Validez de contenido de una escala de confort crítico pediátrico mediante una metodología mixta / Validity of contents of a paediatric critical comfort scale using mixed methodology

Introducción: La enfermedad crítica en el paciente pediátrico incluye desde una patología aguda en un niño sano a una agudización de una enfermedad crónica, hecho que ha conllevado centrar su atención clínica en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos. El rol del/la enfermero/a pediátrico/a se centra también en promover el confort en estos pacientes críticos. Por este motivo, es necesario disponer de instrumentos de medida que permitan un correcto sensado del grado de confort. Objetivo: Describir el proceso de validación de contenido de una escala de confort crítico pediátrico mediante el empleo de una metodología mixta. Material y métodos: Se realizó una adaptación transcultural del inglés al español mediante el método de traducción-retraducción de la Comfort Behavior Scale. Posteriormente, se validó el contenido de la misma mediante una metodología mixta. Esta segunda etapa se dividió en una fase cuantitativa empleando un cuestionario ad hoc donde se valoró la relevancia/pertinencia y el redactado de cada dominio/ítem de la escala y en una cualitativa donde se realizaron dos reuniones con profesionales sanitarios, pacientes y un familiar siguiendo las recomendaciones de la metodología Delphi. Resultados: Todos los ítems y dominios obtuvieron un índice de validez de contenido >0,80, exceptuando el movimiento físico, en su relevancia, que obtuvo un 0,76. El índice global de validez de contenido de la escala fue de 0,87 (elevado). Durante la fase cualitativa se reformularon y/o eliminaron ítems de cada uno de los dominios de la escala para hacerla más comprensible y aplicable. Conclusiones: El empleo de una metodología mixta de validación de contenido otorga riqueza y sensibilidad evaluatoria al instrumento a diseñar (AU)

Introduction: Critical illness in paediatric patients includes acute conditions in a healthy child as well as exacerbations of chronic disease, and therefore these situations must be clinically managed in Critical Care Units. The role of the paediatric nurse is to ensure the comfort of these critically ill patients. To that end, instruments are required that correctly assess critical comfort. Objective: To describe the process for validating the content of a paediatric critical comfort scale using mixed-method research. Material and Methods: Initially, a cross-cultural adaptation of the Comfort Behavior Scale from English to Spanish using the translation and back-translation method was made. After that, its content was evaluated using mixed method research. This second step was divided into a quantitative stage in which an ad hoc questionnaire was used in order to assess each scale's item relevance and wording and a qualitative stage with two meetings with health professionals, patients and a family member following the Delphi Method recommendations. Results: All scale items obtained a content validity index >0.80, except physical movement in its relevance, which obtained 0.76. Global content scale validity was 0.87 (high). During the qualitative stage, items from each of the scale domains were reformulated or eliminated in order to make the scale more comprehensible and applicable. Conclusions: The use of a mixed-method research methodology during the scale content validity phase allows the design of a richer and more assessment-sensitive instrument (AU)

Validity of contents of a paediatric critical comfort scale using mixed methodology. / Validez de contenido de una escala de confort crítico pediátrico mediante una metodología mixta.

INTRODUCTION: Critical illness in paediatric patients includes acute conditions in a healthy child as well as exacerbations of chronic disease, and therefore these situations must be clinically managed in Critical Care Units. The role of the paediatric nurse is to ensure the comfort of these critically ill patients. To that end, instruments are required that correctly assess critical comfort. OBJECTIVE: To describe the process for validating the content of a paediatric critical comfort scale using mixed-method research. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Initially, a cross-cultural adaptation of the Comfort Behavior Scale from English to Spanish using the translation and back-translation method was made. After that, its content was evaluated using mixed method research. This second step was divided into a quantitative stage in which an ad hoc questionnaire was used in order to assess each scale's item relevance and wording and a qualitative stage with two meetings with health professionals, patients and a family member following the Delphi Method recommendations. RESULTS: All scale items obtained a content validity index >0.80, except physical movement in its relevance, which obtained 0.76. Global content scale validity was 0.87 (high). During the qualitative stage, items from each of the scale domains were reformulated or eliminated in order to make the scale more comprehensible and applicable. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a mixed-method research methodology during the scale content validity phase allows the design of a richer and more assessment-sensitive instrument.

Estudio multicéntrico nacional sobre la infección nosocomial en la UCIP / A national multicentre study on nosocomial infections in PICU

INTRODUCCIÓN: La infección nosocomial (IN) es un problema frecuente en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricas (UCIP), con una mortalidad atribuible hasta del 11%.ObjetivoDescribir la epidemiología de la IN en las UCIP españolas. Iniciar una estrategia estandarizada de control de la IN para disponer de tasas de incidencia pediátricas en nuestro medio. Pacientes y método: Estudio multicéntrico y prospectivo del 1 al 31 de marzo de 2007. Se utilizaron los criterios diagnósticos y la metodología de cálculo de incidencia de IN del Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Se estudió especialmente la IN relacionada con dispositivos invasivos: catéter venoso central (CVC), ventilación mecánica (VM), sondaje vesical (SV). RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 300 pacientes en 6 UCIP, diagnosticándose 17 episodios en 16 pacientes (5,3% de los ingresados). La tasa de IN fue de 13,8 infecciones/1.000 pacientes-día. La edad media de los infectados fue de 2,31 años (± 3,43), 9 fueron varones. Existieron factores de riesgo en 7 casos. Las localizaciones fueron: bacteriemia relacionada con catéter en 7 pacientes (6,7/1000 días CVC), neumonía asociada a VM en 4 (9,4/1.000 días VM), infección urinaria asociada a SV en 4 (5,5/1000 días SV), un caso de bacteriemia primaria y una infección de herida quirúrgica. Los microorganismos aislados fueron: 9 bacilos gramnegativos, 4 Candidas, 2 estafilococos plasmocoagulasa negativos, 1 Haemophilus y 1 Staphylococcus aureus. Siete aislamientos fueron de microorganismos resistentes. No hubo ningún exitus atribuible a la IN. CONCLUSIONES: La epidemiología de la IN fue similar a la publicada en otros países de nuestro entorno. La vigilancia de la IN es esencial para un correcto manejo y para ello es fundamental tener un patrón de análisis y referencia común

INTRODUCTION: Nosocomial infection (NI) is a common complication in paediatric critical care units (PICU), with an associated mortality up to 11%.OBJECTIVE: To describe NI epidemiology in the national PICU. To initiate an standard NI control measures to obtain paediatric incidence rates. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Multicentre prospective study from 1 to 31 march 2007. Centre Disease Control diagnosis and methodological criteria were used. It was specially analyzed NI related to invasive devices: central venous catheter (CVC), mechanical ventilation (MV), urinary catheter (UC). RESULTS: There were recruited 300 patients from 6 PICU, with 17 NI episodes in 16 patients (5,3% from admitted). NI rates resulted in 13,8 infections/1000 patients-day. Middle age from infected patients was 2,31 years (±3,43), 9 males. Risk factors were found in 7 cases. NI location was: catheter-related bloodstream infection in 7 patients (6,7/1000 days CVC), ventilator associated pneumonia in 4 (9,4/1000 MV days), urinary-tract infection associated with UC in4 (5,5/1000 UC days), one case of primary bloodstream infection and one surgical site infection. Isolated microorganisms were: 9 gram negatives bacillus, 4 Candida, 2 plasmocoagulase negative staphylococcus, 1 Haemophilus and 1 Staphylococcus aureus. Seven isolations were resistant microorganisms. There weren't any died related to NI. CONCLUSIONS: NI epidemiology was similar to published data in our near countries. NI surveillance, with a standardized method of analysis is essential to the NI correct manage

[A national multicentre study on nosocomial infections in PICU]. / Estudio multicéntrico nacional sobre la infección nosocomial en la UCIP.

INTRODUCTION: Nosocomial infection (NI) is a common complication in paediatric critical care units (PICU), with an associated mortality up to 11%. OBJECTIVE: To describe NI epidemiology in the national PICU. To initiate an standard NI control measures to obtain paediatric incidence rates. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Multicentre prospective study from 1 to 31 march 2007. Centre Disease Control diagnosis and methodological criteria were used. It was specially analyzed NI related to invasive devices: central venous catheter (CVC), mechanical ventilation (MV), urinary catheter (UC). RESULTS: There were recruited 300 patients from 6 PICU, with 17 NI episodes in 16 patients (5,3% from admitted). NI rates resulted in 13,8 infections/1000 patients-day. Middle age from infected patients was 2,31 years (± 3,43), 9 males. Risk factors were found in 7 cases. NI location was: catheter-related bloodstream infection in 7 patients (6,7/1000 days CVC), ventilator associated pneumonia in 4 (9,4/1000 MV days), urinary-tract infection associated with UC in 4 (5,5/1000 UC days), one case of primary bloodstream infection and one surgical site infection. Isolated microorganisms were: 9 gram negatives bacillus, 4 Candida, 2 plasmocoagulase negative staphylococcus, 1 Haemophilus and 1 Staphylococcus aureus. Seven isolations were resistant microorganisms. There weren't any died related to NI. CONCLUSIONS: NI epidemiology was similar to published data in our near countries. NI surveillance, with a standardized method of analysis is essential to the NI correct manage.

Bacteriemia zero: Epidemiología y experiencia / Zero bacteremia: Epidemiology and experience

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Diagnóstico convencional de la infección en UCIP / Conventional diagnosis of the infection in the PICU

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Novel influenza A (H1N1) encephalitis in a 3-month-old infant.

Seasonal influenza virus infection has been associated with a variety of neurologic complications. We report a case of novel influenza A (H1N1) encephalitis in an infant aged 3 months with an upper respiratory infection, who presented seizures. The infection was confirmed in nasopharyngeal aspirate and cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment with oseltamivir was started. He was discharged without any neurologic sequelae.

[Nosocomial infections in pediatric patients following cardiac surgery]. / Infección nosocomial en postoperados de cirugía cardíaca.

INTRODUCTION: Nosocomial infection (NI) is a possible complication in patients who undergo cardiac surgery, and represents an important cause of morbidity and mortality. This study was undertaken to determine the NI rate, main risk factors, and microbial spectrum in a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) for this group of patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective review was performed, including all patients admitted to the PICU after cardiac surgery between December 2003 and November 2004. NI was defined according to Centers for Disease Control criteria. RESULTS: Sixty-nine patients were included. Sixteen patients (23.2 %) acquired at least one episode of NI. The NI rate was 4.9 per 100 patient-days. The most common NI was pneumonia, followed by urinary tract infection. There were no episodes of sepsis. No patients died from infectious causes. The main aetiological organism was Haemophilus influenzae, associated with 41.6 % of pneumonias, and followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. No multiresistant organisms were isolated. There was a statistically significant association between the duration of use of external devices (mechanical ventilation, urinary and central venous catheterization) and development of NI. CONCLUSIONS: Aggressive monitoring and support devices are the main risk factors for NI. Based on our data, we suggest early removal of these. Presumed NI should be diagnosed according standard criteria before starting antibiotic therapy, and treatment modified depending on culture results.

Infección nosocomial en postoperados de cirugía cardíaca / Nosocomial infections in pediatric patients following cardiac surgery

Introducción: La infección nosocomial es una de las posibles complicaciones en pacientes sometidos a cirugía cardíaca, además de ser una causa importante de morbimortalidad. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la tasa de infecciones nosocomiales en este grupo de pacientes, los principales factores de riesgo asociados y su espectro microbiano en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP). Pacientes y métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo incluyendo todos los pacientes ingresados en la UCIP entre diciembre de 2003 y noviembre de 2004. Se utilizaron los criterios de los Centers for Disease Control (CDC) para la definición de infección nosocomial. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 69 pacientes; 16 de ellos (23,2 %) presentaron al menos un episodio de infección nosocomial. La tasa fue 4,9 por 100 pacientes-día. La infección nosocomial más frecuente fue la neumonía, seguida de la infección del tracto urinario. No hubo ningún episodio de sepsis. El principal microorganismo etiológico fue Haemophilus influenzae asociado al 41,6 % de las neumonías, seguido por Pseudomonas aeruginosa. No se aislaron microorganismos multirresistentes. Se halló una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la duración del uso de dispositivos externos como ventilación mecánica, catéteres venosos centrales y sonda urinaria con el desarrollo de infección nosocomial. Ningún paciente falleció a causa de estas infecciones. Conclusiones: Los dispositivos externos utilizados para soporte y monitorización de este tipo de pacientes son un factor de riesgo importante para el desarrollo de infección nosocomial. Basándonos en nuestros resultados, sugerimos su retirada precoz. El diagnóstico presuntivo de infección nosocomial debe realizarse con criterios estándar antes de iniciar la antibioterapia, modificando la misma según el resultado de los cultivos (AU)

Introduction: Nosocomial infection (NI) is a possible complication in patients who undergo cardiac surgery, and represents an important cause of morbidity and mortality. This study was undertaken to determine the NI rate, main risk factors, and microbial spectrum in a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) for this group of patients. Patients and methods: A prospective review was performed, including all patients admitted to the PICU after cardiac surgery between December 2003 and November 2004. NI was defined according to Centers for Disease Control criteria. Results: Sixty-nine patients were included. Sixteen patients (23.2 %) acquired at least one episode of NI. The NI rate was 4.9 per 100 patient-days. The most common NI was pneumonia, followed by urinary tract infection. There were no episodes of sepsis. No patients died from infectious causes. The main aetiological organism was Haemophilus influenzae, associated with 41.6 % of pneumonias, and followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. No multiresistant organisms were isolated. There was a statistically significant association between the duration of use of external devices (mechanical ventilation, urinary and central venous catheterization) and development of NI. Conclusions: Aggressive monitoring and support devices are the main risk factors for NI. Based on our data, we suggest early removal of these. Presumed NI should be diagnosed according standard criteria before starting antibiotic therapy, and treatment modified depending on culture results (AU)

Epidemiología y hallazgos clínicos de la sepsis neonatal tardía en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos / Epidemiology and clinical findings in late-onset neonatal sepsis in the pediatric intensive care unit

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[Supraventricular tachycardia in infants and children]. / Taquicardia paroxística supraventricular en el niño y el lactante.

INTRODUCTION: Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is the second most frequent form of arrhythmia in pediatrics after extrasystole. OBJECTIVES: 1. To determine the clinical characteristics and treatment of SVT in infants and children. 2. To determine treatment response and the drugs used. METHOD: A retrospective review of 61 cases of SVT requiring PICU admission (1999-2004) was performed. PICU admission was due to persistent SVT after vagal maneuvers. RESULTS: There were 61 patients and 39 were boys (63.9%). The mean age was 2.1 years (SD +/- 3.1). Twelve patients had congenital heart disease (19.7%); three (4.9%) were admitted after heart surgery, and the remaining patients had no antecedents (60.7%). The mean cardiac frequency was 238 beats/min (SD +/- 42.86). Heart failure (HF) was observed in 14 patients (23%). Statistically significant differences were found between the presence of HF and time since onset (p < 0.01) and younger age (p < 0.01). The most frequent diagnosis was SVT due to re-entry in 28 patients (45.9%). Medical treatment was required in 46 patients (75.4%) and response was achieved in 35 (57.4%). At crisis the first drug used was adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in 35 patients (61.4%) with good response in 21 (36.8%). As maintenance therapy digoxin was used in 29 patients (50.9%) without relapses in 22 (78.6%). Radiofrequency ablation was required in 17 patients (27.9%), and there were three relapses (17.6%). The ages of patients who underwent ablation ranged from 3.5 days to 13 years. CONCLUSIONS: 1. HF was observed mainly in infants. 2. Most of the patients had good response to ATP therapy. 3. Radiofrequency ablation was mainly required in patients aged more than 1 year.

Taquicardia paroxística supraventricular en el niño y el lactante / Supraventricular tachycardia in infants and children

Introducción La taquicardia paroxística supraventricular (TPSV) es la arritmia más frecuente en pediatría por detrás de las extrasístoles. Objetivos 1. Determinar las características clínicas y el tratamiento. 2. Objetivar la respuesta al tratamiento y los fármacos utilizados. Método Estudio retrospectivo de 61 casos con ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátrica (UCIP) de 1999 a 2004. Criterio de ingreso: TPSV sin respuesta a maniobras vagales. Resultados Se seleccionaron 61 pacientes, 39 varones (63,9 %). Edad media: 2,1 años (DE ± 3,1). Doce tuvieron antecedentes de cardiopatía congénita (19,7 %); tres (4,9 %) ingresaron poscirugía cardíaca; y los restantes sin antecedentes (60,7 %). La frecuencia cardíaca media fue de 238 lat./min (DE ± 42,86). Catorce pacientes (23 %) presentaron insuficiencia cardíaca (IC). Existieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la presencia de IC y las horas de evolución (p < 0,01) y con la menor edad (p < 0,01). El diagnóstico más frecuente fue TPSV por reentrada (28 casos 45,9 %). Precisaron tratamiento médico 46 pacientes (75,4 %), 35 respondieron (57,4 %). Para tratar la crisis aguda se utilizó trifosfato de adenosina (ATP) en 35 casos (76 %) con buena respuesta en 21 (60 %). Para el mantenimiento se indicó digital en 29 casos (50,9 %), sin recaídas 22 casos (78,6 %). Necesitaron ablación 17 pacientes (27,9 %); recayeron tres (17,6 %). El rango de edades en los que se realizó la ablación fue de 3,5 días hasta 13 años. Conclusiones 1. La insuficiencia cardíaca se presentó preferentemente en lactantes. 2. La mayoría de pacientes respondieron al tratamiento con ATP. 3. La ablación fue necesaria preferentemente en pacientes de edad superior a un año

Introduction Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is the second most frequent form of arrhythmia in pediatrics after extrasystole. Objectives 1. To determine the clinical characteristics and treatment of SVT in infants and children. 2. To determine treatment response and the drugs used. Method A retrospective review of 61 cases of SVT requiring PICU admission (1999-2004) was performed. PICU admission was due to persistent SVT after vagal maneuvers. Results There were 61 patients and 39 were boys (63.9 %). The mean age was 2.1 years (SD ± 3.1). Twelve patients had congenital heart disease (19.7 %); three (4.9 %) were admitted after heart surgery, and the remaining patients had no antecedents (60.7 %). The mean cardiac frequency was 238 beats/min (SD ± 42.86). Heart failure (HF) was observed in 14 patients (23 %). Statistically significant differences were found between the presence of HF and time since onset (p < 0.01) and younger age (p < 0.01). The most frequent diagnosis was SVT due to re-entry in 28 patients (45.9 %). Medical treatment was required in 46 patients (75.4 %) and response was achieved in 35 (57.4 %). At crisis the first drug used was adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in 35 patients (61.4 %) with good response in 21 (36.8 %). As maintenance therapy digoxin was used in 29 patients (50.9 %) without relapses in 22 (78.6 %). Radiofrequency ablation was required in 17 patients (27.9 %), and there were three relapses (17.6 %). The ages of patients who underwent ablation ranged from 3.5 days to 13 years. Conclusions 1. HF was observed mainly in infants. 2. Most of the patients had good response to ATP therapy. 3. Radiofrequency ablation was mainly required in patients aged more than 1 year

Rendimiento de los cultivos practicados a pacientes hemato-oncológicos con enfermedades infecciosas graves / Yield of the cultures performed in hemato-oncology patients with serious infectious diseases

Introducción: Los avances en el campo de la oncología pediátrica han aumentado la supervivencia pero las complicaciones infecciosas son frecuentes y la necesidad de los Cuidados Intensivos (UCI-P) se incrementa. El objetivo del trabajo es valorar la rentabilidad de los cultivos practicados a pacientes oncológicos que precisaron ingreso en la UCI.P por una patología infecciosa. Material y Métodos. Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, de los pacientes oncológicos ingresados en una UCI-P por patología infecciosa en un hospital de tercer nivel. Resultados: Se incluyeron 22 pacientes que tuvieron 25 episodios de infección. Destacó la presentación en forma de insuficiencia respiratoria aguda en 14 pacientes (56%). Los síntomas infecciosos al diagnóstico previos al ingreso en la UCI-P fueron: sobreinfección respiratoria en 12 caos (48%); sospecha clínico-analítica de sepsis en 8 (16%). En un 43% de los pacientes ingresados en planta, se aisló algún germen en los cultivos realizados previos al ingreso en intensivos. Se aisló el microorganismo patógeno en 17 de los pacientes ingresados en UCI (68%), en un 82% de los casos gracias al hemocultivo. El diagnóstico final más frecuente en la UCI-P fue sepsis en 13, seguida de neumonía en 10 pacientes. Fueron exitus one pacientes (48%). Discusión: El elevado número de cultivos negativos probablemente se deba a que quedaran decapitados por la política antibiótica de amplio espectro. El conocimiento estricto de la epidemiología infecciosa de cada hospital y el estudio etiológico precoz y agresivo permitirían avanzar el tratamiento antibiótico correcto de forma empírica e incrementar la efectividad de la antibioterapia (AU)

Introduction: Recent advances in pediatric oncology have improved survival but infectious complications are frequent and the necessity of pediatric intensive care (PICU) is growing. The objective of this study is to determine the profitability of cultives in oncologic pediatric patients who required PICU admittance because of a infectious pathology. Materials and methods: Retrospective review of oncologic patients medical records, admitted to a reference pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), due to an infectious pathology. Results_ 22 patients who suffered 25 infectious processes were recruited. Acute respiratory insufficiency was the most frequent form of presentation (56%). Infectious symptoms before PICU admittance were: respiratory infection 12 cases (48%); clinical sepsis suspicion or biochemical markers compatible with sepsis in 8 patients (16%). 43% of the cultures recollected before PICU´s admittance were positive. Pathogenic microorganisms were isolated in 17 PICU´s patients (68%); in 82% of the cases, it was isolated in a blood sample. The final diagnoses were; sepsis in 13 cases, pneumonia in 10 cases. 11 patients died (48%). Discussion: The high number of negative cultures could be the result of the empiric broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy that is often used in this group of patients. The know-ledge of every hospital epidemiology and the precocious and aggressive etiologic search could improve the empiric antibiotic treatment and improve antibiotic effectiveness (AU)