Three-dimensional microscope skill acquisition: A randomised controlled study comparing two-dimensional laboratory microscope training, video gaming and virtual reality gaming.

INTRODUCTION: Fine microsurgical motor skill acquisition can be challenging. With increasing technological innovation, the methods of microsurgical skills acquisition may change. Studies show that laboratory-based microsurgical training programmes on a 2D microscope significantly improves the microsurgical skill acquisition of novices. However, it remains to be seen if these skills are transferable to a 3D microscope or if gaming agility is more important? We present a randomised control trial of three interventions, namely laboratory tabletop microscope training (LM), high-fidelity video gaming (Sony PlayStation 4 console; VG) and high-fidelity virtual reality gaming (Sony PlayStation VR console; VR) versus a control group. METHODS: Forty novice medical students were block randomised to four groups: control (no intervention) n = 10, LM n = 10, VG n = 10 and VR n = 10. Participants performed chicken femoral artery anastomosis using the Aesculap Aeos® 3D microscope platform at the baseline and again after the intervention. Performance was evaluated using a modified structured assessment of microsurgery skills (mSAMS) score, time taken to complete anastomosis and time taken for suture placement by two blinded independent assessors. RESULT: No statistically significant difference was noted between the groups at the baseline. There was a statistically significant improvement in the LM arm between the baseline and post-training for mSAMS score and time for suture placement. In the VG, VR and control groups no statistically significant difference was observed. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that during early microsurgical training, an intense laboratory-based microsurgical training programme significantly improves a novice's anastomotic performance on a 2D microscope, and these skills are transferable when a 3D anastomosis is carried out. However, focused gaming had no significant effect, and the results were akin to that of the non-intervention group.

The impact of physical activity on patient-reported outcomes following deep inferior epigastric perforator flap breast reconstruction.

INTRODUCTION: Although higher preoperative physical activity levels have been shown to be beneficial to postoperative recovery at large, their effect on patient-reported outcomes after deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap breast reconstruction has yet to be investigated. This study aimed to correlate patient physical activity levels with patient-reported outcome measures. METHODS: A prospectively maintained database of patients who underwent DIEP flap breast reconstruction between July 2021 and June 2022 was analysed. Physical activity levels were assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) and patient-reported outcomes were measured using the BREAST-Q questionnaire, both preoperatively and 1 year postoperatively. Patients were stratified into low (<1000 METs) and high (>1000 METs) physical activity groups. RESULTS: Of the 136 patients who underwent surgery, 51 completed both questionnaires, with 34 responses meeting completeness criteria for statistical analysis. The low-MET group (n = 19) and high-MET group (n = 15) were comparable in age and comorbidities. Postoperatively, the low-MET group exhibited a 54% increase in physical activity levels, whereas the high-MET group showed a 17% decrease (p < 0.01). The low-MET group experienced significant declines in psychosocial well-being (9.3%, p = 0.04) and sexual well-being (14%, p = 0.02), whereas the high-MET group did not show significant changes in these domains. Satisfaction with the unclothed abdomen increased significantly in the low-MET group (2.9 from 2, p = 0.001), while the high-MET group showed a nonsignificant decrease (3.2 from 2.9, p = 0.43). However, abdominal well-being significantly decreased in both groups, with a 56% decline in the high-MET group (p = 0.006) and a 51% decline in the low-MET group (p = 0.0002). The latter reflects the perceived difference between aesthetic appearance and well-being. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with lower preoperative physical activity levels showed improved activity postsurgery, potentially due to motivational factors from the reconstructive process. Conversely, those with higher preoperative activity levels faced greater challenges in maintaining their activity levels postsurgery, potentially arising from disruptions in daily routines and donor site symptoms, indicating a need for targeted interventions to support this group. Concurrently, patients with higher baseline exercise levels did not show a decrease in psychosocial and sexual well-being, possibly reflecting a higher resilience to the operative process. These findings underscore the importance of integrating physical activity assessments into preoperative evaluations to inform patient-centred care and optimise recovery outcomes.

One-stop autologous breast reconstruction: A safe and effective cost-saving pathway.

INTRODUCTION: Patients undergoing autologous breast reconstruction usually require further operations as part of their reconstructive journey. This involves contralateral breast symmetrization and nipple-areola complex (NAC) reconstruction. Restrained access to elective operating space led us to implement a one-stop breast reconstruction pathway. METHODS: Patients undergoing contemporaneous contralateral breast symmetrization and immediate NAC reconstruction with free nipple grafts between July 2020 and June 2021 were identified. A retrospective review of our prospectively maintained database was conducted, to retrieve surgical notes, postoperative complications, and length of inpatient stay. A cost analysis was performed considering savings from contralateral symmetrization. RESULTS: A total of 50 eligible cases were identified, which had unilateral one-stop breast reconstructions. Complication rates and length of stay were not affected by this approach, with only one free flap being lost for this cohort. This approach resulted in £181,000 being saved for our service over a calendar year. DISCUSSION: A one-stop breast reconstruction pathway has proven to be safe and effective in our unit. During these uncertain times, it has streamlined the management of eligible patients, while releasing capacity for other elective operations. Patients avoid having to wait for secondary procedures, finishing their reconstructive pathway earlier. We plan to continue providing this service which has shown to be beneficial clinically and financially.

Is Routine Imaging Necessary for the Management of Pediatric Hand Fractures Postoperatively?

BACKGROUND: Pediatric hand fractures heal remarkedly well, and clinically significant displacement after operative fixation is rare. Radiation exposure in medical practice is regulated by the Ionizing Radiation Medical Exposure Regulations 2017, and unnecessary radiation should be avoided. In the literature, there is paucity of information regarding the number of radiographs required in the postoperative period and guidelines are lacking. METHODS: This study aims to examine whether routine imaging or the lack of it influences functional outcome and time to discharge from the clinic. A retrospective data of pediatric hand fractures requiring intervention between 2014 and 2018 at our institution were conducted before and after elimination of routine postoperative imaging. A total of 230 patients were included in the study. RESULTS: Two cohorts of patients were identified. The first had routine postoperative radiographs, whereas the second did not have routine radiographs. There was no change in management and difference in the range of motion at discharge between the 2 groups (P = 0.74). Patients without routine imaging were discharged earlier from clinic (74.4 vs 108.2 days, P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that clinically significant fracture displacement is rare after operative reduction and fixation in pediatric age group. It demonstrates our experience in refraining from routine postoperative radiographs. The overall benefit is to avoid unnecessary radiation and subsequent costs implicated.

Dual pedicle epiphyseal transfer for paediatric bony sarcoma reconstruction: Technique and review of outcomes.

Skeletal reconstruction after tumour resection in paediatric patients is challenging. The resultant reconstruction needs to meet the demands of graft incorporation as well as the potential for growth. The vascularised fibular epiphyseal transfer (VFET) offers the potential for both. We retrospectively reviewed eight paediatric patients treated with VFET after bony tumour resection. All patients underwent a dual pedicle transfer with the peroneal artery for the diaphyseal blood supply and the recurrent branch of the anterior tibial artery for the physis. This is the largest series in literature for dual pedicle transfers for bony reconstruction. We present our surgical technique and outcomes in terms of functional limb salvage and growth.

Trainee and trainer experiences and recommendations for plastic surgery training: A qualitative pilot study.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has compounded existing training issues for plastic surgeons. The issues that exist result from a complex interplay of system, generational and individual factors, and can be hard to tease out by quantitative means. This pilot study aimed to investigate the perceptions of trainees and trainers of plastic surgical training in the UK. METHODS: Ten semi-structured interviews were performed using purposive sampling in a central London plastic surgical unit. These were coded into and discussed in four themes: Medical directives and service demands; Sociocultural norms within plastic surgical training; Equity and access; and Plastic surgery training methods. RESULTS: This study showed that current plastic surgery training is not optimised for learning or well-being, and that inequities are fostered, to the detriment of the specialty. Investment and planning are required to support our trainers and protect the diversity of our trainee group, with efficient and monitored learning essential to maintain our breadth and competence of practice. CONCLUSION: Expanding this work through a broader study could provide valuable information to contribute to the development of future training schemes and curricula within British plastic surgery.

Augmented Reality and Plastic Surgery Training: A Qualitative Study.

Background and objective The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to many challenges in face-to-face teaching and training in plastic surgery. However, it has also proved to be an incubator for many technological solutions. Augmented reality (AR) platforms may offer a safe, equitable, and efficient means to provide training in plastic surgery. This study aimed to explore the user's experience of AR as an educational intervention during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (UK). Materials and methods The Proximie® AR platform (Proximie Limited, London, UK) has been in use in a UK plastic surgical department for facilitating webinars, visual libraries, and streamed procedures. The experience of a range of trainers and trainees was qualitatively explored through 10 individual interviews. Data-emergent theme analysis was also performed. Results AR was well-received in the context of COVID-19 and training in general as a means to enable theatre access, and visual revision, remotely. The potential for its use in remote coaching and telementoring was also discussed. Recommendations were made by the users to optimise the experience both from the trainer and learner perspectives. Data were presented pertaining to the following themes: surgical AR as a substitute for hands-on learning; surgical AR and theoretical learning; considerations specific to streamed procedures using Proximie®; considerations in the use of technology in general. Conclusion Harnessing novel technologies in surgical education offers an exciting opportunity, fast-tracked by COVID-19, but applicable beyond it. Though this study includes a small sample size, its findings suggest that AR platforms may offer a uniquely interactive remote educational experience in surgical training. Strategies and suggestions for its use are discussed, as well as broader considerations in using technology in surgical education.

Balancing Training Opportunities and Patient Outcomes: A Single Surgeon's Experience.

ABSTRACT: Microvascular free tissue transfer is the criterion standard of reconstruction post-oncological resections of the head and neck region. We present a consultant's first 200 consecutive microvascular head and neck reconstructions in independent practice. A retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database of all head and neck reconstructions performed in the first 3 years of practice was performed. These included 200 consecutive microvascular head and neck reconstructions performed by a single surgeon at a tertiary referral center. We review the results and complications in this series and discuss factors significant for successful outcomes in head and neck reconstruction. We also highlight that different parts of the surgery in the majority of cases were performed by a trainee under the supervision of the senior surgeon and thus discuss the need for training future plastic surgeons with an interest in head and neck reconstruction.

Locally Advanced Scalp Tumors: Clinical and Survival Outcomes of a Tertiary Unit.

INTRODUCTION: Locally advanced nonmelanoma skin cancers of the head and neck are well described in the current literature. However, data about clinical and survival outcomes are lacking. We present survival data from a tertiary head and neck cancer unit in London. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of data collected from a single institution was conducted. All patients with locally advanced cutaneous scalp carcinomas invading the skull between 2011 and 2019 were included. Data included patient demographics, tumor, comorbidities, interventions, flap survival, and metal work exposure. Survival outcomes were examined using Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients were identified. The mean age was 72 years. Eighteen patients were male, and 5 were female. Five patients were immunosuppressed. Nineteen patients underwent outer cortex drill-down/full-thickness calvarial resection, followed by reconstruction with free tissue transfer. Six patients had titanium mesh reconstruction after segmental skull resections. Three patients underwent further surgery because of exposed metalwork. Disease-free survival at 3 years after surgery was 60%. CONCLUSIONS: Locally advanced nonmelanoma skin cancers invading the bone are sporadic. There are little published data on clinical and survival outcomes in this group. Despite the nature of these skin lesions, a high degree of local control can be obtained by extensive surgical resection, outer table drill-down, and calvarial resection. We conclude that aggressive management of the bony invasion improves disease-free survival and improves local control.

Anatomical variant of physeal blood supply to the fibula.

Vascularised epiphysial fibula bone transfers in the paediatric population provides a solution to growth suppression in extremity reconstruction. We report a case of an anatomical variant to the epiphysial blood supply that has never been reported in literature. A 6-year-old girl underwent a free vascularised fibula flap for reconstruction of her right humerous following osteosarcoma resection. While identifying and dissecting the recurrent epiphysial branch, a large branch from the peroneal artery was identified which directly entered the head of the fibula. No dominant supply from the anterior tibial (AT) vessels to the head of the fibula was seen. This led to the need for a bipedicled flap with diaphyseal supply from the AT vessels and the epiphysial transfer based on the peroneal artery. The patient made an uneventful recovery from the procedure. The same technique may be used by surgeons that may encounter this unique variant in clinical practice.

Perioral pressure ulcers in patients with COVID-19 requiring invasive mechanical ventilation.

BACKGROUND: Facial pressure ulcers are a rare yet significant complication. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines recommend that patients should be risk-assessed for pressure ulcers and measures instated to prevent such complication. In this study, we report case series of perioral pressure ulcers developed following the use of two devices to secure endotracheal tubes in COVID-19 positive patients managed in the intensive care setting. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on sixteen patients identified to have perioral pressure ulcers by using the institutional risk management system. Data parameters included patient demographics (age, gender, comorbidities, smoking history and body mass index (BMI)). Data collection included the indication of admission to ITU, duration of intubation, types of medical devices utilised to secure the endotracheal tube, requirement of vasopressor agents and renal replacement therapy, presence of other associated ulcers, duration of proning and mortality. RESULTS: Sixteen patients developed different patterns of perioral pressure ulcers related to the use of two medical devices (Insight, AnchorFast). The mean age was 58.6 years. The average length of intubation was 18.8 days. Fourteen patients required proning, with an average duration of 5.2 days. CONCLUSIONS: The two devices utilised to secure endotracheal tubes are associated with unique patterns of facial pressure ulcers. Measures should be taken to assess the skin regularly and avoid utilising devices that are associated with a high risk of facial pressure ulcers. Awareness and training should be provided to prevent such significant complication.Level of evidence: Level IV, risk/prognostic study.

Functional Outcomes of the Medial Sural Artery Perforator Flap in Oral Cavity Reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: The medial sural artery perforator (MSAP) flap is an ideal option for reconstruction of oral cavity defects owing to its thin and pliable nature and favorable donor site. Our study presents an assessment of functional outcomes including speech and swallowing in patients with oral cavity tumors reconstructed with MSAP flaps. METHODS: Patients undergoing MSAP reconstruction for oral cavity tumors between January 2014 and January 2018 were identified from our prospective head and neck cancer database. Functional outcomes were assessed in conjunction with the Speech and Language Team with a minimum follow-up of 6 months. Function (speech and swallowing) was recorded as a performance status scale set up by the assessing health care professional. RESULTS: A total of 38 patients underwent reconstruction with the MSAP flap over the study period. The patient cohort included 10 female patients and 28 male patients. The age range was from 30 to 78 years, with a mean age of 56.8 years. Complications included 1 flap loss and 1 donor site wound dehiscence.Most patients (84.2%) had intelligible speech at 6-month follow-up and further improvement at 1 year (92.1%). All patients resumed feeding on postoperative day 4, and only 7.8% (n = 3) of the patients required assistance with feeding at 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The MSAP flap provides adequate small-volume replacement for oral cavity reconstructions. Our results indicate that most patients achieve a full diet with no restrictions by 1 year after reconstruction. Most of our patients demonstrated excellent speech with little or no need for repetition in conversation. Over the past few years, this has become the flap of choice for oral cavity reconstruction in our unit.