Preliminary results of complete delayed primary bladder exstrophy reconstruction in male patients. / Resultados preliminares de la reconstrucción completa primaria diferida de la extrofia vesical en el varón.

INTRODUCTION: The success of primary bladder closure in bladder exstrophy (BE) is the determining factor for future capacity and continence. In recent years, owing to the unsatisfactory results of staged repair, complete delayed primary reconstruction has gained prominence. OBJECTIVE: To analyze short-term results in male patients with BE undergoing delayed primary closure and compare them with early bladder closure as part of staged repair in our healthcare facility. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The success of bladder closure, postoperative management, complications, and hydronephrosis was assessed over a 12-month follow-up period in both groups: early primary closure (group A) and delayed primary closure (group B). RESULTS: In group A (n=13), mean age at closure was 25 hours and mean pubic diastasis was 32 mm. Patients had respiratory support and muscle relaxation for an average of 4 days postoperatively. Closure success was 85%, and 1 patient presented maintained hydronephrosis beyond the first 6 months. In group B (n=6), mean at closure was 58 days, and mean pubic diastasis was 34 mm. Patients had epidural analgesia and no respiratory support postoperatively. Closure success was 100%. 33% had transient hydronephrosis, and 1 patient (17%) presented maintained bilateral hydronephrosis. The same immobilization technique was used in both groups for 3 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Delayed primary reconstruction is safe as it allows for closure success without increasing complications as compared to staged repair. A long-term follow-up is required to assess urinary continence, esthetic results, and genital functionality.

INTROUCCION: El éxito del cierre primario vesical en la extrofia (EV) es el factor determinante de la capacidad y continencia futuras. En los últimos años, debido a los resultados poco satisfactorios de la reparación por estadios, la reconstrucción primaria completa diferida ha adquirido mayor protagonismo. OBJETIVO: Analizar los resultados a corto plazo en varones con EV sometidos a cierre primario diferido y compararlos con el cierre vesical precoz en la reparación por estadios en nuestro centro. MATERIAL Y METODOS: Evaluamos el éxito del cierre vesical, el manejo postoperatorio, las complicaciones y la presencia de hidronefrosis durante un tiempo de seguimiento de 12 meses en los grupos: cierre primario precoz (grupo A) y diferido (grupo B). RESULTADOS: En el grupo A (n= 13) la edad media al cierre fue de 25 horas y la diástasis púbica media de 32 mm. Permaneció con asistencia respiratoria y relajación muscular una media de 4 días en el postoperatorio. El éxito del cierre fue del 85% y un paciente mantuvo hidronefrosis más allá de los 6 primeros meses. En el grupo B (n= 6), la edad media al cierre fue de 58 días, la diástasis púbica de 34 mm y se mantuvieron en el postoperatorio con analgesia epidural, sin asistencia respiratoria. El éxito del cierre fue del 100%, el 33% presentó hidronefrosis transitoria y un paciente (17%) hidronefrosis bilateral mantenida. En ambos grupos se empleó igual inmovilización durante 3 semanas. CONCLUSIONES: La reconstrucción primaria diferida es segura, permitiendo el éxito del cierre sin aumentar las complicaciones, comparado con la reparación por estadios. Es necesario un seguimiento a largo plazo para evaluar la continencia urinaria, el resultado estético y la funcionalidad genital.

Resultados preliminares de la reconstrucción completa primaria diferida de la extrofia vesical en el varón / Preliminary results of complete delayed primary bladder exstrophy reconstruction in male patients

Introducción: El éxito del cierre primario vesical en la extrofia (EV) es el factor determinante de la capacidad y continencia futuras. En los últimos años, debido a los resultados poco satisfactorios de la reparación por estadios, la reconstrucción primaria completa diferida ha adquirido mayor protagonismo. Objetivo: Analizar los resultados a corto plazo en varones con EV sometidos a cierre primario diferido y compararlos con el cierre vesical precoz en la reparación por estadios en nuestro centro. Material y métodos: Evaluamos el éxito del cierre vesical, el manejo postoperatorio, las complicaciones y la presencia de hidronefrosis durante un tiempo de seguimiento de 12 meses en los grupos: cierre primario precoz (grupo A) y diferido (grupo B). Resultados: En el grupo A (n = 13) la edad media al cierre fue de 25 horas y la diástasis púbica media de 32 mm. Permaneció con asistencia respiratoria y relajación muscular una media de 4 días en el postoperatorio. El éxito del cierre fue del 85% y un paciente mantuvo hidronefrosis más allá de los 6 primeros meses. En el grupo B (n = 6), la edad media al cierre fue de 58 días, la diástasis púbica de 34 mm y se mantuvieron en el postoperatorio con analgesia epidural, sin asistencia respiratoria. El éxito del cierre fue del 100%, el 33% presentó hidronefrosis transitoria y un paciente (17%) hidronefrosis bilateral mantenida. En ambos grupos se empleó igual inmovilización durante 3 semanas. Conclusiones: La reconstrucción primaria diferida es segura, permitiendo el éxito del cierre sin aumentar las complicaciones, comparado con la reparación por estadios. Es necesario un seguimiento a largo plazo para evaluar la continencia urinaria, el resultado estético y la funcionalidad genital

Introduction: The success of primary bladder closure in bladder exstrophy (BE) is the determining factor for future capacity and con-tinence. In recent years, owing to the unsatisfactory results of staged repair, complete delayed primary reconstruction has gained prominence. Objective: To analyze short-term results in male patients with BE undergoing delayed primary closure and compare them with early blad-der closure as part of staged repair in our healthcare facility.Materials and methods. The success of bladder closure, postop-erative management, complications, and hydronephrosis was assessed over a 12-month follow-up period in both groups: early primary closure (group A) and delayed primary closure (group B). Results: In group A (n =13), mean age at closure was 25 hours and mean pubic diastasis was 32 mm. Patients had respiratory support and muscle relaxation for an average of 4 days postoperatively. Closure success was 85%, and 1 patient presented maintained hydronephrosis beyond the first 6 months. In group B (n = 6), mean at closure was 58 days, and mean pubic diastasis was 34 mm. Patients had epidural anal-gesia and no respiratory support postoperatively. Closure success was 100%. 33% had transient hydronephrosis, and 1 patient (17%) presented maintained bilateral hydronephrosis. The same immobilization technique was used in both groups for 3 weeks. Conclusions: Delayed primary reconstruction is safe as it allows for closure success without increasing complications as compared to staged repair. A long-term follow-up is required to assess urinary continence, esthetic results, and genital functionality

Anogenital distance and reproductive outcomes in 9- to 11-year-old boys: the INMA-Granada cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Studies examining the association of anogenital distance (AGD), a biomarker of prenatal androgen exposure, with sexual development in children are lacking. OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between AGD measures and reproductive outcomes, including puberty onset, testicular volume, reproductive hormone levels, and urogenital malformations in boys aged 9-11 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among children belonging to the Spanish Environment and Childhood (INMA) Project, a population-based birth cohort study. The present sample included 279 boys for whom data were available on AGD, pubertal stage, testicular volume, and relevant covariates. Out of the boys with AGD data, 187 provided a blood sample for hormone analysis. AGD was measured from the center of the anus to the base of the scrotum. Pubertal development was assessed according to Tanner stage of genital development (G1-G5), and testicular volume was measured with an orchidometer. RESULTS: After adjusting for potential confounders, logistic regression analysis showed that AGD was positively associated with testicular volume but not with Tanner stage (>G1 vs. G1), serum hormone levels, or undescended testis. Regardless of their age, body mass index, and Tanner stage (G1 or >G1), boys with longer AGD showed increased odds of a testicular volume >3 mL (OR = 1.06, 95%CI = 1.00-1.19 per 10% increment in AGD; and OR = 3.14, 95%CI = 0.99-9.94 for AGD >42 mm vs. <33 mm). DISCUSSION: Longer AGD was associated with testicular growth, an indicator of gonadarche, but not with other reproductive outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Although AGD was positively associated with testicular volume, it remains unclear whether AGD predicts testis size at puberty or is related to puberty onset.

Effects of beta-glucans ingestion (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on metabolism of rats receiving high-fat diet.

We investigated the effects of beta-glucans (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ingestion on metabolic parameters of Wistar rats receiving high-fat diet. The experimental period was divided into two stages: in the first one, the animals were divided into two groups containing 12 animals each. The first group received commercial feed and the second received high-fat diet containing 20% of pork fat during 60 days. At the end of this period, body weight, blood glucose and Lee index were assessed. In the second stage, those 24 animals were redivided into four groups: (C) - control diet; (CB) - control diet and treated with Beta-glucan (BG); (O) - obese animals and (OB) - obese animals treated with BG. Animals from groups CB and OB received 30 mg/kg of BG dissolved in saline solution by gavage. Animals from groups C and O received only saline solution for 28 days. The design used was totally randomized in 2 × 2 factorial scheme. Data were submitted to analysis of variance (anova). Animals from OB group showed inferior levels (p < 0.05) of total cholesterol (13.33%), triacylglycerols (16.77%) and blood glucose (23.97%) when compared to the animals from group O. The use of BG has provided smaller increase in Lee index (p < 0.05), without promoting alteration in feed and water consumption, organs weight, HDL-C, LDL+VLDL-C, carcass composition, villus/crypt ratio, and pancreas, kidney and stomach histology. BG from S. cerevisiae promoted beneficial metabolic effects in rats receiving high-fat diet.

Intolerancia a tornillo interferencial tibial. Una rara complicación en la Cirugía de reconstrucción del ligamento cruzado anterior / Intolerance to tibial fixation devices for ACL repair. A rare complication

Introducción: Se presenta una serie de casos de pacientes que han desarrollado bultoma, secreción y dolor pretibial tras la reconstrucción del LCA fijado con tornillos reabsorbibles (HA-PLLA [Hidroxiapatita- ácido L-poliláctico]). Método: Se revisan de manera retrospectiva todas las reconstrucciones de LCA realizadas entre 2008 y 2014 para identificar las complicaciones relacionadas con el sistema de fijación bioabsorbible. Durante ese periodo de 6 años se realizaron 620 reconstrucciones de LCA usando el tornillo bioabsorbible (HA-PLLA) para la fijación tibial del injerto tetrafascicular de isquiotibiales. Resultados: Nueve pacientes (1,45%) con un rango de edad de 29,8 (19-44 años), presentaron el periodo postoperatorio dolor, tumoración y secreción pretibial en la zona de inserción del tornillo. Todos presentaron marcadores inflamatorios normales. Todos los pacientes requirieron desbridamiento quirúrgico, y retirada de los restos del tornillo y de los tejidos reactivos. Se evidenció infección en 4 cultivos intraoperatorios. La anatomía patológica reveló restos detríticos birrefringentes en el citoplasma de los macrófagos. La retirada de los restos del tornillo y el desbridamiento y curetaje del túnel, supuso la recuperación completa de todos los pacientes de nuestra serie. Conclusiones: La tumoración pre-tibial como respuesta biológica adversa, debe considerarse como una posible complicación en la reconstrucción del LCA. Se aprecia una incidencia de 1,45% de reacción pretibial tras el uso de tornillos reabsorbibles (HA-PLLA) en tibia proximal en la reconstrucción de LCA

Background: We report a series of cases that presented as pre-tibial cyst, swelling and pain following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using bioabsorble fixation devices (HA-PLLA). Methods: All ACL reconstructions were done between 2008 and 2014 reviewed retrospectively to identify complications related to bioabsorbable fixation devices. During this period of 6 years, 620 ACL reconstructions were performed using the bioabsorbable screw (HA-PLLA) for tibial fixation of the quadrupled hamstring autograft. Results: Nine patients (1,45%) with mean age of 29,8 (19-44) years, presented in the post-operative period, pre-tibial pain, cyst and swelling in tibial screw site. All of them had normal inflammatory markers. All of these patients underwent surgical debridement, which revealed remnants of screw and reactive material. There was evidence of infection in 4 intra-operative specimen cultures. Histopathology revealed detritic birefringent remains in macrophages cytoplasm. Removal of screw debris and curettage of the tunnel resulted in complete recovery of all patients in our series. Conclusions: Pre-tibial cyst as an adverse biological response should be considered as a possible complication in ACL reconstruction. We report a 1,45% of pre-tibial reaction in patients undergoing ACL reconstruction with bio-absorbable (HAPLLA) interference screw fixation for the proximal tibia

Exposure to bisphenol A and behavior in school-age children.

INTRODUCTION: Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure has been shown to affect human brain neurodevelopment and behavior. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate whether environmental exposure to BPA in children was associated with their childhood behavior. METHODS: Urinary BPA concentrations and behavioral characteristics were assessed in 300 children belonging to the INMA "Environment and Childhood" Granada birth cohort in their follow-up at 9-11 years of age. BPA concentrations were quantified in urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS), and child behavior reported by parents using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL/6-18) under supervision of a psychologist. The association between BPA concentrations and CBCL standardized scores was analyzed using linear regression models, adjusted for important covariates. RESULTS: Median (P25, P75) BPA concentration was 4.76 (2.77, 9.03)µg/L. Mean (±SD) CBCL externalizing and internalizing scores were 56.35 (±8.06) and 51.36 (±9.22), respectively. In multivariate regression analyses, adjusted for maternal and child characteristics, higher BPA concentrations were associated with worse behavioral scores on all scales. Children with BPA concentrations in the 4th quartile had more somatic complaints (ß=2.35; 95% CI: 0.25, 4.46) and social (ß=1.71; 95% CI: 0.19, 3.22) and thought problems (ß=2.58; 95% CI: 0.66, 4.51) in comparison to those in the 1st quartile. Children with values in the 3rd quartile of BPA concentrations also showed greater social problems (ß=1.94; 95% CI: 0.43, 3.45). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that exposure to BPA in childhood may affect children's behavior. Although further investigations are required, preventive measures should be undertaken to reduce inadvertent exposure to BPA.

Outdoor characterization of radio frequency electromagnetic fields in a Spanish birth cohort.

There is considerable public concern in many countries about the possible adverse effects of exposure to non-ionizing radiation electromagnetic fields, especially in vulnerable populations such as children. The aim of this study was to characterize environmental exposure profiles within the frequency range 100kHz-6GHz in the immediate surrounds of the dwellings of 123 families from the INMA-Granada birth cohort in Southern Spain, using spot measurements. The arithmetic mean root mean-square electric field (ERMS) and power density (SRMS) values were, respectively, 195.79mV/m (42.3% of data were above this mean) and 799.01µW/m(2) (30% of values were above this mean); median values were 148.80mV/m and 285.94µW/m(2), respectively. Exposure levels below the quantification limit were assigned a value of 0.01V/m. Incident field strength levels varied widely among different areas or towns/villages, demonstrating spatial variability in the distribution of exposure values related to the surface area population size and also among seasons. Although recorded values were well below International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection reference levels, there is a particular need to characterize incident field strength levels in vulnerable populations (e.g., children) because of their chronic and ever-increasing exposure. The effects of incident field strength have not been fully elucidated; however, it may be appropriate to apply the precautionary principle in order to reduce exposure in susceptible groups.

Serum levels of persistent organic pollutants and predictors of exposure in Tunisian women.

INTRODUCTION: In spite of the international consensus on the human health risks associated with exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs), the Tunisian population is suspected to have been inadvertently exposed to POPs over the last decades. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate POP concentrations in the serum of a subset of 54 Tunisian women and to identify some socio-demographic and dietary predictors of exposure to POPs. RESULTS: Of the ten POPs analyzed, three polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners (-138, -153 and -180), and two organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), HCB and p,p'-DDE, showed frequencies ranging from 98 to 100%. Serum median concentrations of PCB congeners (-138, -153 PCB-180) were 26.08, 119.1 and 29.84 ng/g lipid, respectively, and median concentrations of HCB and p,p'-DDE were 19.98 and 127.59 ng/g lipid, respectively. Age was positively correlated with serum levels of selected POPs. Women living in northern Tunisia showed higher serum levels of all PCBs. Working outside home and cereal consumption were positively associated to serum levels of p,p'-DDE. The duration of the lactation was also related to lower serum levels of p,p'-DDE and HCB. CONCLUSION: The levels of exposure to POPs found warrant a biomonitoring program in order to identify routes of exposure and population groups at higher risk. This program will help to establish prevention policies and to determine the association between exposure to POPs and chronic diseases.

Thyroid status and its association with cognitive functioning in healthy boys at 10 years of age.

OBJECTIVE: Thyroid hormones (THs) are crucial for the correct maturation of the CNS and the neurodevelopment of the child. We aimed to investigate the association of TSH and free thyroxine (FT4) levels with cognitive functioning in children from the INMA-Granada cohort studied during their follow-up at the age of 9-11 years. DESIGN: We evaluated 300 children from the original cohort, which comprised 668 eligible mother-son pairs recruited at birth from 2000 to 2002 in Granada (Spain). METHODS: FT4 and TSH concentrations were measured, and cognitive development was assessed using neuropsychological tests (n=187). Children with chronic disease related to thyroid function and/or cognitive development were excluded. RESULTS: Median TSH and FT4 levels were 3.1 µIU/ml and 1.2 ng/dl respectively. In multivariable regression analyses adjusted for maternal and child characteristics, children with TSH levels in the top tertile had worse verbal comprehension and immediate and long-term recall. Children with FT4 levels in the top tertile had better attention and lower impulsivity and were at a lower risk of scoring below the 20th percentile in intelligence quotient (OR=0.24; 95% CI=0.08-0.74; P=0.013) and in abstract reasoning ability (OR=0.28; 95% CI=0.09-0.88; P=0.029). CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that circulating THs and TSH may in the top tertile have an impact on cognitive functions; thus, higher TSH slightly but significantly increased the risk of a lower score in certain neuropsychological tests.

Metabolic parameters in rats receiving different levels of oral glycerol supplementation.

The use of glycerol in the diets for animals is of interest because it is a residue of biodiesel production and rich in energy. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate metabolic and physiological parameters of rats receiving supplemental pure glycerol by gavage. We used 30 Wistar rats (initial weight 202.7 ± 29.98 g) receiving 0 (control/saline), 200, 400, 800 and 1600 mg glycerol/kg of body weight (bidistilled glycerine, 99.85% glycerol) beside food and water ad libitum for 28 days. We used a completely randomised design with five treatments and six replicates. At the end of the experiment, the animals were killed, and the results showed that there was no change (p > 0.05) in the intake and excretion of water, the average daily weight gain, dry matter, ash and crude protein in the carcass or plasma triacylglycerols. There was a beneficial effect (p < 0.05) up to a dose of 800 mg/kg glycerol on feed intake, percentage of carcass fat, plasma levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), high-density lipoprotein (HDLc) and low-/very low-density lipoprotein (LDLc + VLDLc). The levels of total cholesterol and glucose were increased with up to a dose of 800 mg/kg glycerol (but remained within the normal range); they were reduced with the dose of 1600 mg/kg. The total leucocyte count tended to be reduced, although it was within the reference values for rats. There were no renal or pancreatic lesions. In conclusion, glycerol presented as a safe supplement at the studied doses, even having some beneficial effects in a dose-dependent manner in rats.

Renal transplantation in augmented bladders.

Not many years ago, children with congenital abnormalities of the lower urinary tract or with bladder dysfunction were denied renal transplantation because they were considered very high-risk recipients. However, in the past few decades, we learned that in children with poorly compliant, low-capacity bladders, augmentation cystoplasty (AC) can create a compliant, low-pressure reservoir that helps preserve the kidney graft. Although the incidence of symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI) may be greater in pediatric transplant recipients with an AC than in those without, UTI is related more to noncompliance with clean intermittent catheterization or vesicoureteral reflux to the native kidney or graft than to the AC itself, and usually does not lead to impairment of graft function. Today, children with a bladder reconstruction may undergo transplantation with the same outcome (graft survival and function) as those with normal bladders, although there is some possibility of malignant transformation in the intestinal segment used to augment the bladder in these patients.

Ecografía clínica abdominal y educación médica / Abdominal ultrasound and medical education

Introducción. La ecografía es una técnica muy versátil, que permite en tiempo real visualizar múltiples órganos internos y es de inestimable ayuda para la exploración física de los pacientes. Objetivo. Evaluar si la ecografía puede incorporarse en la enseñanza de la medicina y si los alumnos pueden realizar una exploración ecográfica abdominal básica sin un largo periodo de formación. Metodología. Doce estudiantes de medicina recibieron formación en ecografía abdominal básica durante un programa formativo de 15h de duración, que incluía un curso teórico-práctico de 5h y prácticas supervisadas en 20 pacientes seleccionados. Posteriormente realizamos una prueba de evaluación objetiva en la que valoramos la capacidad de los alumnos para obtener los planos ecográficos y detectar diversas enfermedades en 5 pacientes distintos. Resultados. Los estudiantes fueron capaces de identificar correctamente los planos abdominales en más del 90% de las ocasiones. Solo en el corte subcostal derecho para localizar la vesícula este porcentaje fue inferior (80%). La precisión o eficiencia global de la ecografía para el diagnóstico de los hallazgos patológicos relevantes de los enfermos fue superior al 90% (colelitiasis 91,1%; aneurisma de aorta abdominal 100%; esplenomegalia 98,3%; ascitis 100%; vena cava inferior dilatada 100%, y retención aguda de orina 100%). Conclusión. La ecografía puede ser una herramienta formativa en la enseñanza de la medicina y puede ayudar a los alumnos a mejorar la exploración física (AU)

Introduction. Ultrasound is a very versatile diagnostic modality that permits real-time visualization of multiple internal organs. It is of invaluable help for the physical examination of the patients. Aim. To assess if ultrasound can be incorporated into medical education and if the students can perform a basic abdominal ultrasound examination without the necessity of a long period of training. Methodology. Twelve medical students were trained in basic abdominal ultrasound during a 15-hour training program including a 5-hour theoretical and practical course and supervised practice in 20 selected patients. Subsequently, we conducted an evaluation test that assessed the ability of students to obtain the ultrasound views and to detect various pathologies in five different patients. Results. The students were able to correctly identify the abdominal views more than 90% of the times. This percentage was only lower (80%) in the right subcostal view to locate the gallbladder. The accuracy or global efficiency of the ultrasound for the diagnosis of relevant pathological findings of the patients was greater than 90% (91.1% gallstones, abdominal aortic aneurysm 100%; splenomegaly 98.3%, ascites 100%; dilated inferior vena cava 100%; acute urinary retention 100%). Conclusion. The ultrasound may be a feasible learning tool in medical education. Ultrasound can help students to the improve the physical examination (AU)

Frontal sinus obliteration after trauma: analysis of bone regeneration for two selected methods.

We present a prospective randomized experimental study comparing bone regeneration obtained in 60 post-traumatic frontal sinuses obliterated with either calvarial bone dust (n=30, group I) or calvarial bone and demineralized bone matrix (DBM; n=30, group II). Radiological follow-up included high-resolution computed tomography with quantitative micro-density analysis in Hounsfield units (HU), together with a volumetric evaluation of the ossification at 6 and 24 months after surgical treatment. Epidemiological information and potential drawbacks were analysed. Bone volume and density data (HU) for the regenerated areas were subjected to statistical analysis at 6 and 24 months for both groups. Results were compared with reference values obtained from frontal and temporal bone in every patient. Complications developed for 10% of operated sinuses. The resulting bone formation (HU) in group I patients was significantly better than that obtained in group II. Ossification progressed in a statistically significant manner in both groups when compared at 6 and 24 months postoperatively. The use of DBM as a biomaterial associated with calvarial bone dust for sinus obliteration shows long-term safe results, similar to autogenous bone, but with a lower final bone density.

Does bladder augmentation negatively affect renal transplant outcome in posterior urethral valve patients?

OBJECTIVE: Although renal transplant (RT) is a safe and effective treatment for end-stage renal disease, the outcome of RT has been mixed for posterior urethral valve (PUV) patients. In addition, some PUV patients need an augmentation cystoplasty (AC), which may negatively affect their RT outcome. The aim of this study is to compare RT outcome between PUV children with and without AC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1985 and 2012 a total of 309 children received 369 RTs at our institution. Among these patients, 36 were had classified as having PUV. Of these, 12 underwent an AC before RT (AC group) and 24 did not (controls). Data, including age at transplant, allograft source, urological complications, urinary tract infection (UTI) incidence, the presence of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), and patient and graft survival, were compared between groups. RESULTS: Mean age at RT and mean follow-up were 7.6 versus 7.9 years and 8.9 versus 7.9 years in the AC group and in the control group, respectively (not significant [NS]). Allografts were from living donors in 50% of the AC group and in 41.6% of the controls (NS). The rate of UTI was 0.02 UTI/patient/year and 0.004 UTI/patient/year in the AC and control group, respectively (p = 0.001). Of the nine patients with UTI in the augmented group, five (55.5%) had VUR, while 5/8 (62.5%) patients in the control group with UTI had VUR. All patients with VUR in either group had UTIs previously. Of the five AC patients with more than three UTIs, two (40%) were non-compliant with clean intermittent catheterization (CIC), and UTI incidence was not associated with either a Mitrofanoff conduit or the urethra being used for CIC. Graft function at the end of study was 87.8 ± 40.5 ml/min/m(2) in the AC group and 88.17 ± 28.20 ml/min/m(2) in the control group (NS). The 10-year graft survival rate was 100% in AC group and 84.8% in controls. Two patients in the AC group lost their grafts (mean follow-up 13.3 ± 0.8 years) and five in the control group (mean follow-up 7.1 ± 4.7 years). CONCLUSIONS: Bladder augmentation does not negatively affect renal outcome in PUV patients undergoing transplantation. However, recurrent UTIs are more frequent in transplanted PUV patients with an AC than in those without AC, and they are generally related to non-compliance with CIC or the presence of VUR but, mostly, they will not result in impaired graft function.

Spinal cord injury after blunt cervical spine trauma: correlation of soft-tissue damage and extension of lesion.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In patients with spinal cord injury after blunt trauma, several studies have observed a correlation between neurologic impairment and radiologic findings. Few studies have been performed to correlate spinal cord injury with ligamentous injury. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate whether ligamentous injury or disk disruption after spinal cord injury correlates with lesion length. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 108 patients diagnosed with traumatic spinal cord injury after cervical trauma between 1990-2011. Plain films, CT, and MR imaging were performed on patients and then reviewed for this study. MR imaging was performed within 96 hours after cervical trauma for all patients. Data regarding ligamentous injury, disk injury, and the extent of the spinal cord injury were collected from an adequate number of MR images. We evaluated anterior longitudinal ligaments, posterior longitudinal ligaments, and the ligamentum flavum. Length of lesion, disk disruption, and ligamentous injury association, as well as the extent of the spinal cord injury were statistically assessed by means of univariate analysis, with the use of nonparametric tests and multivariate analysis along with linear regression. RESULTS: There were significant differences in lesion length on T2-weighted images for anterior longitudinal ligaments, posterior longitudinal ligaments, and ligamentum flavum in the univariate analysis; however, when this was adjusted by age, level of injury, sex, and disruption of the soft tissue evaluated (disk, anterior longitudinal ligaments, posterior longitudinal ligaments, and ligamentum flavum) in a multivariable analysis, only ligamentum flavum showed a statistically significant association with lesion length. Furthermore, the number of ligaments affected had a positive correlation with the extension of the lesion. CONCLUSIONS: In cervical spine trauma, a specific pattern of ligamentous injury correlates with the length of the spinal cord lesion in MR imaging studies. Ligamentous injury detected by MR imaging is not a dynamic finding; thus it proved to be useful in predicting neurologic outcome in patients for whom the MR imaging examination was delayed.

Abdominal ultrasound and medical education.

INTRODUCTION: Ultrasound is a very versatile diagnostic modality that permits real-time visualization of multiple internal organs. It is of invaluable help for the physical examination of the patients. AIM: To assess if ultrasound can be incorporated into medical education and if the students can perform a basic abdominal ultrasound examination without the necessity of a long period of training. METHODOLOGY: Twelve medical students were trained in basic abdominal ultrasound during a 15-h training program including a 5-h theoretical and practical course and supervised practice in 20 selected patients. Subsequently, we conducted an evaluation test that assessed the ability of students to obtain the ultrasound views and to detect various pathologies in five different patients. RESULTS: The students were able to correctly identify the abdominal views more than 90% of the times. This percentage was only lower (80%) in the right subcostal view to locate the gallbladder. The accuracy or global efficiency of the ultrasound for the diagnosis of relevant pathological findings of the patients was greater than 90% (91.1% gallstones, abdominal aortic aneurysm 100%; splenomegaly 98.3%, ascites 100%; dilated inferior vena cava 100%; acute urinary retention 100%). CONCLUSION: The ultrasound may be a feasible learning tool in medical education. Ultrasound can help students to improve the physical examination.

Long-term bladder function, fertility and sexual function in patients with posterior urethral valves treated in infancy.

OBJECTIVE: To address the issue of sexual function and fertility in PUV patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Of 47 patients (age > 18 years) treated for PUV in infancy 28 were contactable. They were sent a standard questionnaire requesting details on voiding dysfunction symptoms, and experience of erection, orgasm and ejaculation. RESULTS: Of the 28, 16 (mean age 24 years) returned the questionnaire. Voiding frequency ranged from 3 to 10 times per day (mean = 5). Two patients had occasional mild diurnal incontinence but none had symptoms of overactivity. Three patients had a weak urinary stream. Renal function was normal in 9, 4 had a glomerular filtration rate <80 ml/min/1.73 m(2), and 3 had undergone renal transplant. Erections and orgasm were experienced by the 15 patients who responded to these questions, with 4 reporting mild or medium erectile dysfunction and 1, on dialysis, reporting slow ejaculation. Post-masturbation samples of semen and urine were collected from 6 patients. One had an alkaline pH, high percentage of immotile sperm and low sperm count. Another had a high concentration of abnormal forms, and seminal fluid was present in the urine of 3 patients. CONCLUSIONS: In long-term follow-up, 44% of PUV patients develop chronic renal failure or end-stage renal disease, but bladder dysfunction symptoms are infrequent. Sexual function is mostly normal. Total semen counts and motility are compatible with paternity in most patients.

Opiate-induced changes in brain adenosine levels and narcotic drug responses.

We have very little information about the metabolomic changes that mediate neurobehavioral responses, including addiction. It was possible that opioid-induced metabolomic changes in brain could mediate some of the pharmacodynamic effects of opioids. To investigate this, opiate-induced brain metabolomic responses were profiled using a semi-targeted method in C57BL/6 and 129Sv1 mice, which exhibit extreme differences in their tendency to become opiate dependent. Escalating morphine doses (10-40 mg/kg) administered over a 4-day period selectively induced a twofold decrease (p<0.00005) in adenosine abundance in the brainstem of C57BL/6 mice, which exhibited symptoms of narcotic drug dependence; but did not decrease adenosine abundance in 129Sv1 mice, which do not exhibit symptoms of dependence. Based on this finding, the effect of adenosine on dependence was investigated in genetically engineered mice with alterations in adenosine tone in the brain and in pharmacologic experiments. Morphine withdrawal behaviors were significantly diminished (p<0.0004) in genetically engineered mice with reduced adenosine tone in the brainstem, and by treatment with an adenosine receptor(1) (A(1)) agonist (2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine, 0.5mg/kg) or an A(2a) receptor (A(2a)) antagonist (SCH 58261, 1mg/kg). These results indicate that adenosine homeostasis plays a crucial role in narcotic drug responses. Opiate-induced changes in brain adenosine levels may explain many important neurobehavioral features associated with opiate addiction and withdrawal.

Postraumatic frontal sinus obliteration with calvarial bone dust and demineralized bone matrix: a long term prospective study and literature review.

Defining the ideal material for frontal sinus obliteration remains controversial. Autogenous cancellous bone is effective because of its biological properties: it undergoes fast revascularization acting as an active scaffold for bone healing, but is linked to additional donor site morbidity. Bone dust harvesting from the skull surface produces no sequelae but availability is limited. Many efforts have been made to overcome these drawbacks, and an ideal bone substitute sought. Demineralized Bone Matrix (DBX; Musculoskeletal Transplant Foundation, Edison, NJ, USA) is a commercially available product composed of demineralized bone particles reduced after proper processing of human bone in combination with sodium hyaluronate. It generates an osteoconductive surface and it is also a source of osteoinductive factors. Radiological follow-up using computed tomography is a very reliable method of following-up ossification and detecting the early signs of possible complications. The authors present their clinical series of postraumatic frontal sinus obliteration using a mixture of calvarial bone dust and DBX shell, with long-term radiological monitoring. The technique was demonstrated to be effective, reliable, stable in the long term and associated with minimal morbidity.

Maldescenso testicular / Undescended testicle

El mal descenso testicular o, ausencia del testículo en la bolsa escrotal, es la anomalía más frecuente del tracto genitourinario, afectando al 3% delos niños recién nacidos. El descenso testicular se produce en dos etapas bien diferenciadas: en la primera (8-15 semanas de gestación) tiene lugar la migración intraabdominal del testículo; en la segunda etapa (25-35 semanas), el testículo migra hasta el escroto. Cualquier anomalía que interrumpa alguna de las etapas puede causar un mal descenso, por lo que la etiología continúa siendo desconocida. La importancia de esta anomalía estriba en su repercusión sobre la fertilidad, la mayor incidencia de tumores testiculares y en los posible factores psicológicos. Los pilares fundamentales para el diagnóstico de los testes palpables continúan siendo la anamnesis y la exploración física, siendo la laparoscopia la técnica de elección para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de los testes no palpables. En la actualidad, la orquidopexia entre los 6 a 12 meses de edad es el tratamiento de elección (por vía inguinal para los testes palpables y por laparoscopia para los testes no palpables). Aún está por determinar si la orquidopexia precoz mejora la fertilidad y disminuye el riesgo de cáncer (AU)

Cryptorchidism is the most common anomaly of the male genitalia, affecting 3% of male newborns. Testicular descent takes place in two distinct stages: during the first (between 8-15 weeks of gestation) the intra-abdominal migration of the testicle occurs; during the second stage (25-35 weeks), the testicle migrates to the scrotum. Any anomaly that interrupts any of these stages may cause a cryptorchidism, so the etiology remains unclear. The importance of this abnormality lies in its impact on fertility, increased incidence of testicular tumors and psychological sequelae. Medical history and physical examination are the fundamental pillars for the diagnosis of palpable testes; laparoscopy remains the golden standard for the diagnosis and treatment of non-palpable testes. Currently, orchidopexy at 6 to 12 months of age is the treatment o choice (via inguinal approach for palpable testes and laparoscopy for non-palpable testes). It has yet to be determined whether early orchidopexy improves fertility and lowers the risk of cancer (AU)