RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Preventive isolation of patients with multidrug-resistant microorganisms is considered an effective measure to prevent outbreaks in hospitals. The objective of this study is to assess compliance by healthcare workers and family of contact isolation precautions in colonised/infected patients with multidrug-resistant microorganisms. METHODS: An observational study was conducted from October 2014 to March 2015. A checklist with a structure was designed (equipment trolley), including knowledge of the situation and compliance by the patients, families, and healthcare workers. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed. Non-parametric tests Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis were used. RESULTS: Out of the 467 observations made, the equipment trolley was correctly situated in 97% (453) of cases, the sphygmomanometer in 90% (421), the stethoscope 43.9% (205), and thermometer 16.5% (77). A dustbin and the alcoholic solution were observed in over 98.7% (461) of cases. The antiseptic soap for patient hygiene was observed to be correctly placed in 348 (74%) of occasions. The situation was known by 84.9% (305) of patients and 91.4% (234) of families. As regards compliance by professionals with the placement/removal of disposable gowns and gloves was about 50% for entering the room (49.5%, 56 gown and 53.09%, 60 gloves), and 40% (28) for leaving the room by professionals. Hand hygiene compliance was 26.5% (30) for entering and 35.2% (25) when leaving. CONCLUSIONS: There is significant room for improvement in the compliance with isolation precautions. Non-compliance to isolation procedures is not due to a deficit of materials, but to individual behaviours. It is important to implement and evaluate programs based on psychosocial intervention models that can change attitudes and behaviours related to contact isolation precautions for multidrug-resistant microorganisms.
Assuntos
Infecção Hospitalar/prevenção & controle , Higiene das Mãos , Controle de Infecções , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Fidelidade a Diretrizes , Humanos , Isolamento de PacientesRESUMO
Introducción. Estudiar en condiciones de práctica clínica habitual el efecto de la automedición domiciliaria (AMPA) sobre el descenso de presión arterial (PA) en hipertensos. Material y métodos. Estudio experimental en Atención Primaria. Participaron 109 pacientes con hipertensión arterial (HTA) ligera, mal controlados en consulta, aleatorizados en grupo intervención (GI), que fue instruido para la AMPA, facilitándosele un automedidor electrónico validado, y grupo control (GC) que siguió el programa de HTA del área. Se controlaron sus PA con una monitorización ambulatoria de la presión arterial (MAPA), al inicio, 18 y 30 meses. Se consideró controlada la PA con media por MAPA de 24 horas menor de 130/80 mmHg. Se registró el consumo de fármacos por dosis diaria definida, el índice de bienestar psicológico y las visitas por HTA y totales al Centro de Salud y otras variables demográficas y factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Se realizó análisis bivariante y multivariante por regresión lineal múltiple y/o regresión logística. Resultados. El descenso de la PA fue similar en ambos grupos, con tendencia a ser menor en el GI que en el GC a los 30 meses (diferencia de 3,6 mmHg para la PA sistólica y 2,3 mmHg la diastólica en el MAPA de 24 horas; "p", respectivamente, de 0,036 y 0,052) a expensas de la presión nocturna, no habiendo diferencias significativas en la diurna. No hay diferencias significativas en el control de la PA. El GI consume menos fármacos (1,1 frente a 1,3; p = 0,010). Discusión. Constatamos un menor descenso de la PA en el grupo de AMPA, en cifras moderadas, a expensas de la presión nocturna. El impacto sobre el proceso asistencial es favorable con un menor consumo de fármacos
Introduction. Study the effect of home self-measurement (HSM) on decrease in blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive subjects under usual clinical practice conditions. Material and methods. Experimental study in Primary Health Care. A total of 109 patients with mild hypertension poorly controlled in the consultation, participated. They were randomized into intervention group (IG), that was instructed on the use of HSM, providing them with a validated electronic self-measurer, and the control group (CG) who followed the area hypertension program. Blood pressure (BP) was measured with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), at onset, 18 and 30 months. BP was considered to be controlled by ABPM with a mean of 24 hours less than 130/80 mmHg. Drug consumption was recorded by daily defined dose, psychological wellbeing index and visits due to hypertension and total visits to the Health Center and other demographic variables and cardiovascular risk factors. Bivariate and multivariate analysis were performed by multiple linear regression and/or logistic regression. Results. Decrease of BP was similar in both groups, with tendency to be less in the IG than in the CG at 30 months (difference of 3.6 mmHg for systolic BP and 2.3 mmHg for diastolic in the 24 hour ABPM, "p" respectively of 0.036 and 0.052) at expense of nocturnal pressure. There were no significant difference in the daytime pressure. There were no significant differences in the BP control. IG consumed fewer drugs (1.1 vs 1.3; p = 0.010). Discussion. We observe less BP decrease in the ABPM group, in moderate values, at expense of nocturnal pressure. The impact of the health care process is favorable with less drug usage
Assuntos
Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Idoso , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Humanos , Hipertensão/prevenção & controle , Anti-Hipertensivos/administração & dosagem , Determinação da Pressão Arterial/métodos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Autocuidado/métodos , Monitorização Ambulatorial da Pressão Arterial/métodos , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Objetivo. La automedida de la presión arterial (AMPA) ha sido estudiada como método de diagnóstico y verificación del control del hipertenso, pero muchos hipertensos la utilizan a menudo sin indicación médica como control habitual. Nos proponemos estudiar la utilidad de un programa de automedida para el control de un grupo de hipertensos comparándolo con el control habitual en la consulta. Mediciones y resultados. Realizamos un estudio experimental en Atención Primaria. Se incluyeron 109 pacientes, 52 en el grupo de intervención (GI), que fue instruido para la automedida, entregándosele a cada paciente un monitor validado y calibrado, y 57 en el de control. Se realizó una monitorización ambulatoria de presión arterial (MAPA) de 24 horas al comienzo y a los 6 meses, y se midieron otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular, el consumo de fármacos antihipertensivos y el índice de bienestar psicológico. El 59 per cent fueron mujeres y el 41 per cent hombres, con una edad media de 58,38 años. Las medias de las presiones arterial sistólica y diastólica de la monitorización total y diurna han descendido a los 6 meses, pero no se detectan diferencias significativas entre los grupos. El consumo de fármacos es menor en el GI, y mayor su bienestar psicológico, sin que estas diferencias alcancen significación ni a nivel bivariante ni multivariante. La pertenencia al grupo intervención o control no se asocia de forma significativa con el descenso de la presión arterial. Conclusiones. El control de la hipertensión mediante un programa de automedida como el estudiado no difiere del alcanzado con la atención ordinaria en consulta. Estudios posteriores deberán constatar si la tendencia apreciada a los 6 meses hacia un mayor bienestar y menor consumo de fármacos se confirma (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Autocuidado/métodos , Determinação da Pressão Arterial/métodos , Hipertensão/diagnóstico , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Modelos LinearesRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Decision-making to diagnose an Unknown Primary Cancer (UPC) is subject to great variability. It is possible to design a standard procedure using the scientífic literature, which seems to be able to avoid this variability. We describe the characteristics of the UPC in Asturias and measure the degree of adaptation of the diagnostic decisions to the theoretic standard procedure. METHOD: Descriptive retrospective study (1992-96) RESULTS: A pilot study included 157 cases: mean age 67 years and 59% male. The presentation form most frequent was hepatomegaly (29%) and histology: adenocarcinoma (51%). The diagnosis of the primary was possible in 22%: lung (31%). Median survival: 13 weeks, higher for squamous carcinoma, but independent of the diagnosis of the primary tumour. Comparing with the recommended protocol, the average of unnecessary diagnostic techniques per patient was: 8 analyses, 3 image studies and 0.6 unnecessary aggressive techniques. CONCLUSIONS: The great variability in decision-making for diagnosing advises the application in of a diagnostic protocol that would avoid unnecessary damage for the patient and sanitary costs.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/secundário , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/secundário , Carcinoma/secundário , Neoplasias Primárias Desconhecidas , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias Primárias Desconhecidas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Primárias Desconhecidas/mortalidade , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Propósito: La toma de decisiones diagnósticas en el Cáncer de Origen Desconocido (COD) es un arduo problema médico sujeto a gran variabilidad. La protocolización basada en la evidencia científica, podría evitar gestos sanitarios innecesarios y reducir el sufrimiento del enfermo, sin disminución de la supervivencia. Se describen las características clínico-patológicas y epidemiológicas del COD en Asturias, el nivel de adecuación de las decisiones diagnósticas a un protocolo teórico, su repercusión económica y la supervivencia. Método: Estudio descriptivo longitudinal retrospectivo (1992-96) de los casos de COD diagnosticados en los hospitales de Asturias. Resultados: Se incluyeron 568 casos: edad media 66,9 años; 59,7 por ciento varones; 39,3 por ciento estudiado en Servicios de Medicina Interna; 27,1 por ciento con hallazgo del tumor primario (más frecuente, pulmonar); mediana de la supervivencia 13 semanas. El número de técnicas diagnósticas fue variable y la media de estancia hospitalaria, 24,7 días. Un buen ajuste al protocolo se asoció con un número mayor de primarios conocidos. Conclusiones: Existe variabilidad diagnóstica del COD en Asturias. La protocolización podría evitarla en parte y resultaría beneficiosa para el paciente y el sistema sanitario (AU)
Assuntos
Feminino , Masculino , Humanos , Neoplasias Primárias Desconhecidas/epidemiologia , Espanha/epidemiologia , Estudos Longitudinais , Estudos Retrospectivos , Análise de Sobrevida , Neoplasias Primárias Desconhecidas/economiaRESUMO
Objetivo: La toma de decisiones diagnósticas en el Cáncer de Origen Desconocido (COD) está sujeta a gran variabilidad. La aplicación de un protocolo diagnóstico basado en la evidencia científica actual, podría evitarla. Se describen las características epidemiológicas del COD en Asturias y se evalúa la adecuación de las pruebas diagnósticas realizadas al protocolo teórico. Método: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo (1992-96). Resultados: En el estudio piloto se incluyeron 157 casos: 59 por ciento varones, con edad media global de 67 años. La forma de presentación más frecuente fue hepatomegalia (29 por ciento) y la histología: adenocarcinoma (51 por ciento). El diagnóstico del primario se hizo en el 22 por ciento, localizándose en pulmón en el 31 por ciento; se hizo necropsia sólo en el 4,8 por ciento de los fallecidos. La mediana de la supervivencia fue de 13 semanas, significativamente superior para el carcinoma escamoso, sin relación con el éxito en el diagnóstico del primario. La media de estudios innecesarios por paciente fue de: 8 analíticas, 3 técnicas de imagen y 0,6 técnicas agresivas. El desvío respecto del protocolo teórico fue superior al 25 por ciento en un 47 por ciento de los casos. Conclusiones: La aplicación de un protocolo diagnóstico en el estudio del COD evitaría pruebas diagnósticas innecesarias, con el consiguiente ahorro de molestias para el paciente y de costes sanitarios (AU)
Objective: Decision-making to diagnose an Unknown Primary Cancer (UPC) is subject to great variability. It is possible to design a standard procedure using the scientífic literature, wich seems to be able to avoid this variability. We describe the characteristics of the UPC in Asturias and measure the degree of adaptation of the diagnostic decisions to the theoretic standard procedure. Method: Descriptive retrospective study (1992-96). Results: A pilot study included 157 cases: mean age 67 years and 59% male. The presentation form most frecuent was hepatomegaly (29%) and histology: adenocarcinoma (51%). The diagnosis of the primary was possible in 22%: lung (31%). Median survival: 13 weeks, higher for squamous carcinoma, but independent of the diagnosis of the primary tumour. Comparing with the recommended protocol, the average of unnecessary diagnostic techniques per patient was: 8 analyses, 3 image studies and 0,6 unnecesary aggresive techniques. Conclusions: The great variability in decision-making for diagnosing advises the application of a diagnostic protocol that would avoid innecesary damage for the patient and sanitary costs (AU)
Assuntos
Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Neoplasias Primárias Desconhecidas , Estudos Retrospectivos , Carcinoma , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , AdenocarcinomaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The cigarette smoking habit continues to be prevalent to a greater degree than would be desirable among teenagers. Innovative prevention programs are needed. This descriptive cross-sectional study sets out the behavior variables related to the cigarette smoking habit and the extracurricular activities in which teenagers are most frequently involved which are useful for setting out extracurricular prevention programs. METHODS: The data was collected by means of a questionnaire validated in a representative sample of school age youths (ages 10-11 and 13-14) from Asturias. The variables entailed in cigarette smoking were analyzed using the regression method. RESULTS: The starting smoker percentage is 14.5%-42.5%, regular smokers totaling 1.1% and 12.4%, respectively. Two models were constructed with the variables significantly related to smoking behavior, which are properly classified into smoker/non-smoker by 98.85% and 91.39% of the children, by ages. The environmental variables (availability of cigarettes and alcoholic beverages and regular visits to places entailing risk) are the major aspects comprising the model. The most common extracurricular activities are: watching TV, reading and listening to music and watching or playing sports. CONCLUSION: The findings provide keys to planning extracurricular activities tailored to fit in with the activities most popular among teens: TV commercials and ads on music media (CD's, tapes, etc.) and printed information mailed directly to teens at their homes, with messages conveyed by opinion-leaders among teens in the fields of sports, music and television.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente , Educação em Saúde , Prevenção do Hábito de Fumar , Adolescente , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Criança , Intervalos de Confiança , Humanos , Música , Rádio , Análise de Regressão , Espanha , Inquéritos e Questionários , TelevisãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: To describe Spanish scientific output in epidemiology and public health through the bibliometric indexes utilization and with regard to subjects, design and statistical methods employed, as well as its appropriateness, importance and funding. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study over 594 originals published in Spanish medical journals and listed in the Spanish Medical Index (Indice Médico Español) during the 5 years period 1988-1992. RESULTS: The average autors by article was of 4.9 and the Lotka's index, for the authors that publish articles on the topic, was -2.92; 82% of the authors have a productivity index equal to zero. Almost 70% of the articles are signed by an isolated institution, being a hospital in 51% of the cases. The journal that publishes most articles on the topic is Medicina Clínica. The average references by article is about 24. The Price' index is 36.5% and the isolation' index is 36.2%. "The non AIDS infections", the descriptive designs and the lack of inferential statistics methods, characterize the content of the articles. Regarding to the criteria established by the study, more than half of the analyzed research (56.5%) was appropriate and almost a fourth (22%) could be considered that was about important topics. CONCLUSIONS: Concerning bibliometric indicators, research on epidemiology and public health in Spain does not seem to differ from other medical specialties. The epidemiology as scientific method is widely used over the medical specialties, something which could explain the wide dispersion of scientific literature on this topic. There seems to be a certain lack of agreement between the research topics and the real health problems of Spain.
Assuntos
Epidemiologia/estatística & dados numéricos , Saúde Pública/estatística & dados numéricos , Editoração/estatística & dados numéricos , Pesquisa , Estudos Retrospectivos , EspanhaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To study the cost-effectiveness of simple anti-smoking advice in Primary health care. METHODS: We accomplish a cost-effectiveness analysis in the area of the Primary health care. As efficiency of the advice we use own results. To evaluate the smoking cessation we base on vital tables of the "25-State Cancer Prevention Study", discounted to the 5%. The costs have been calculated as of the tariffs used for services billing lent in primary health centers to not beneficiary of the social security. It was accomplished a sensibility analysis on different aspects with possible influence on the result. RESULTS: The cost-effectiveness oscillated between 67,621 and 89,619 pesetas by year of life saved for the men and between 116,225 and 137,748 pesetas for the women, in function of the age. The relationship most favorable, for both sexes, it is between 45 and 54 years. In the group of 35 to 39 years, for the physicians, was of 89,419 and 163,934 pesetas for men and women respectively, and for the nursing personnel was oscillating between 43,955 and 81,523, for men; and between 80,584 and 149,460 pesetas for women in function of the considered salary. CONCLUSIONS: It is an intervention with a very favorable relationship cost-effectiveness, at least, comparable to that of other customarily accepted preventive measures. The nursing advice is less effective that the physician advice, but it is, at least, equal of efficient in terms of cost by year of life saved.
Assuntos
Atenção Primária à Saúde/economia , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/economia , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Análise Custo-Benefício , Aconselhamento/economia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Distribuição por Sexo , EspanhaRESUMO
The unknown primary cancer is a hazardous diagnostic and limited therapeutic medical problem with too much variability. It is possible to design a standard procedure using the world-wide scientific literature, which could be able to decrease patient suffering and to avoid unnecessary sanitary costs, without diminishing survival. First of all we have conducted a retrospective descriptive study including all the patients with unknown primary neoplasms detected in our Internal Medicine service during 1994. We have met 18 cases, most of them adenocarcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma, and hepatomegaly as clinical presentation. In 8 cases (44%) was the primary tumour site identified, mainly with CT. Only 3 (16%) patients were alive at the end of the study, with a mean survival of 5 months. The mean stay and time until diagnosis were 16.5 and 21.5 days respectively. Further studies will let us to asses the effectiveness of a theoretic diagnostic protocol.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Primárias Desconhecidas , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias Primárias Desconhecidas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Primárias Desconhecidas/economia , Neoplasias Primárias Desconhecidas/mortalidadeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe Spanish scientific output in primary care with regard to subjects, design and statistical methods employed and also its appropriateness, importance and funding. DESIGN: Descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study. SETTING: Spanish scientific output in primary care published in medical journals and listed in the Indice Medico Español during the five year period 1988-1992. MATERIAL: 446 original articles published in thirty-four journals. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The greatest percentage of articles came under the heading "policy and health" (23.6%), next was "health services" (14.8%). There was a predominance of observational designs (79.9%) and within this category, descriptive studies (67.1%). The most common statistical methods used were contingency tables (35,9%). The majority of articles (94.8%) do not indicate the source of their funding. The appropriateness was around 50% and the importance around 4%. CONCLUSIONS: According to our study, research into primary care centres on the evaluation and organization of the health services. The majority of the designs have little inferential power and simple statistical methods. There is hardly any funding available, and only a half of the articles comply with appropriateness criteria.
Assuntos
Atenção Primária à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Editoração/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Longitudinais , Pesquisa/estatística & dados numéricos , Projetos de Pesquisa , Apoio à Pesquisa como Assunto , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
AIM: To describe Spanish scientific production in primary care by means of using bibliometric indexes. SETTING: Spanish scientific production which was published in medical periodicals and indexed in the Indice Médico Español during the years 1988-1992. MATERIAL: 446 articles published in thirty-four different medical journals. DESIGN: Descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The number of articles slightly increases over the complete time of the study, principally in 1992. 98.4% were written in Spanish language. The average number of signatures per article is about five. Most of the authors are family doctors or interns of the medical specialty. In 76.46% of the cases, the articles were signed by only one institution. The majority of them (38.56%), were done in teaching units of family medicine. Barcelona is the most important producer of articles (20.2%) and 78% were published in the Atención Primaria periodical. The average number of references slightly increases during the whole period and is about 17 references in the five years studied. CONCLUSIONS: The scientific production on primary care seems to have an exponential increase according to Price's Law and it is concentrated in the Atención Primaria periodical. Most of authors are family doctors or interns of such specialty, who work in units of family medicine. Collaborative studies among institutions are uncommon. The number of signatures and the use of references were found to be similar to other medical specialties.
Assuntos
Bibliometria , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Estudos Longitudinais , Pesquisa , Estudos Retrospectivos , EspanhaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Addiction to tobacco is the main cause of preventive morbidity, and so the fight against tobacco consumption is a priority in the developed world. Health advice is a valuable tool in this struggle and it is within the reach of all health workers. To study the long-term effectiveness of all anti-tobacco advice in Primary Aid, together with the influence that the reason for giving up (spontaneous or after advice) has upon the relapse pattern. METHOD: We carried out a clinical test on 501 patients, 242 as a participant group, receiving health advice, and 259 in a control group. We evaluated giving up the habit through a survey. The data were analysed by means of a study with a survival study, considering the relapse to be the final point. Survival curves for the two groups were compared with the Lee-Desu statistic. RESULTS: 115 patients gave up the habit for at least 24 hours (31.8% from the participant and 14.7% from the control group). After 3 years, after a biochemical check-up, 4.5% of the participant group and 1.2% of the control group were still ex-smokers (difference = 3.3; p = 0.043%; there is a confidence interval of 95%: from 0.45 to 6.33). We did not find significant differences between their survival curves (p = 0.08). CONCLUSION: We have been able to confirm the mid- to long-term effectiveness of anti-tobacco advice. We have not been able to demonstrate that anti-tobacco advice in the relapse pattern, but a statistical trend does exist towards a reduction in the participant group.
Assuntos
Aconselhamento , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Seguimentos , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Recidiva , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To find how theatre was evaluated as an instrument of Health Education by the pupil-actors of a school where a play on the European Code against Cancer was put on. DESIGN: An observational study (descriptive and crossover). SETTING: Community level. Primary Education. PARTICIPANTS: 100 pupil-actors of the 220 at a primary school in a rural area. They were selected by means of a free, voluntary and spontaneous practical theatre test. INTERVENTIONS: A theatrical show with 14 scenes was created. 8 performances, open to the public, were held in the village's Cultural Centre. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Evaluation was with a self-administered questionnaire composed for the occasion and consisting of closed multiple-choice questions. An anonymous group survey, done in class and covering each year separately, included 77 of the 100 actors. A prior pilot survey had evaluated intelligibility. The results were that 97.4% classed the experience as positive and 87% of them considered it very good. 81% had no problem at the moment of acting. 83% were helped by teachers and 81% by parents. 98% would like to do theatre again. CONCLUSIONS: Theatre is highly rated and widely accepted by children, making it a useful
Assuntos
Educação em Saúde/métodos , Instituições Acadêmicas , Criança , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , População Rural , EspanhaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Potential years of life lost (PYLL) constitute a health indicator, used to study premature mortality. If applied, it produces an order in causes of death, which can be very different from that one, obtained with mortality rates. METHODS: Mortality, due to different pathologies, was analyzed with this indicator and, particularly, mortality due to cancer in Asturias and Spain. The estimation of (PYLL) was made using fixed age limits: the first anniversary, as the lowest limit, and 65 years, as the highest limit. RESULTS: Cancer happened to be the first cause of (PYLL) in both populations (286,473 PYLL in Spain; out of them 9,985 belonging to Asturias); road accidents were the second cause (139,673 and 4,755 respectively) and acute myocardium infarcts were the third cause (70,106 PYLL and 2,897 PYLL). Lung tumours, leukaemias and breast cancer in women are the malignant tumours which produce the highest number of PYLL. CONCLUSIONS: Malignant tumours, road accidents and ischaemic heart disease are the three major causes responsible for the PYLL production in Spain and Asturias. These three pathologies are associated to well known risk factors, whose disappearance would considerably reduce early mortality. Likewise, an excess of premature mortality is observed in Asturias compared with Spain, and in men compared with women.
Assuntos
Expectativa de Vida/tendências , Neoplasias/mortalidade , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Causas de Morte , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Distribuição por Sexo , Espanha/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The media and specifically magazines and sunday supplements contain advertisements, some of which can be dangerous to one's health. We have investigated these types of advertisements, which were included in the 15 top sales magazines in Spain. The period of analysis corresponded to the period april-may, 1991. We have compared the results obtained with the results of a previous investigation carried our in 1987, using an identical method. We have tried to test if the so-called Law of Publicity of 1988 has had any effect on publicity. We have found, 1383 advertisements that could have a damaging effect on one's health. Although the total number of advertisements have decreased over this four year period, the law has hardly produced any influence on publicity, and we have found breaking of the law in the investigated material.
Assuntos
Publicidade/legislação & jurisprudência , Promoção da Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Publicidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Promoção da Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Publicações Periódicas como Assunto/legislação & jurisprudência , Publicações Periódicas como Assunto/estatística & dados numéricos , EspanhaAssuntos
Análise de Sobrevida , Fatores Etários , Causas de Morte , Humanos , Expectativa de Vida , MortalidadeRESUMO
The present study investigates the level of health education in a representative sample of 804 pre-university Asturian students, randomly selected from the official list of the Ministry of Education and Science. We used a questionnaire (designed by us) in order to measure the knowledge, attitudes and behaviour related to some of the most important health determining factors. The survey was carried out by interviewing small groups of students in the classroom situation. Although it was found that the majority perceived themselves as healthy or very healthy, these young people are widely exposed to risk factors: 12% have suffered from more than 25 episodes of drunkenness during the previous year; 43.53% smoked to some extent and only 3.86% identified the days of maximum risk of pregnancy in a supposed menstrual cycle, although 31% maintained sexual relationships. Theoretically, 92% selected health as the most important factor among the three most fundamental values for life. They also think that illegal drugs are the most important health problem at present for young people. There is a contradiction between the high theoretical importance given to health, the good self-qualification of it, and the observed presence of important risk factors. A certain failure of the educational system with respect to primary prevention can be claimed.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Estudantes , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Feminino , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , Espanha , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosAssuntos
Saúde Pública , Serviços de Saúde Escolar , Serviço Social , Criança , Família , Humanos , Fatores Socioeconômicos , EspanhaRESUMO
Health education and advertising have a common aim: to modify human behaviour. Health education tries to induce healthy behaviours. In some occasions Publicity proposes risky behaviours. Ads appearing during a two-month period in magazines of the largest circulation in Spain are analyzed here. A total of 1,726 ads which could have a negative influence on health either because of the product or service offered or for the use of health as a persuasive argument in their text, are considered. The magazines Hola and Lecturas had the highest ratio ads/magazine. Spirits, food and drugs were the most frequently advertised products. And more than 50% of the ads used health and welfare as argument for better selling. Health educators should know and teach the critical analysis of publicity, and use advertisements as a teaching tool to enable people to see through misleading advertising.