Increased biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in HIV-1 viremic controllers and low persistent inflammation in elite controllers and art-suppressed individuals.

HIV controllers (HICs) are models of HIV functional cure, although some studies have shown persistent inflammation and increased rates of atherosclerosis in HICs. Since immune activation/inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), we evaluated clinical data and inflammation markers in HIV-1 viremic controllers (VC), elite controllers (EC), and control groups (HIV positive individuals with virological suppression by antiretroviral therapy-cART; HIV negative individuals-HIVneg) to assess whether they presented elevated levels of inflammation markers also associated with CVD. We observed the highest frequencies of activated CD8+ T cells in VCs, while EC and cART groups presented similar but slightly altered frequencies of this marker when compared to the HIVneg group. Regarding platelet activation, both HICs groups presented higher expression of P-selectin in platelets when compared to control groups. Monocyte subset analyses revealed lower frequencies of classical monocytes and increased frequencies of non-classical and intermediate monocytes among cART individuals and in EC when compared to HIV negative individuals, but none of the differences were significant. For VC, however, significant decreases in frequencies of classical monocytes and increases in the frequency of intermediate monocytes were observed in comparison to HIV negative individuals. The frequency of monocytes expressing tissue factor was similar among the groups on all subsets. In terms of plasma markers, VC had higher levels of many inflammatory markers, while EC had higher levels of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 compared to control groups. Our data showed that VCs display increased levels of inflammation markers that have been associated with CVD risk. Meanwhile, ECs show signals of lower but persistent inflammation, comparable to the cART group, indicating the potential benefits of alternative therapies to decrease inflammation in this group.

Platelets in dengue infection: more than a numbers game.

Dengue virus (DENV) infection is responsible for the development of dengue illness, which can be either asymptomatic, present mild manifestations or evolve to severe dengue. Thrombocytopenia is an important characteristic during DENV infection, being observed both in mild and severe dengue, although the lowest platelet counts are encountered during severe cases. This review gathers information regarding several mechanisms that have been related to alterations in platelet number and function, leading to thrombocytopenia but also platelet-mediated immune and inflammatory response. On this regard, we highlight that the decrease in platelet counts may be due to bone marrow suppression or consumption of platelets at the periphery. We discuss the infection of hematopoietic progenitors and stromal cells as mechanisms involved in bone marrow suppression. Concerning peripheral consumption of platelets, we addressed the direct infection of platelets by DENV, adhesion of platelets to leukocytes and vascular endothelium and platelet clearance mediated by anti-platelet antibodies. We also focused on platelet involvement on the dengue immunity and pathogenesis through translation and secretion of viral and host factors and through platelet-leukocyte aggregates formation. Hence, the present review highlights important findings related to platelet activation and thrombocytopenia during dengue infection, and also exhibits different mechanisms associated with decreased platelet counts.Graphical abstract:Schematic mechanistic representation of platelet-mediated immune responses and thrombocytopenia during dengue infection. (A) DENV-infected platelets secrete cytokines and chemokines and also adhere to activated vascular endothelium. Platelets aggregate with leukocytes, inducing the secretion of NETs and inflammatory mediators by neutrophils and monocytes, respectively. (B) DENV directly infects stromal cells and hematopoietic precursors, including megakaryocytes, which compromises megakaryopoiesis. Both central and peripheric mechanisms contribute to DENV-associated thrombocytopenia.

Lipopolysaccharide triggers different transcriptional signatures in taurine and indicine cattle macrophages: Reactive oxygen species and potential outcomes to the development of immune response to infections.

Macrophages are classified upon activation as classical activated M1 and M2 anti-inflammatory regulatory populations. This macrophage polarization is well characterized in humans and mice, but M1/M2 profile in cattle has been far less explored. Bos primigenius taurus (taurine) and Bos primigenius indicus (indicine) cattle display contrasting levels of resistance to infection and parasitic diseases such as C57BL/6J and Balb/c murine experimental models of parasite infection outcomes based on genetic background. Thus, we investigated the differential gene expression profile of unstimulated and LPS stimulated monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from Holstein (taurine) and Gir (indicine) breeds using RNA sequencing methodology. For unstimulated MDMs, the contrast between Holstein and Gir breeds identified 163 Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) highlighting the higher expression of C-C chemokine receptor type five (CCR5) and BOLA-DQ genes in Gir animals. LPS-stimulated MDMs from Gir and Holstein animals displayed 1,257 DEGs enriched for cell adhesion and inflammatory responses. Gir MDMs cells displayed a higher expression of M1 related genes like Nitric Oxide Synthase 2 (NOS2), Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B 2 (NFKB2) in addition to higher levels of transcripts for proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, complement factors and the acute phase protein Serum Amyloid A (SAA). We also showed that gene expression of inflammatory M1 population markers, complement and SAA genes was higher in Gir in buffy coat peripheral cells in addition to nitric oxide concentration in MDMs supernatant and animal serum. Co-expression analyses revealed that Holstein and Gir animals showed different transcriptional signatures in the MDMs response to LPS that impact on cell cycle regulation, leukocyte migration and extracellular matrix organization biological processes. Overall, the results suggest that Gir animals show a natural propensity to generate a more pronounced M1 inflammatory response than Holstein, which might account for a faster immune response favouring resistance to many infection diseases.

Innate immune receptors in platelets and platelet-leukocyte interactions.

Platelets are chief cells in hemostasis. Apart from their hemostatic roles, platelets are major inflammatory effector cells that can influence both innate and adaptive immune responses. Activated platelets have thromboinflammatory functions linking hemostatic and immune responses in several physiological and pathological conditions. Among many ways in which platelets exert these functions, platelet expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including TLR, Nod-like receptor, and C-type lectin receptor families, plays major roles in sensing and responding to pathogen-associated or damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs, respectively). In this review, an increasing body of evidence is compiled showing the participation of platelet innate immune receptors, including PRRs, in infectious diseases, sterile inflammation, and cancer. How platelet recognition of endogenous DAMPs participates in sterile inflammatory diseases and thrombosis is discussed. In addition, platelet recognition of both PAMPs and DAMPs initiates platelet-mediated inflammation and vascular thrombosis in infectious diseases, including viral, bacterial, and parasite infections. The study also focuses on the involvement of innate immune receptors in platelet activation during cancer, and their contribution to tumor microenvironment development and metastasis. Finally, how innate immune receptors participate in platelet communication with leukocytes, modulating leukocyte-mediated inflammation and immune functions, is highlighted. These cell communication processes, including platelet-induced release of neutrophil extracellular traps, platelet Ag presentation to T-cells and platelet modulation of monocyte cytokine secretion are discussed in the context of infectious and sterile diseases of major concern in human health, including cardiovascular diseases, dengue, HIV infection, sepsis, and cancer.

Apoptosis characterization in mononuclear blood leukocytes of HIV patients during dengue acute disease.

Dengue virus (DENV) co-circulation in Brazil represents a challenge for treatment and vaccine development. Despite public health impact, the occurrence of coinfections with other viruses is a common event. Increased T cell activation and altered inflammatory response are found during DENV coinfection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) impacting HIV-pathogenesis. Even with Antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV- treated patients had chronic immune activation and lymphocyte apoptosis. However, apoptotic mechanisms have not been investigated during coinfection with DENV. Our attention was attracted to apoptotic cell markers expressions in PBMCs from DENV and DENV/HIV coinfected patients. We found CD4/CD8 ratio inversion in most coinfected patients. CD4 T and CD8 T-cell subsets from DENV and DENV/HIV groups expressed low levels of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Furthermore, CD8 CD95 double positive cells frequency expressing low levels of Bcl-2 were significantly higher in these patients. Additionally, the density of Bcl-2 on classical monocytes (CD14++CD16-) was significantly lower during DENV infection. Upregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins and anti-apoptotic proteins were found in DENV and DENV/HIV, while catalase, an antioxidant protein, was upregulated mainly in DENV/HIV coinfection. These findings provide evidence of apoptosis triggering during DENV/HIV coinfection, which may contribute to knowledge of immunological response during DENV acute infection in HIV-patients treated with ART.

Platelet proteome reveals novel pathways of platelet activation and platelet-mediated immunoregulation in dengue.

Dengue is the most prevalent human arbovirus disease worldwide. Dengue virus (DENV) infection causes syndromes varying from self-limiting febrile illness to severe dengue. Although dengue pathophysiology is not completely understood, it is widely accepted that increased inflammation plays important roles in dengue pathogenesis. Platelets are blood cells classically known as effectors of hemostasis which have been increasingly recognized to have major immune and inflammatory activities. Nevertheless, the phenotype and effector functions of platelets in dengue pathogenesis are not completely understood. Here we used quantitative proteomics to investigate the protein content of platelets in clinical samples from patients with dengue compared to platelets from healthy donors. Our assays revealed a set of 252 differentially abundant proteins. In silico analyses associated these proteins with key molecular events including platelet activation and inflammatory responses, and with events not previously attributed to platelets during dengue infection including antigen processing and presentation, proteasome activity, and expression of histones. From these results, we conducted functional assays using samples from a larger cohort of patients and demonstrated evidence for platelet activation indicated by P-selectin (CD62P) translocation and secretion of granule-stored chemokines by platelets. In addition, we found evidence that DENV infection triggers HLA class I synthesis and surface expression by a mechanism depending on functional proteasome activity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that cell-free histone H2A released during dengue infection binds to platelets, increasing platelet activation. These findings are consistent with functional importance of HLA class I, proteasome subunits, and histones that we found exclusively in proteome analysis of platelets in samples from dengue patients. Our study provides the first in-depth characterization of the platelet proteome in dengue, and sheds light on new mechanisms of platelet activation and platelet-mediated immune and inflammatory responses.

Mecanismos de ativação plaquetária na dengue: contribuições para a patogênese / Mechanisms for platelet activation in dengue: contributions to the pathogenesis

A dengue é a arbovirose humana mais prevalente no mundo. A infecção pelo vírus da dengue (DENV) tem um vasto espectro de sintomas, causando desde febre auto-limitada até casos graves com sangramento e choque podendo evoluir para o óbito. Apesar de plaquetopenia ser frequentemente observada em pacientes com dengue, a participação das plaquetas na patogênese da dengue permanece pouco explorada. Nós inicialmente investigamos a ativação plaquetária em pacientes com dengue ou em plaquetas expostas ao DENV in vitro. Na tentativa de associar a ativação plaquetária com mecanismos imunopatogênicos da dengue, a secreção de citocinas e quimiocinas em plaquetas estimuladas com o DENV e a síntese de IL-1beta em plaquetas de pacientes com dengue foram investigadas. Os mecanismos envolvidos no processamento e secreção da IL-1beta, bem como suas contribuições para a permeabilidade endotelial também foram objetos de estudo. A formação de agregados plaqueta-monócito e a expressão de marcadores de ativação de monócitos também foram avaliados em pacientes com dengue. Finalmente, nós investigamos o impacto da apoptose de plaquetas na dengue e sua relação com o desfecho de plaquetopenia. Nossos resultados indicam intensa ativação plaquetária em pacientes com dengue, especialmente em pacientes com dengue grave. Nós observamos uma expressão elevada de IL-1beta em plaquetas e micropartículas (MP) derivadas de plaquetas de pacientes com dengue, ou após a exposição de plaquetas ao DENV in vitro...

Dengue is the most frequent hemorrhagic viral disease and re-emergent infection in theworld. Dengue infection has a large spectrum of clinical manifestations from self-limitedfebrile illness to severe syndromes accompanied by bleeding and shock. Althoughthrombocytopenia is characteristically observed in mild and severe forms of dengue, therole of platelet activation in dengue pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Wehypothesize that platelet activation have major roles in inflammatory amplification andincreased vascular permeability during severe forms of dengue. Here we investigate plateletactivation in patients with dengue or in platelets exposed to DENV in vitro. The secretionof cytokines and chemokines in DENV-stimulated platelets and the synthesis of IL-1 beta inplatelets from patients with dengue were investigated. The mechanisms involved inprocessing and secretion of IL-1beta, as well as potential contribution of these events toendothelial permeability during infection were also evaluated. Platelet-monocyteaggregates formation and markers of monocyte activation were evaluated in patients withdengue. Finally, we investigated the impact of platelet apoptosis in dengue-associatedthrombocytopenia. Our results show increased platelet activation in patients with dengue,especially patients with severe dengue...

Caracterização da interação entre vírus da dengue e plaquetas humanas: ativação plaquetária, função mitocondrial e secreção de citocinas / Characterization of the interaction between dengue virus and human platelets: platelet activation, mitochondrial function and cytokine secretion

A Dengue é considerada, hoje, a principal arbovirose humana no mundo, infectando milhões de pessoas e causando milhares de mortes anualmente. A infecção pode ser assintomática ou pode causar doenças com quadro clínico variado, que inclui desde quadros febris sem maiores complicações até quadros graves de sangramento e choque, nos quais plaquetopenia e aumento de permeabilidade vascular estão frequentemente presentes. A interação direta do vírus da dengue (DENV) com plaquetas parece ser um importante mecanismo implicado na plaqueotopenia de pacientes com dengue, portanto a identificação e compreensão dos mecanismos envolvidos nesse processo serão de grande valia para a determinação de mercadores de gravidade e para o desenvolvimento de novos alvos terapêuticos visando prevenção e/ou resolução da febre hemorrágica do dengue/ síndrome do choque por dengue (FHD/SCD). Nesse trabalho, buscamos caracterizar os efeitos diretos do DENV-2 sobre a ativação e o metabolismo energético de plaquetas humanas a partir de um modelo de interação plaqueta-DENV in vitro. Nossos resultados mostraram que plaquetas expostas ao DENV-2 apresentaram alterações morfológicas inerentes à ativação plaquetária como espalhamento, filopodia e agregação, bem como aumento da expressão de P-selectina. Além disso, a exposição ao DENV-2 induziu a secreção de IL-4, IL-13, GM-CSF, MCP-1 e TNF-alfa. Importantemente, a exposição de plaquetas ao DENV-2 inativado não levou a ativação plaquetária. Para melhor compreender o papel da atividade mitocondrial durante a ativação de plaquetas expostas ao DENV-2 nós inicialmente investigamos o papel funcional da mitocôndria em plaquetas quiescentes e ativadas por trombina (controle positivo de ativação plaquetária nesse estudo). Observamos que plaquetas apesar de consumir O2 para gerar potencial de membrana mitocondrial podem também mantê-lo através da hidrólise se ATP, um processo associado com a prevenção da apoptose em outros tipos celulares. Observamos...