Molybdenum-strontium multilayer mirrors for the 8-12-nm extreme-ultraviolet wavelength region.

Mo-Sr multilayer mirrors were successfully deposited by dc-magnetron sputtering and characterized in situ with synchrotron radiation. Normal-incidence (3.6 degrees ) reflectance of 23.0% at 8.8 nm, 40.8% at 9.4 nm, and 48.3% at 10.5 nm were measured before the samples were exposed to air. After exposure, as a result of the reactivity of Sr with oxygen and water vapor, the reflectance of these multilayers decreased rapidly. Attempts to use thin layers of C to passivate the surface of these Mo-Sr multilayers were unsuccessful.

[A study on the contents of fat and fatty acids in five shellfishes].

The contents of fat and fatty acids in Callista erycina (Linnaeus), Paphia (Paratapes) undulata (Born), Meretrix meretrix (Linnaeus), Chlamys farreri (Jones et Preston) and Patinopecten yessoensis (Jay) were studied. Fat was extracted with Bligh & Dyer (B&D) method. The lipid classes were transesterified with potassium hydroxide in methanol. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were assayed with GC-MS and polar capillary column (HP-INNOWax 30 m x 0.25 mm i.d. x 0.25 micron). GC injector temperature was 220 degrees C. The column temperature was programmed from 150 degrees C (1 min) to 200 degrees C at 10 degrees C/min and then from 200 degrees C to 250 degrees C at 2 degrees C/min. FAMEs were identified by MS library, and part by their standards. Total identified fatty acids were over 99% for all samples. Fat contents of them were all over 1% by wet samples. And ratios between omega-3PUFA and omega-6PUFA were above 2 by and large. Patinopecten yessoensis (Jay) contains more fat and the valuable fatty acids, EPA and DHA. It is suitable to use it as the source of EPA and DHA.

[Stability of fatty acids in stored oyster].

The contents of twenty-three kinds of fatty acids in the lyophilized oyster that stored for 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 days were studied. Oyster fat was extracted from the powder by means of SFE. The extraction was performed for 40 min at a pressure of 37 MPa and a temperature of 50 degrees C with supercritical carbon dioxide containing 8% (V/V) ethanol at a flow-rate of 2 mL/min as liquid carbon dioxide, and the recovery of oyster fat by extraction was over 99%. After being extracted, fat was esterified with potassium hydroxide and methanol. Methyl esters of fatty acid were separated and determined by 30 m x 0.25 mm i.d. x 0.25 micron HP-INNOWax capillary column and MS detector. The injector temperature was 220 degrees C. The column temperature was programmed from 150 degrees C (1 min) to 200 degrees C at 10 degrees C/min and then from 200 degrees C to 250 degrees C at 2 degrees C/min. Twenty-three peaks were identified with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and quantified with area normalization method. The variations of contents of them were shown. During storage, the contents of saturated fatty acids and mono-unsaturated fatty acids were getting higher, and those of polyunsaturated fatty acids were getting lower. The decrease of them was gradual, and there was no special period of stability. And the stability of fatty acids in oyster related to the degree of unsaturation of them. The higher the unsaturation the lower the stable it was. After being stored for 90 days, the content of EPA decreased from 16.94% to 5.43% and that of DHA from 9.25% to 2.86%.

Enhancement of alcohol-induced hypoglycaemia by H2-receptor antagonists.

The oral ethanol loading test (0.5 g/kg body mass) was carried out in 3 groups with 10 healthy male volunteers each before and after 7 days of administration of either cimetidine (CAS 51481-61-9), ranitidine (CAS 66357-59-3), or famotidine (CAS 76824-35-6). The parameters determined during 6 h comprised the blood levels of ethanol, acetaldehyde, glucose, lactate, pyruvate and bicarbonates, as well as blood pH, PCO2 and PO2. Only ranitidine significantly increased the mean blood ethanol concentration and none of the drugs modified the blood acetaldehyde concentration. Hypoglycaemia following alcohol ingestion was significantly enhanced by all H2-receptor antagonists, but was most pronounced after famotidine. The alcohol-induced rise in blood pyruvate and lactate rather had a tendency to decrease during the second test. The presented results suggest that the evident enhancement of alcohol-induced hypoglycaemia by H2-receptor antagonists is not dependent on the increase of ethanol absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, but represents rather a specific effect of these drugs on glucose metabolism.

[Lactate metabolism in acute myocardial infarction]. / Metabolizm mleczanu w ostrym zawale serca.

In 18 patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to the Cardiological Care Department within 6 hours after the onset of chest pain, before administration of drugs and then in the 2nd, 3rd, 5th and 7th day, the levels of glucose, pyruvate, lactate in venous blood, the lactate/pyruvate ratio (L/P) and pH, actual hydrocarbons, PCO2 and PO2 in capillary arterialized were determined. Depending on the clinical status at admission the patients were classified into 2 groups: I--without complications (I class according to Killip-Kimbal; n = 10), and II--with complications (II-IV class of cardiac failure according to Killip-Kimbal and/or complex ventricular arrhythmias e.i. III-V class according to Lown and heart block of Mobitz--type II and III degree; n = 8). None of the patients had diabetes, chronic respiratory tract diseases, renal failure and liver cirrhosis. The control group consisted of 11 healthy persons. On the first day of myocardial infarction, the significant increase of blood glucose, lactate, pyruvate, as well as significant decrease of blood pH, HCO3- and PO2, and non significant increase of L/P ratio were observed in both groups as compared to the control group. Also there were non significant difference of the glucose, lactate, pyruvate L/P ratio and pH, PCO2 and HCO3- values between the I and II group on the first day of the acute myocardial infarction, with exception of the PO2, which was significantly lower in the group II. In the following days an increase of PO2 was observed. Since this effect coincided with a decrease of lactate concentration (significant only in the group II) it could be concluded, that the observed decrease of the lactate concentration resulted from the higher supply of oxygen. The obtained results have shown, that increase of glycaemia values and decrease of PO2 values may be considered as biochemical markers for hemodynamic complications of acute myocardial infarction.

Alcohol tolerance in patients with non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes treated with sulphonylurea derivatives.

The oral ethanol loading test (0.5 g/kg body mass given as 40% solution) was carried out in 5 groups, each of 10 out-patients with non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes before and after 10 days of treatment with one of the following sulphonylurea derivatives: tolbutamide (CAS 64-77-7) 0.5 t.i.d., chlorpropamide (CAS 94-20-2) 0.5 once daily morning, glibornuride (CAS 26944-48-9) 0.025 t.i.d., glibenclamide (CAS 10238-21-8) 0.005 t.i.d. and glipizide (CAS 29094-61-9) 0.005 t.i.d. The response to alcohol (facial flush, heart rate, blood pressure) were compared, and blood concentrations of ethanol, acetaldehyde, pyruvate, lactate, hydrocarbonates as well as blood pH, pO2 and pCO2 were determined in fasting state and during 6 hours after alcohol ingestion. In all patients the family history of diabetes and the presence and degree of vascular complications were registered. Evident flushing phenomenon was observed in 6 patients treated with chlorpropamide, in 3 treated with tolbutamide, in 2 treated with glibenclamide, in one receiving glibornuride and in none treated with glipizide. All drugs caused a greater rise of blood ethanol and acetaldehyde levels in relation to the control tests, but the difference reached statistical significance only in the group receiving chlorpropamide. Moreover, patients (pooled) with positive thermographic response had also significantly higher blood levels of ethanol and acetaldehyde during the second test. The ratio of acetaldehyde to ethanol concentration in blood (mumol:mmol) was not significantly changed in any group indicating parallel impairment of both steps of ethanol metabolism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[Alcohol tolerance in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes (type 2) treated orally with drugs--derivatives of sulphonylurea]. / Tolerancja alkoholu przez chorych na cukrzyce nie-insulinozalezna (typu 2) leczonych lekami doustnymi--pochodnymi sulfonylomocznika.

The oral ethanol loading test (0.5 g per kg b.m. given as 40% solution) was carried out in 5 groups, each of 10 patients with non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes before and after 10 days of treatment with one of the following sulphonylurea derivatives: tolbutamide 0.5 t.i.d., chlorpropamide 0.5 once daily morning, glibornuride 0.025 t.i.d, glibenclamide 0.005 t.i.d. and glipizide 0.005 t.i.d. The response to alcohol (facial flush, heart rate, blood pressure) were compared, and blood concentration of ethanol, acetaldehyde, pyruvate, lactate, carbonates as well as blood pH, pO2 and pCO2 were determined in fasting state and during 6 hours after alcohol ingestion. In all patients the family history of diabetes and the presence and degree of vascular complications were registered. Evident flushing phenomenon was observed in 6 patients treated with chlorpropamide, in 3 treated with tolbutamide, in 2 treated with glibenclamide, in one receiving glibornuride and in none treated with glipizide. All drugs caused a greater rise of blood ethanol and acetaldehyde levels in relation to the control tests, but the difference reached statistical significance only in the group receiving chlorpropamide. Moreover, patients (pooled) with positive thermographic response had also significantly higher blood levels of ethanol and acetaldehyde during the second test. The ratio of acetaldehyde to ethanol concentration in blood (mumol:mmol) was not significantly changed in any group indicating parallel impairment of both steps of ethanol metabolism. All studied drugs intensified to a similar degree the alcohol-induced hypoglycaemia, but had no significant effect on the decrease of blood pyruvate level neither on the increase of blood lactate level. They didn't change the post-alcohol decrease of blood bicarbonate and pH, and didn't modify the behaviour of partial gas pressure. There was also no difference between pooled groups of patients with positive and negative thermographic reaction with respect to family history of diabetes and frequency and intensity of vascular complications. It is concluded that in patients with non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes the second generation sulphonylurea derivatives are associated with lower risk of alcohol intolerance in case of its incidental ingestion in small amounts. The hypothesis of association of positive thermographic reaction to alcohol during treatment with sulphonylurea derivatives with more frequent occurrence of diabetes in family members and lower tendency to vascular complications was not confirmed.

[Effect of antidiabetics on post-exercise alaninemia in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 2)]. / Wplyw leków przeciwcukrzycowych na powysilkowa alaninemie u chorych na cukrzyce insulinoniezalezna (typu 2).

A group of 15 patients with controlled insulin-independent diabetes (Type 2) were workloaded submaximally by a 15-minute load on a cycle ergometer and 2-3 days later same workload was repeated, but this time 5-patient groups were administered before the workload: 0.1 j.m. of insulin/kg of body mass i.v., 1.0 g tolbutamide sodium i.v. and 150 mg of phenformin orally one hour before the load. The patients who were injected insulin or tolbutamide were also administered glucose solution (intravenously) so as to keep the same level of glycaemia as in the follow-up examination. The time of metabolic observation after workload was 90 min., so the whole examination took 105 minutes. In the first (follow-up) examination, all the probands had in the venous blood an increase in alanine, lactate, pyruvate and the relation lactate: pyruvate (L/P), a decrease in pH, bicarbonates and pO2 (in capillary afterialized blood). The administration of insulin and tolbutamide eliminated or reduced after-effort alaninaemia increase, whereas the administration of phenformin increased the concentration of this amino acid in the blood after effort. Insulin resulted in a greater increase in after-effort lactacidaemia; besides, insulin and tolbutamide increased the relation L/P during and after effort. The influence of antidiabetic drugs on the behaviour of other biochemical parameters after effort was insignificant. The results obtained show that antidiabetic drugs modify the increase in alaninaemia after effort in patients with controlled insulin-independent diabetes (Type 2), the direction of the modification depending on a specific influence of particular drugs on the metabolism of this amino acid. While evaluating the influence of effort on the concentration of alanine in the blood in patients with this type of diabetes one should consider not only the present demand for this gluconeogenes substrate but also a specific influence of the kind of therapy applied at the time.