Characterization and classification of the compositional quality of milk from river buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) and cows (Bos spp.) in Colombia / Caracterización y clasificación de la calidad composicional de la leche de búfalo (Bubalus bubalis) y de vaca (Bos spp.) en Colombia

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to classify and characterize the compositional quality of milk from river buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) and cows (Bos spp.) in Colombia based on the fat, protein, and total solid (TS) contents. Using a hierarchical procedure, data on milk from river buffaloes (n = 7,726) and cows (n = 49,330) were filtered and subjected to cluster analysis in order to generate three groups: Normal (N), High quality (HQ) and Poor Quality (PQ). The categorized database was then randomly separated into two sets (training and validation) and a discriminant analysis was applied. In total, 37.3% of river buffalo milk samples were classified as N (6.80% fat, 4.34% protein, and 16.80% TS), 13% as HQ (9.41% fat, 4.93% protein, and 19.50% TS), and 43.7% as PQ (3.95% fat, 3.92% protein, and 13.7% TS). In contrast, 41.8% of cow milk samples were classified as N (3.64% fat, 3.37% protein, 12.42% TS), 41.2% as PQ (2.71% fat, 3.08% protein, and 10.6% TS), and 16.9% as HQ (5.46% fat, 4.01% protein, and 14.82% TS). The discriminant models for both river buffalo and cow milk were able to classify milk in the N and PQ groups with >90% accuracy, and that in the HQ group with >85% accuracy.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar y clasificar la calidad composicional de la leche de búfala (Bubalus bubalis) y de vaca (Bos spp.) en Colombia con base en los contenidos de grasa, proteína y sólidos totales. Mediante un procedimiento jerárquico los datos de leche de búfalos de agua (n = 7,726) y vacas (n = 49,330) se filtraron y se sometieron a análisis de conglomerados para generar tres grupos: Normal (N), Alta calidad (HQ) y Calidad deficiente (PQ). La base de datos categorizada se separó aleatoriamente en dos conjuntos (entrenamiento y validación) y se aplicó un análisis discriminante. En total, 37,3% de las muestras de leche de búfalo de agua se clasificaron como N (6,80% de grasa, 4,34% de proteína y 16,80% de TS); 13% como HQ (9,41% de grasa, 4,93% de proteína y 19,50% de TS) y 43,7 % como PQ (3,95% de grasa, 3,92% de proteína y 13,7% de TS). En contraste, el 41,8% de las muestras de leche de vaca se clasificaron como N (3,64% grasa, 3,37% proteína, 12,42% TS); 16,9% como HQ (5,46% de grasa, 4,01% de proteína y 14,82% de TS) y 41,2% como PQ (2,71% grasa, 3,08% proteína y 10,6% TS). Los modelos discriminantes para el búfalo de agua y la leche de vaca fueron capaces de clasificar la leche en los grupos N y PQ con una precisión >90% y en el grupo HQ con >85% de precisión.

Síndrome metabólico y riesgo cardiovascular en estudiantes adolescentes de la ciudad de Buenos Aires / Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescent students from Buenos Aires

La obesidad en la infancia está asociada con dislipemia, hipertensión arterial, intolerancia a la glucosa y predisposición temprana a enfermedad cardiovascular. La obesidad abdominal juega un rol central en el Síndrome Metabólico (SM), entidad que predispone a los individuos afectados al desarrollo de diabetes y enfermedad cardiovascular en la adultez. La insulinorresistencia que acompaña al SM puede evaluarse a través de distintos marcadores El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la presencia de SM y de factores de riesgo cardiovascular (RCV) (dislipemias, hipertensión arterial y obesidad) y de marcadores metabólicos (Apo B y PCR ultrasensible) en nuestra población de adolescentes. Fueron evaluados 943 estudiantes adolescentes (429 mujeres y 541 varones), entre 11 y 14 años, de escuelas secundarias de la Universidad de Buenos Aires. Se midieron parámetros antropométricos y se determinaron las concentraciones plasmáticas de glucemia, lípidos, apolipoproteína B (apo B) y PCR ultrasensible (PCRus). Los varones presentaron mayor peso (p= 0.004), mayor circunferencia de cintura (p= 0.0002) y mayor presión arterial sistólica y diastólica (p= 0.008 y p= 0.002 respectivamente) con respecto a las mujeres. También presentaron mayor nivel de glucemia (p= 0.04) y menor nivel de HDL-colesterol (p= 0.004). No hubo diferencia significativa en los niveles plasmáticos de triglicéridos, PCRus y apo B entre ambos sexos. La presencia de SM fue de 5,45% en varones y de 1,63% en mujeres. El grupo de adolescentes con SM presentó mayor peso, IMC, circunferencia de cintura, presión sistólica y diastólica, como también valores más elevados de glucemia, triglicéridos y menor HDL-colesterol, siendo las diferencias significativas. Los niveles séricos de ApoB fueron mayores en el grupo con SM (p= 0.001). En conclusión, este estudio muestra la presencia de SM y de factores de riesgo cardiometabólico con incremento de apoB en edades tempranas, por lo cual su detección precoz en niños y adolescentes, ayudaría a implementar medidas preventivas.

Obesity in the infancy is associated with dyslipidemia, hypertension, glucose intolerance and early development of cardiovascular risk. Abdominal obesity associated with metabolic syndrome predisposes to diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Insulin resistance is present in this syndrome and should be evaluated. The aim of the study was to evaluate the presence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and cardiovascular risk (dyslipidemia, hypertensión and obesity) and metabolic risk markers (apolipoprotein B and high sensitivity C-reactive protein) in this group of adolescents. We evaluated 943 adolescents from high school (429 women y 541men), ages between 11 and 14. Weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and blood pressure were determined in all subjects. Fasting serum concentrations of glucose, lipids, apolipoprotein B (apoB) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were measured. Boys showed higher weight (p= 0.004), higher WC (p= 0.0002) and higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p= 0.008 y p= 0.002)) than girls. They also showed higher glycemia (p= 0.04) and lower HDLcolesterol levels (p= 0.004). There were no differences in triglycerides, hs-CRP and apo B levels between both sexes. The frequency of MS was 5.45% in males and 1.63% in females. The group with MS had higher weight, BMI, WC, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as higher glucose and triglycerides and lower HDL-cholesterol levels Although no differences in hs-CRP were observed between groups, hs-CRP correlated with WC (r=0.14, p<0.001) and BMI (r=0.17, p< 0.001). ApoB levels were higher in the group with MS (p= 0.001). In conclusion this study shows the presence of MS and cardiovascular risk factors with high apo B levels at early age. Early detection of children and adolescents with metabolic abnormalities should be useful to implement strategies to avoid the development of cardiovascular disease in later life.

Seudobalismo secundario a traumatismo medular / Pseudoballism secondary to spinal trauma

Introducción. El balismo es un trastorno del movimientopoco frecuente caracterizado por movimientos de lanzamientode las extremidades, violentos y de gran amplitud,principalmente debido a lesiones en el núcleo subtalámicocontralateral o en sus conexiones aferentes o eferentes.Caso clínico. Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 50 añosque tras un traumatismo medular presentó movimientosbalísticos y posteriormente movimientos coreoatetósicos yactitud distónica en la extremidad superior izquierda. En laexploración destacaban signos de mielopatía con nivel sensitivoC2-C3 y abolición de la sensibilidad propioceptiva endicha extremidad. La resonancia magnética cervical demostróuna lesión medular a nivel C1 en forma de línea transversa,afectando a la mayor parte de su sección.Conclusiones. Este caso destaca por el amplio espectrode movimientos anormales secundarios a la lesión de la víapropioceptiva por afectación medular: movimientos balísticos,coreoatetósicos y distónicos. La aparición de movimientoscoreoatetósicos asociados a lesiones en la vía propioceptivaha recibido la denominación de seudocoreoatetosis. Se proponeel término seudobalismo para definir los movimientosque presentó el paciente en la fase aguda (AU)

Introduction. Ballism is a rare movement disorderthat presents with violent and wide amplitude flingingmovements of the limbs, mainly caused by injury in thecontralateral subthalamic nucleus or its afferent or efferentconnections Clinical case. We describe the case of a 50-year oldmale who had ballistic movements after a cervical trauma.He subsequently developed choreoathetoid movementsand a distonic attitude in the left upper limb. AC2-C3 sensory level and proprioceptive loss in this limbwere the main findings in the examination. The cervicalmagnetic resonance showed a transverse linear spinal lesionat C1 level that affected most of its section.Conclusions. This case stands outs because of thewide abnormal movements spectrum secondary to spinalproprioceptive pathway injury: ballistic, choreoathetoid,and distonic movements. Choreoathetoid movements occurringin association with loss of propioception havebeen called pseudochoreoathetosis. We propose the termpseudoballism to define the movements that were observedduring the acute phase in this patient (AU)

[Pseudoballism secondary to spinal trauma]. / Seudobalismo secundario a traumatismo medular.

INTRODUCTION: Ballism is a rare movement disorder that presents with violent and wide amplitude flinging movements of the limbs, mainly caused by injury in the contralateral subthalamic nucleus or its afferent or efferent connections. CLINICAL CASE: We describe the case of a 50-year old male who had ballistic movements after a cervical trauma. He subsequently developed choreoathetoid movements and a distonic attitude in the left upper limb later. A C2-C3 sensory level and proprioceptive loss in this limb were the main findings in the examination. The cervical magnetic resonance showed a transverse linear spinal lesion at C1 level that affected most of its section. CONCLUSIONS: This case stands outs because of the wide abnormal movements spectrum secondary to spinal proprioceptive pathway injury: ballistic, choreoathetoid, and distonic movements. Choreoathetoid movements occurring in association with loss of propioception have been called pseudochoreoathetosis. We propose the term pseudoballism to define the movements that were observed during the acute phase in this patient.

Porcine and rodent infection with Trichinella, in the Sierra Grande area of Rio Negro province, Argentina.

In 2000, two cases of human trichinellosis were detected in the Sierra Grande area of Rio Negro province, Argentina. As part of an investigation of the aetiology of these cases, 300 pigs slaughtered for consumption in the area between 2000 and 2002 were checked for Trichinella infection, by artificial digestion of a muscle sample. Twelve (5.6%) - four (7.3%) of the 55 checked in 2000, five (4.8%) of the 105 investigated in 2001, and three (2.1%) of the 140 investigated in 2002 - were found infected. Blood samples were collected from other pigs aged > 6 months old, so that sera could be tested, in ELISA and by western blotting, for anti- Trichinella antibodies. Of the 181 animals checked in the initial serological survey, 36 (19.9%) were found seropositive for Trichinella. When 35 of the seronegative pigs were re-checked 6 months later, three (8.6%) were found to have seroconverted. Four (15.4%) of 26 local rodents, caught in Sherman-type traps, were also found positive when checked for infection by artificial digestion. It appears that about 20% of pigs in the study area are infected each year, this high level of transmission being sustained by a high prevalence of infection in the local rodent populations.

Paciente diagnosticado de infección por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana y tuberculosis que presentó empeoramiento de adenopatías cervicales tras iniciar el tratamiento / A patient with HIV infection and tuberculosis with cervical adenopathy worsening after initating the treatment

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Acceptability of two spermicides in five countries.

Data from a large, international, multicenter, randomized trial were analyzed to compare the acceptability of two nonoxynol-9 spermicide preparations. Women who wished to use a spermicide for contraception were randomly assigned to use either a foaming tablet (n = 383) or a nonoxynol-9 film (n = 382) for 28 weeks as their only method of contraception. Participants completed questionnaires about acceptability of the assigned product 4 weeks after admission and at discontinuation. Women in both groups had very favorable opinions of the spermicide. The proportion of women who said that they liked their assigned product very much was 50% in the tablet group and 55% in the film group. Significantly more women in the film group rated the spermicide difficult to insert and stated that the product stuck to the finger during insertion. More women in the tablet group said that the product was messy and that, at least once, it did not dissolve. In both groups, liking the product was significantly associated with consistency of use, but not with subsequent pregnancy. Participants' male partners had little influence on participants' opinions about, or use of, the spermicides. Although previous analyses showed that both spermicides are associated with high pregnancy rates, they are both highly acceptable to most women.

PIP: This study compares the acceptability of two nonoxynol-9 spermicide preparations in Mexico, Ecuador, Guatemala, Ghana and the US. A total of 765 women (383 using a foaming tablet and 382 using nonoxynol-9 film for 28 weeks) were enrolled. Participants completed a questionnaire about acceptability of the assigned product, 4 weeks after admission and at discontinuation. Result of the trial revealed that women in both groups had very favorable opinions of the spermicide. The proportion of women who said that they liked their assigned product very much was 50% in the tablet group and 55% in the film group. Significantly more women in the film group rated the spermicide difficult to insert and stated that the product stuck to the finger during insertion. More women in the tablet group expressed that the product was messy and that, at least once, it did not dissolve. In both groups, liking the product was significantly associated with consistency of use, but not with subsequent pregnancy. Participants' male partners had little influence on participants' opinions about, or use of, the spermicides. Although previous analysis showed that both spermicides were associated with high pregnancy rates, they were both highly acceptable to most women.

Lipogranuloma esclerosante / Sclerosing lipogranuloma

El lipogranuloma esclerosante (LGE) es una afección ocasionada por la inyección en partes blandas de sustancias oleosas de origen conocido o no. Debido a que se trata de una práctica clandestina, su incidencia real se desconoce. Se describen dos casos de LGE en mujeres de 63 y 33 años, que presentan lesiones en mamas, glúteos y muslos. El diagnóstico fue confirmado por los antecedentes y la histopatología

Lipogranuloma esclerosante / Sclerosing lipogranuloma

El lipogranuloma esclerosante (LGE) es una afección ocasionada por la inyección en partes blandas de sustancias oleosas de origen conocido o no. Debido a que se trata de una práctica clandestina, su incidencia real se desconoce. Se describen dos casos de LGE en mujeres de 63 y 33 años, que presentan lesiones en mamas, glúteos y muslos. El diagnóstico fue confirmado por los antecedentes y la histopatología (AU)

Massive fetomaternal hemorrhage: how long should children with good evolution be controlled? A case report.

We report on a term infant with a severe fetomaternal hemorrhage that caused a serious anemia that was surmounted after several transfusions. After the initial complications, such as persistent pulmonary circulation, severe anemia and thrombocytopenia, the outcome was good. We discuss the importance of a long-term follow-up of affected children, as well as their mothers. No clear parameters for a real prognosis are available. A follow-up is needed in order to detect possible complications in neurological development.

[Parainfectious transverse myelitis in an adolescent. Difficulties in the etiological diagnosis]. / Mielitis transversa parainfecciosa en un adolescente. Dificultades para el diagnóstico etiológico.

A diagnostic process in a 13 year-old boy with a parainfectious transverse myelitis is described. Its onset was acute, with L1-location level of lesion. After a mild improvement, a relapse happened 26 days later, with a D6 level and without subsequent recovery. It has not been found criteria for diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, nor data suggesting a vascular or ischaemic anomaly. Likewise, other causes and specific infections were rejected, being cataloguet as parainfectious etiology, due a previous viral infection before its onset.