data (OAK) que incluye prospectivamente a pacientes consecutivos 65 años con ICA en 3 servicios de urgencias españoles durante 4 meses (noviembre-diciembre 2011 y enero-febrero 2014). Se realizó una valoración geriátrica adaptada a urgencias durante los días laborales de 8 am a 10 pm. Se recogieron variables demográficas, clínicas, analíticas y geriátricas (comorbilidad, polifarmacia, fragilidad, situación basal funcional, cognitiva y social, despistaje de síndrome confusional, deterioro cognitivo y depresión, y situación nutricional). La variable de resultado fue la mortalidad por cualquier causa a los 30 días. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 565 pacientes con edad media 83 años (DE 7,1), 346 mujeres (61,6%). Sesenta y cinco sujetos (11,5%) fallecieron a los 30 días. La presencia de síndrome confusional agudo (OR ajustada = 2,2; IC95% 1,0-4,8; p = 0,04), de enfermedad aguda (OR ajustada = 1,8; IC95% 0,9-3,4; p = 0,05) o pérdida de apetito (OR ajustada = 1,8; IC95% 1-3,4; p = 0,04) en los últimos 3 meses, y de fragilidad (OR ajustada = 2,0; IC95% 1,0-4,1; p = 0,05) o dependencia funcional grave (OR ajustada = 4,4; IC95% 1,9-11,4; p = 0,01) fueron factores independientes asociados con mortalidad a los 30 días. CONCLUSIONES: Existen ciertas variables geriátricas que debieran contemplarse en la estratificación de riesgo a corto plazo de los pacientes ancianos con ICA

OBJECTIVE: To study the impact of geriatric assessment variables on 30-day mortality among older patients with acute heart failure (AHF). METHODS: Retrospective analysis of cases in the OAK Registry (Older Acute Heart Failure Key Data), a prospectively compiled database of consecutive patients aged 65 years or older treated for AHF in 3 Spanish emergency departments over a 4-month period (November-December 2011 and January-February 2014). The patients underwent a geriatric assessment adapted for emergency department use on weekdays between 8 AM and 10 PM. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and geriatric assessment variables were recorded. The geriatric variables were concurrent diseases; polypharmacy; frailty; functional, social, and cognitive status at baseline; results of screening for confusional state, cognitive impairment, and depression; and nutritional status. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality at 30 days. RESULTS: We included 565 patients with a mean (SD) age of 83 (7.1) years; 346 (61.6%) were women. Sixty-five (11.5%) died within 30 days. Independent factors associated with 30-day mortality were acute confusional state (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.2; 95% CI, 1.0-4.8; P=.04), acute illness (aOR, 1.8; 95% CI, 0.9-3.4; P=.05), loss of appetite in the past 3 months (aOR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.0-3.4; P=.04), frailty (aOR, 2.0, 95% CI, 1.0-4.1; P=.05), and severe disability (aOR, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.9-11.4; P=.01). CONCLUSIONS: Certain geriatric variables should be considered when assessing short-term risk in older patients with AHF

Impact of geriatric assessment variables on 30-day mortality among older patients with acute heart failure. / Impacto de las variables geriátricas en la mortalidad a 30 días de los ancianos atendidos por insuficiencia cardiaca aguda?

OBJETIVE: To study the impact of geriatric assessment variables on 30-day mortality among older patients with acute heart failure (AHF). METHODS: Retrospective analysis of cases in the OAK Registry (Older Acute Heart Failure Key Data), a prospectively compiled database of consecutive patients aged 65 years or older treated for AHF in 3 Spanish emergency departments over a 4-month period (November-December 2011 and January-February 2014). The patients underwent a geriatric assessment adapted for emergency department use on weekdays between 8 AM and 10 PM. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and geriatric assessment variables were recorded. The geriatric variables were concurrent diseases; polypharmacy; frailty; functional, social, and cognitive status at baseline; results of screening for confusional state, cognitive impairment, and depression; and nutritional status. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality at 30 days. RESULTS: We included 565 patients with a mean (SD) age of 83 (7.1) years; 346 (61.6%) were women. Sixty-five (11.5%) died within 30 days. Independent factors associated with 30-day mortality were acute confusional state (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.2; 95% CI, 1.0­4.8; P=.04), acute illness (aOR, 1.8; 95% CI, 0.9­3.4; P=.05), loss of appetite in the past 3 months (aOR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.0­3.4; P=.04), frailty (aOR, 2.0, 95% CI, 1.0­4.1; P=.05), and severe disability (aOR, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.9­11.4; P=.01). CONCLUSIONS: Certain geriatric variables should be considered when assessing short-term risk in older patients with AHF.

OBJETIVOS: Estudiar el impacto de las variables geriátricas en la mortalidad a 30 días entre los ancianos con insuficiencia cardiaca aguda (ICA). MÉTODO: Análisis retrospectivo del registro Older Acute heart failure Key data (OAK) que incluye prospectivamente a pacientes consecutivos 65 años con ICA en 3 servicios de urgencias españoles durante 4 meses (noviembre-diciembre 2011 y enero-febrero 2014). Se realizó una valoración geriátrica adaptada a urgencias durante los días laborales de 8 am a 10 pm. Se recogieron variables demográficas, clínicas, analíticas y geriátricas (comorbilidad, polifarmacia, fragilidad, situación basal funcional, cognitiva y social, despistaje de síndrome confusional, deterioro cognitivo y depresión, y situación nutricional). La variable de resultado fue la mortalidad por cualquier causa a los 30 días. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 565 pacientes con edad media 83 años (DE 7,1), 346 mujeres (61,6%). Sesenta y cinco sujetos (11,5%) fallecieron a los 30 días. La presencia de síndrome confusional agudo (OR ajustada = 2,2; IC95% 1,0-4,8; p = 0,04), de enfermedad aguda (OR ajustada = 1,8; IC95% 0,9-3,4; p = 0,05) o pérdida de apetito (OR ajustada = 1,8; IC95% 1-3,4; p = 0,04) en los últimos 3 meses, y de fragilidad (OR ajustada = 2,0; IC95% 1,0-4,1; p = 0,05) o dependencia funcional grave (OR ajustada = 4,4; IC95% 1,9-11,4; p = 0,01) fueron factores independientes asociados con mortalidad a los 30 días. CONCLUSIONES: Existen ciertas variables geriátricas que debieran contemplarse en la estratificación de riesgo a corto plazo de los pacientes ancianos con ICA.

Adherence to Mediterranean Diet and All-Cause Mortality After an Episode of Acute Heart Failure: Results of the MEDIT-AHF Study.

OBJECTIVES: The authors sought to evaluate clinical outcomes of patients after an episode of acute heart failure (AHF) according to their adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet). BACKGROUND: It has been proved that MedDiet is a useful tool in primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. However, it is unknown whether adherence to MedDiet is associated with better outcomes in patients who have already experienced an episode of AHF. METHODS: We designed a prospective study that included consecutive patients diagnosed with AHF in 7 Spanish emergency departments (EDs). Patients were included if they or their relatives were able to answer a 14-point score of adherence to the MedDiet, which classified patients as adherents (≥9 points) or nonadherents (≤8 points). The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality at the end of follow-up, and secondary endpoints were 1-year ED revisit without hospitalization, rehospitalization, death, and a combined endpoint of all these variables for patients discharged after the index episode. Unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated. RESULTS: We included 991 patients (mean age of 80 ± 10 years, 57.8% women); 523 (52.9%) of whom were adherent to the MedDiet. After a mean follow-up period of 2.1 ± 1.3 years, no differences were observed in survival between adherent and nonadherent patients (HR of adherents [HRadh] = 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.73 to 1.02). The 1-year cumulative ED revisit for the whole cohort was 24.5% (HRadh = 1.10; 95% CI: 0.84 to 1.42), hospitalization 43.7% (HRadh = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.61 to 0.90), death 22.7% (HRadh = 1.05; 95% CI: 0.8 to 1.38), and combined endpoint 66.8% (HRadh = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.76 to 1.04). Adjustment by age, hypertension, peripheral arterial disease, previous episodes of AHF, treatment with statins, air-room pulsioxymetry, and need for ventilation support in the ED rendered similar results, with no statistically significant differences in mortality (HRadh = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.80 to 1.13) and persistence of lower 1-year hospitalization for adherents (HRadh = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.62 to 0.93). CONCLUSIONS: Adherence to the MedDiet did not influence long-term mortality after an episode of AHF, but it was associated with decreased rates of rehospitalization during the next year.

El Currículum Europeo de Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias Geriátrica, un paso más hacia la geriatrización del servicio de urgencias / European curriculum for emergency medicine and geriatric emergencies: another step forward for emergency department geriatric care

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