Management of organophosphorus poisoning and the role of magnesium sulfate: A scoping review of literature.

Organophosphorus agents are easily absorbed via respiratory, gastrointestinal, and dermal routes, and inhibit the acetylcholine transferase enzyme (AChE), which is responsible for the majority of toxicity caused by organophosphates in the body. A comprehensive search was conducted across three prominent databases, namely Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct, to identify relevant articles published. The search focused on the keywords "MgSO4" or "magnesium sulfate" in conjunction with "organophosphate" or "organophosphate poisoning." Inhibition of AChE results in the accumulation of acetylcholine (ACh) in synapses and stimulation of cholinergic receptors. Considering that several studies have shown the use of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) in inhibiting the release of ACh in the central and peripheral sympathetic and parasympathetic synapses, this study was conducted to review the role of MgSO4 in the treatment of OP. The intravenous administration of MgSO4 exhibits favorable tolerability and clinical efficacy in alleviating cardiac toxicity associated with OP exposure.

Accidental vitamin D3 overdose in a young man.

Vitamin D3 (VD3) is a fat-soluble vitamin that can accumulate in the body and lead to toxicity by increasing 25(OH) D levels when consumed in large amounts. Maintaining 25(OH) D levels greater than 30 ng/mL is crucial for overall health due to the significant role of vitamin D in the body. The most common causes of VD3 intoxication are manufacturing errors or self-administration. Currently, there is no definitive data on the dose and duration of VD3 consumption that leads to toxicity. The maximum daily doses of VD3 that can be tolerated without causing adverse effects are not established. The maximum recommended amount for long-term supplementation is 2,000 units per day. Vitamin D3 toxicity (VDT) can present in various scenarios, ranging from asymptomatic to gastrointestinal, and in severe cases with neuropsychiatric and life-threatening symptoms. We report the case of a 29-year-old man who presented with symptoms of VDT following an accidental overdose of VD3 over 2 weeks.

Tramadol poisoning and its management and complications: a scoping review.

Tramadol (TR) is an opioid agonist (µ-opioid receptors) that also affects the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems. TR is a synthetic analgesic substance with opioid agonist properties that has been approved for pain management by affecting the central nervous system. Objective: The primary objective of this scoping review was to determine the poisoning consequences of TR and its associated symptom management techniques, as well as its effect on opioid and non-opioid receptors, metabolism, and complications on various organ systems. Discussion: Typically, acute overdose of TR is not considered life threatening, and most fatalities are attributed to polysubstance overdose. TR can cause drowsiness, headaches, seizures, respiratory depression, low heart rate, coma, and even death. Additionally, the prolonged use of TR can lead to addiction, with withdrawal resulting in both common and atypical symptoms. Conclusions: Therefore, it is recommended that patients with TR poisoning receive close monitoring of their cardiovascular system, along with a comprehensive management plan for their levels of consciousness and respiratory function.

Brucella pleurisy: An extremely rare complication of brucellosis.

Brucella is a rare pathogen of the lung. This intracellular organism can involve pleura in the sub-acute and chronic course of the disease. Here, we introduce an infrequent case of brucella pleurisy that presented to our hospital with chest pain.

The effect of latanoprost 0.005% solution in the management of scalp alopecia areata, a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.

Alopecia areata (AA) is a recurrent chronic disease that affects hair follicles and results in hair loss. Make an increase in the number, thickness, and length of eyelashes is an important side effect of latanoprost eye drop. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of hypertrichosis property of latanoprost in the treatment of scalp AA. In this randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, 30 participants with scalp AA assigned to receive either topical latanoprost 0.005% solution or placebo for 12 weeks. In both arms, patients also received clobetasol 0.05% cream in isopropyl alcohol (1:1). The hair loss area pictured at baseline and the end of the fourth, eighth, and twelfth weeks. According to the images, the dermatologist assessed the hair loss area, hair density, and the severity of alopecia. Latanoprost significantly increased hair density (37.2 ± 26.1 vs. 14.6 ± 18.6) and regrowth (58.3 ± 39.3 vs. 21.6 ± 24.1) based on the Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) system compared to the control group (p = 0.03 and 0.02, respectively). However, there were no significant differences between the two groups in reduction in the hair loss area and SALT, and the incidence of side effects (p = 0.718, 0.262, and ≥0.99, respectively). Results showed the acceptable safety and efficacy of latanoprost 0.005% solution to increase hair density and regrowth. So, it could be safely used for the management of scalp AA.

Heavy head lice infestation in an adolescent girl following benzodiazepine poisoning.

Loss of consciousness (LOC) is one of the most common causes of emergency department (ED) visits. It may be due to intoxication or hypoglycemia. We present a 15-year-old girl who was referred with heavy head lice and LOC to the ED in the north of Iran.

Aflatoxin B1 in imported cinnamon consumed in the Yazd province of Iran.

Aflatoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced mainly by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, which are fungal contaminants found in several foodstuffs, including spices. In this study 40 cinnamon samples were collected in November and December 2020 in the Iranian province of Yazd and analysed for the presence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) by high performance liquid chromatography. Seven out of 40 (17.5%) samples were contaminated with AFB1 at levels ranging from 0.59 to 5.8 µg/kg. In addition, 2.5% of cinnamon samples contained AFB1 concentrations above the maximum level of 5 µg/kg, as established by the Iranian national standard. Due to the harmful effects of aflatoxins, even at low amounts, these can cause serious chronic health problems. Therefore, continuous control to avoid AFB1 contamination in foodstuffs is required.

Evaluation of the effect of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a randomized double-blind clinical trial (DISCOVER).

BACKGROUND: The combination of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir has shown preliminary efficacy for hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in four open-label studies with small sample sizes. This larger trial aimed to assess if the addition of sofosbuvir/daclatasvir to standard care improved clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. METHODS: This was a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized clinical trial in adults hospitalized with COVID-19 at 19 hospitals in Iran. Patients were randomized to oral sofosbuvir/daclatasvir 400/60 mg once-daily or placebo in addition to standard of care. Patients were included if they had positive PCR or diagnostic chest CT, O2 saturation <95% and compatible symptoms. The primary outcome was hospital discharge within 10 days of randomization. Secondary outcomes included mortality and time to clinical events. The trial is registered on the Iran Registry of Clinical Trials under IRCT20200624047908N1. RESULTS: Between July and October 2020, 1083 patients were randomized to either the sofosbuvir/daclatasvir arm (n = 541) or the placebo arm (n = 542). No significant difference was observed in the primary outcome of hospital discharge within 10 days, which was achieved by 415/541 (77%) in the sofosbuvir/daclatasvir arm and 411/542 (76%) in the placebo arm [risk ratio (RR) 1.01, 95% CI 0.95-1.08, P = 0.734]. In-hospital mortality was 60/541 (11%) in the sofosbuvir/daclatasvir arm versus 55/542 (10%) in the placebo arm (RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.77-1.54, P = 0.615). No differences were observed in time to hospital discharge or time to in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: We observed no significant effect of sofosbuvir/daclatasvir versus placebo on hospital discharge or survival in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

Mycophenolate mofetil-induced peripheral neuropathy in the treatment of membranous glomerulonephropathy: A case report.

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) as an immunosuppressive agent is widely used in the management of Membranous Glomerulonephropathy (MGN). In this report, we described a 66-year-old male MGN case treated with MMF and revealed acquired sensory-motor axonal polyneuropathy, which is rare and has not been reported before.

A narrative review on adverse effects of dasatinib with a focus on pharmacotherapy of dasatinib-induced pulmonary toxicities.

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), a myeloproliferative disorder caused by the over activity of BCR-ABL1 (breakpoint cluster region-Abelson), has been successfully treated by Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). While imatinib is known as the first-line treatment of CML, in some cases other TKIs including dasatinib, nilotinib, bosutinib, and ponatinib may be preferred. Dasatinib, a second-generation TKI, inhibits multiple family kinases including BCR-ABL, SRC family kinases, receptor kinases, and TEC family kinases. It is effective against most imatinib-resistant cases except T315I mutation. Despite the superiority of dasatinib in its hematologic and cytogenetic responses in CML compared to imatinib, its potentially harmful pulmonary complications including pleural effusion (PE) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) may limit its use. Appropriate management of these serious adverse reactions is critical in both improving the quality of life and the outcome of the patient. In this narrative review, we will scrutinize the pulmonary complications of dasatinib and focus on the management of these toxicities.

Suicide attempt using zinc phosphide rodenticide: A case report and literature review.

The patients with a history of intentional or unintentional consumption of rodenticide compounds, especially ZnP, it is necessary to assess ABG and abdominal radiography.

The over diagnosed COVID-19 infection in an adult patient with foreign body aspiration.

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Foreign body aspiration (FBA) in adults may be asymptomatic or symptomatic. Fever and cough are the most common symptoms of Coronavirus infection and other causes of pneumonia. Regardless of the etiology of pneumonia, the first step in the treatment of FBA-associated pneumonia is to remove the foreign body from the airway. CASE PRESENTATION: A 32-year-old man was referred to our emergency department on October 26, 2020 with shortness of breath (SOB) and a cough. He was referred to the medical center with clinical suspicion of Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and his disease was treated considering COVID-19. Based on the persistence of his symptoms after discharge, he was referred to the hospital again, and the presence of a foreign body was confirmed by a rigid bronchoscopy, which was then removed. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: Our patient did not remember any history of aspirating solid particles, choking, or any other high-risk conditions associated with aspiration. Also, he had no symptoms with the exception of cough and SOB before the first admission. It means that asymptomatic FBA can be tolerated and go undiagnosed, particularly in adults, and manifests as a secondary complication, such as pneumonia. CONCLUSION: The FBA and other causal agents may mimic COVID-19 pneumonia. Consequently, FBA should be included in the COVID-19 differential diagnosis.

Fulminant hepatorenal syndrome due to Acetaminophen toxicity: A case report.

HRS is a rare and poor prognosis complication of chronic acetaminophen toxicity, which presents by progressive decline in renal function secondary to liver failure.

Methanol poisoning as a new world challenge: A review.

BACKGROUND: Methanol poisoning (MP) occurs often via ingestion, inhalation, or dermal exposure to formulations containing methanol in base. Clinical manifestations of MP include gastrointestinal symptoms, central nervous system (CNS) suppression, and decompensated metabolic acidosis occurred with blurred vision and early or late blindness. OBJECTIVE: This study reviewed the clinical manifestations, laboratory and radiology findings, and treatment approaches in MP. DISCUSSION: Methanol is usually rapidly absorbed after ingestion and metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), then distributed to the body water to reach a volume distribution approximately equal to 0.77 L/kg. It is also eliminated from the body as unchanged parent compounds. Clinical manifestations of MP alone initiate within 0.5-4 h after ingestion and include gastrointestinal symptoms and CNS suppression. After a latent period of 6-24 h, depending on the absorbed dose, decompensated metabolic acidosis occurs with blurred vision and early or late blindness. Blurred vision with normal consciousness is a strong suspicious sign of an MP. The mortality and severity of intoxication are well associated with the severity of CNS depression, hyperglycemia, and metabolic acidosis, but not with serum methanol concentration. After initial resuscitation, the most important therapeutic action for patients with known or suspected MP is correction of acidosis, inhibition of ADH, and hemodialysis. CONCLUSION: Since MP is associated with high morbidity and mortality, it should be considered seriously and instantly managed. Delay in treatment may cause complications, permanent damage, and even death.

Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Atazanavir/Ritonavir Plus Hydroxychloroquine with Lopinavir/Ritonavir Plus Hydroxychloroquine in Patients with Moderate COVID-19, A Randomized, Double-blind Clinical Trial.

This was a randomized, double-blind clinical trial to compare the efficacy and safety of Atazanavir/Ritonavir (ATZ/RTV) with Lopinavir/Ritonavir (LPV/RTV) in moderate Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Participants were randomly assigned to receive a single dose of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) plus ATZ/RTV or LPV/RTV for a minimum of 5 to a maximum of 10 days. The primary outcomes were the reduced length of hospital stay and clinical recovery within 10 days from starting the intervention. The rate of intensive care unit (ICU) admission, intubation, and mortality, the lengths of ICU stay and being intubated, recovery within 14 days, and the frequency of adverse reactions were considered as secondary outcomes. Among 132 enrolled patients, 62 cases in each arm were analyzed at the end of the intervention. Fifty-one (82.3%) cases in the ATZ/RTV arm versus 41 (66.1%) in the LPV/RTV arm were discharged within 10 days (P = 0.06). The median number of the intervention days was 6 (IQR: 5-8) in ATZ/RTV arm versus 7 (IQR: 6-9) in LPV/RTV arm (P = 0.01). The rate and length of ICU admission and intubation (P ≥ 0.99), rate of mortality (P = 0.49), and recovery within 14 days (P = 0.09) were not statistically different between groups. The most reported adverse reactions were nausea and vomiting that all cases were in the LPV/RTV arm (P = 0.006). ATZ/RTV is better tolerated in comparison with LPV/RTV; however, it did not show more efficacy than LPV/RTV in clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in this study.

Evaluation of zinc sulfate mucoadhesive formulation on recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common lesion that affects the oral mucosa. There are several methods to treat RAS, including systemic and topical formulations. This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of topical zinc sulfate and its efficacy in the treatment of RAS. METHODS: A double-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted on 46 patients with RAS. They were randomly assigned into two groups to receive a zinc sulfate mucoadhesive tablet or placebo for 7 days. The pain severity was measured at baseline and daily while the diameter of the lesion was measured at baseline and on days 3, 5, and 7. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS V.16. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the mean diameter of lesions and pain at baseline between the two groups (P = 0.643 and P = 0.842, respectively). However, on the third, fifth, and seventh days of the study, the diameter of the lesion significantly reduced in the intervention group (P = 0.001) and the pain intensity became significantly different between groups from the fourth day of the study (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Zinc sulfate mucoadhesive tablet was effective in recovery and reducing the pain and diameter of the aphthous lesion and could be considered for the treatment of RAS. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Evaluation of the effectiveness of zinc sulfate mucoadhesive tablet in the improvement of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), IRCT20151109024975N9. Registered August 1, 2018, https://en.irct.ir/trial/32423 . This project was registered by the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials ( http://www.irct.ir ). The IRCT ID was IRCT20151109024975N9.