Supportive care needs of patients who had a stroke: a scoping review protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Incidences of stroke are on the rise and approximately 80 million stroke survivors worldwide live with disabilities. Supportive care needs of stroke survivors are not adequately defined, and the assessment tools to help care service providers identify these needs are unclear. The overall aim of this scoping review will be to map the supportive care needs of stroke survivors against the Supportive Care Needs Framework. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This scoping review will be conducted following Arksey and O'Malley's methodological framework and Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) updated methodological guidance for scoping review. This review will mainly use Arksey and O'Malley's methodological framework as the basic framework. The review will also follow JBI's updated methodological guidance for scoping reviews to optimise the review. For the search strategy, the three-step method recommended by the JBI will be used in the study. The review will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews. Six English databases, including PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library and PsycInfo, and four Chinese databases, including CNKI, Wanfang, VIP and China Biomedical Literature Database will be systematically searched from inception to the present. Studies published in English and Chinese will be included. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval is not required as this scoping review does not involve human participants. The findings shall be disseminated at scientific conferences and published in a peer-reviewed journal.

Two New C18 -Diterpenoid Alkaloids from Aconitum leucostomum Worosch.

Two new lappaconitine-type C18 -diterpenoid alkaloids, named as leucostosines C (1) and D (2), together with six known compounds (3-8), were isolated from the roots of Aconitum leucostomum Worosch. Their structures were elucidated by various spectroscopic analyses, including IR, HR-ESI-MS, NMR spectra and X-ray experiments. Leucostosine C is the first diterpenoid alkaloid bearing the 7-amino group. The isolated compounds were tested for the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory effect and neuroprotective activity, none of them showed significant activities.

Latent profile analysis of self-perceptions of ageing among Chinese community-dwelling older adults.

BACKGROUND: Self-perceptions of ageing (SPA) is an important predictor for physical and mental health of older adults in successful ageing. SPA is mainly studied from negative or positive perspectives using variable-centred methodologies. The aim of the current study was to explore distinct profiles of SPA among Chinese community-dwelling older adults using a person-centred method and validate the SPA profiles by examining associations with psychological outcomes. METHODS: Participants aged 65 and over were randomly divided into test and validation samples (n = 451, respectively). SPA was measured by the Brief Ageing Perceptions Questionnaire using latent profile analysis. RESULTS: Three SPA profiles were identified. One adaptive subgroup was designated as 'Low ageing awareness and high positive control' (LAPC, 84.7% and 75% in both samples, respectively). Two maladaptive SPA subgroups were designated as 'Low positive consequences and control' (LPCC, 3.9% and 8.2% in both samples, respectively), and 'High ageing awareness and negative control' (HANC, 11.4% and 16.8% in both samples, respectively). Similar to negative/positive SPA, the HANC and LAPC subgroups showed the highest and lowest levels of depressive symptoms and cognitive decline. Low cognitive function was found in the LPCC subgroup. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the heterogeneity of older adults' SPA. SPA profiles may aid community healthcare providers in China to identify individuals with high risk of maladaptive SPA and to tailor targeted interventions for psychological health in later life. Distinct SPA profiles require different interventions targeting negative or positive control or both aspects. More positive control strategies might be beneficial for cognitive functioning in older adults from the LPCC subgroup.

The Moderating Role of Empathy Profiles in the Relationship Between Knowledge About Aging and Attitudes Toward Older Adults Among Nursing Students.

Knowledge about aging (KA) and empathy affect nursing students' attitudes toward older adults. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon from an integrated, person-centered perspective. The purposes of the present study were (1) to identify empathy profiles based on the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) among Chinese nursing students and (2) to explore whether these latent empathy profiles moderate the association between KA and attitudes toward older people. A cross-sectional survey design was used, and a battery of questionnaires - including those on demographic information, the Chinese version of Palmore's Facts on Aging Quiz (C-FAQ), the Chinese version of Kogan's Attitude Toward Older People Scale (C-KAOP), and the IRI - was filled in by 622 Chinese nursing students (M age 21.76; SD = 1.33). The mean total scores on KAOP and C-FAQ were 164.96 ± 18.32 and 10.436 ± 3.015, respectively, indicating relatively positive attitudes toward older people but low KA among Chinese nursing students. Latent profile analysis was used to identify a three-profile solution characterized by distinct levels of four dimensions of empathy, namely average empathy (AE, n = 399), high empathy (HE, n = 42), and low empathy (LE, n = 181). Subsequent linear regression analysis revealed that the LE rather than the HE profile predicted positive attitudes toward older adults. It is worth noting that the LE profile played a remarkable moderating role in associations between KA and negative attitudes toward older adults after controlling for covariant variables. Both the identification of distinct empathy profiles and the interplay between the LE profile and KA are of significance in reducing negative attitudes toward older adults among Chinese nursing students. Nursing educators should combine improving nursing students' levels of KA and fostering greater empathy to reduce negative attitudes toward older adults. Such training should give priority to nursing students with LE.

Diterpenoid alkaloids from the whole herb of Delphinium grandiflorum L.

Seven previously undescribed diterpenoid alkaloids, eight reaction products and thirteen known compounds were isolated from the whole plant of Delphinium grandiflorum L. (Ranunculaceae). Grandiflonines A and B have an unprecedented C20-diterpenoid alkaloid skeleton, which features inversion of the configuration of C-18. Their structures were determined by comprehensive analyses of spectroscopic data, X-ray diffraction and Mosher's method. The probable biosynthetic pathway of grandiflonine A was discussed. Additionally, the analgesic activity and anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of NO production were evaluated. Among them, deoxylappaconitine (ED50 = 0.35 mg/kg, TI = 46.22) showed significant analgesic activity that was superior to the reference drug lappaconitine (ED50 = 3.5 mg/kg, TI = 3.34).

Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Psychological Effects of Primary Nocturnal Enuresis in Chinese Young Adults.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, risk factors, and effects of primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) on physical and mental health in young adults in mainland China. METHODS: An anonymous questionnaire was used to collect information including the sociodemographic characteristics, history of PNE, family history, daytime voiding symptoms, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores, Self-Esteem Scale (SES), and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). A total of 22,500 university students from 23 provinces and 368 cities in mainland China were included. RESULTS: In total, 21,082 questionnaires were collected, and 20,345 of them qualified for statistical analysis. The PNE prevalence was 1.17%, and the distribution of monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (MNE) and nonmonosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (NMNE) was 66.1% and 33.9%, respectively. In total, 28% of respondents with PNE reported bedwetting daily, 31.6% between 1 and 7 times weekly, and 40.4% between 1 and 4 times monthly; 80% of PNE cases had no history of treatment. The prevalence of PNE in patients with a family history, frequency, urgency, urinary incontinence, and recurrent urinary tract infections was significantly higher than in those without these conditions (P<0.001). PNE was significantly correlated with the PSQI total score (sleep quality) (P=0.011). The SES score was lower and the SDS was higher (P<0.001) in the PNE group than in those without PNE. CONCLUSION: In mainland China, the PNE prevalence among young adults was found to be high, and PNE had significant effects on physical and mental health. Risk factors included a family history, daytime voiding symptoms, and lack of treatment.

Four New Diterpenoid Alkaloids from The Roots of Aconitum coreanum.

Four new hetisine-type C20 -diterpenoid alkaloids, named as coreanines A-D (1-4), were isolated from the roots of Aconitum coreanum, together with thirteen known alkaloids (5-17). Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods including IR, HR-ESI-MS and NMR techniques. All the isolated compounds were screened for the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory effects, and none of them showed considerable inhibitory activity.

Lipoxin A4 attenuates hyperoxia­induced lung epithelial cell injury via the upregulation of heme oxygenase­1 and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines.

The present study examined whether lipoxin A4 (LXA4) increases the expression of HO­1, and inhibits the production of interleukin 6 (IL­6) and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP­1) in LXA4­induced protection during hyperoxia­induced injury in murine lung epithelial cells (MLE­12) and what signal pathway may participate in the actions of LXA4 inhibiting IL­6 and MCP­1. MLE­12 cells were exposed to air or hyperoxia with or without pretreatment with LXA4, Zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP­IX), IL­6, anti­IL­6, MCP­1, anti­MCP­1, inhibitors of p38 mitogen­activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), protein kinase B (Akt) and extracellular signal­regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathways. The cell survival rates, cell viability, apoptosis rates, expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), heme oxygenase­1 (HO­1), IL­6 and MCP­1, and the activations of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and Akt were measured. LXA4 significantly increased the cell survival rates, cell viability, SOD levels and HO­1 expression, reduced the apoptosis rates, and inhibited the MCP­1 and IL­6 levels induced by hyperoxia in cells. ZnPP­IX, an inhibitor of HO­1, blocked LXA4­induced protection on cell viability in cells exposed to hyperoxia. Anti­IL­6 and anti­MCP­1 improved the cell viability of cells exposed to hyperoxia. Inhibition of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 blocked the expression of MCP­1 and IL­6 induced by hyperoxia. LXA4 inhibited the activation of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 induced by hyperoxia, and increased the activation of the Akt signaling pathway, which was inhibited by hyperoxia. Therefore, LXA4 attenuated hyperoxia­induced injury in MLE­12 cells via the upregulation of HO­1 expression. The protection of LXA4 in hyperoxia­induced cell injury may be associated with the downregulation IL­6 and MCP­1 levels via the inhibition of the p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 signaling pathways.

Lipoxin A4 Attenuates Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia via Upregulation of Let-7c and Downregulation of TGF-ß1 Signaling Pathway.

Transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) superfamily members are key regulators for lung development and progress of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The mechanisms by which lipoxin A4 (LXA4) attenuates development of BPD have not been clarified. Neonatal murine BPD models were inducted by hyperoxia treatment. Neonatal mice were exposed to room air or 85% O2 hyperoxia with or without treatment with 5S,6R-methyl-LXA4 or anti-TGF-ß antibodies. Mouse lung epithelial cells (MLE-12 cells) and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (NIH/3T3 cells) were cultured in room air or 85% O2 followed by treatment of LXA4, anti-TGF-ß antibodies, and let-7c mimic/anti-microRNA transfections. Treatment with 5S,6R-methyl-LXA4 and anti-TGF-ß antibodies both attenuated the mice alveolar simplification induced by hyperoxia. Hyperoxia treatment significantly altered pulmonary basal mRNA and protein expressions of several important extracellular matrix (ECM) and ECM remodeling proteins including fibronectin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), elastin, tenascin C, collagen I, and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1). 5S,6R-methyl-LXA4 and anti-TGF-ß antibodies suppressed the mRNA and protein expressions of TGF-ß1 and TGF-ßR1 but not TGF-ßR2 in the lungs exposed to hyperoxia. Treatment with LXA4 and anti-TGF-ß antibodies alleviated hyperoxia-induced injury of the NIH/3T3 cells identified by morphologic observation and flow cytometry, and expressions of ECM, ECM remodeling proteins, and TGF-ß1 signaling pathway, but reversed by transfection with let-7c anti-miRNA. LXA4 upregulated the let-7c expression in MLE-12 cells, transfection with let-7c anti-miRNA, inhibited the LXA4-induced let-7c expression in MLE-12 cells exposed to hyperoxia and reduced the relative luciferase activity of let-7c binding with let-7c binding sites of the TGF-ßR1 3' UTR. Treatment with 5S,6R-methyl-LXA4 and anti-TGF-ß antibodies significantly improved histology, ECM, and ECM remodeling proteins in the lungs isolated from the murine BPD model induced by hyperoxia. The LXA4-imparted protective effects on hyperoxia-induced lung injury are mediated by upregulation of let-7c and inhibition of TGF-ß1 and subsequent downregulation of TGF-ß1 signaling pathway.

[Haplotype analysis for mucocutaneous venous malformations in a Chinese Han ethnic family].

A Chinese Han ethnic family with mucocutaneous venous malformations (VMCM) was investigated. This family has autosomal dominantly inherited VMCM in five generations, and the offspring has a 50% risk of this inherited disorder. Affected individuals have small, spongy, and multiple vascular lesions, which often locate in the skin, oral mucosa, and upper and lower extremities. None of the family members had gastrointestinal bleeding, central nervous system involvement and cardiac defects. Pathological analysis showed that the veins have irregular vascular space and walls with variable thickness. All phenotypes of the patients displayed the basic characters of VMCM. To analyze the genetic locus and haplotype, genomic DNA of 26 family members was obtained from peripheral leukocytes, and the linkage analysis and haplotypes analysis were performed using microsatellites markers. The results of two-point linkage analysis and haplotype analysis showed that the disease-causing gene located within a 7 cM region between D9S1121 and D9S161 on the short arm of chromosome 9. The study firstly reported the Chinese family with VMCM, which disease-causing gene is located in 9p, consistent with western VMCM families reported. Four flanking markers, D9S1121, D9S169, D9S16 and D9S248, were used to define the linkage haplotypes in the family, which can provide useful informaion for researchers to study VMCM in different racial background.