SEA 2024 Standards for Global Control of Vascular Risk. / Estándares de la Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis 2024 para el control global del riesgo vascular.

One of the objectives of the Spanish Society of Arteriosclerosis is to contribute to the knowledge, prevention and treatment of vascular diseases, which are the leading cause of death in Spain and entail a high degree of disability and health expenditure. Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease and its prevention requires a global approach that takes into account the associated risk factors. This document summarises the current evidence and includes recommendations for patients with established vascular disease or at high vascular risk: it reviews the symptoms and signs to evaluate, the laboratory and imaging procedures to request routinely or in special situations, and includes the estimation of vascular risk, diagnostic criteria for entities that are vascular risk factors, and general and specific recommendations for their treatment. Finally, it presents aspects that are not usually referenced in the literature, such as the organisation of a vascular risk consultation.

Alimentos funcionales y nutracéuticos en el tratamiento de la hipercolesterolemia: posicionamiento de la Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis 2023 / Functional foods and nutraceuticals in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia: Statement of the Spanish Society of Arteriosclerosis 2023

Para el tratamiento de la hipercolesterolemia, además de aconsejar una alimentación saludable, puede ser conveniente recomendar alimentos funcionales o nutracéuticos con efecto hipolipemiante. Dado el progresivo incremento en el número de estos productos y su creciente utilización por la población, la Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis (SEA) ha creído conveniente revisar la información disponible, seleccionar los resultados de los estudios científicamente más sólidos y posicionarse sobre la utilidad de los mismos, para recomendar a los profesionales sanitarios y a la población general su potencial utilidad en términos de eficacia y sus posibles beneficios y limitaciones. Se han identificado los siguientes escenarios clínicos en los que se podrían utilizar estos productos y que se analizarán con más detalle en este documento: 1. Tratamiento hipolipemiante en sujetos con intolerancia a estatinas. 2. Tratamiento hipolipemiante «a la carta» en personas en prevención primaria. 3. Prevención cardiovascular a largo plazo en personas sin indicación de tratamiento hipolipemiante. 4. Pacientes con tratamiento hipolipemiante optimizado que no alcanzan objetivos terapéuticos. (AU)

In the management of hypercholesterolemia, besides advising a healthy, plant-based diet, it may be useful to recommend functional foods or nutraceutical with cholesterol-lowering properties. Given the progressive increase in the number of these products and their rising use by the population, the Spanish Society of Arteriosclerosis (SEA) has considered it appropriate to review the available information, select the results of the scientifically more robust studies and take a position on their usefulness, to recommend to health professionals and the general population their potential utility in terms of efficacy and their possible benefits and limitations. The following clinical scenarios have been identified in which these products could be used and will be analyzed in more detail in this document: (1) Hypolipidemic treatment in subjects with statin intolerance. (2) Hypolipidemic treatment «a la carte» in individuals in primary prevention. (3) Long-term cardiovascular prevention in individuals with no indication for lipid-lowering therapy. (4) Patients with optimized lipid-lowering treatment who do not achieve therapeutic objectives. (AU)

Recomendaciones nutricionales en la prevención y tratamiento de la dislipemia aterogénica. Grupo de Trabajo Dislipemia Aterogénica, Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis / Nutritional recommendations in the prevention and treatment of atherogenic dyslipidemia

La incorporación de una dieta saludable, ejercicio físico regular junto a la supresión del hábito tabáquico son las primeras medidas para reducir el riesgo cardiovascular en los pacientes con dislipemia aterogénica. En estas personas se debe mejorar la calidad nutricional de su alimentación, sustituyendo los alimentos con mayor efecto aterogénico, por otros de efecto más saludable. Hay una sólida evidencia de que los patrones alimentarios de base vegetal, bajos en ácidos grasos saturados, colesterol y sodio, con un alto contenido en fibra, potasio y ácidos grasos insaturados, son beneficiosos y reducen la expresión de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Este documento se centra en el papel que juega la nutrición en la prevención y tratamiento de la dislipemia aterogénica, aportando las evidencias actuales que sirvan de herramienta a los profesionales de la salud en su manejo clínico. Para facilitar su lectura dichas recomendaciones se expondrán en un formato de tablas amigable, jerarquizando por diferentes niveles de evidencia.(AU)

The incorporation of a healthy diet, regular physical exercise and smoking cessation are the initial measures to reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with atherogenic dyslipidemia. In these patients, the nutritional quality of their diet should be improved, replacing foods with a greater atherogenic effect for others with a healthier effect. There is strong evidence that plant-based dietary patterns, low in saturated fatty acids, cholesterol and sodium, with a high content of fiber, potassium and unsaturated fatty acids, are beneficial and reduce the expression of cardiovascular risk factors. This document focuses on the role of nutrition in the prevention and treatment of atherogenic dyslipidemia, providing current evidence to serve as a tool for health professionals in its clinical management. To facilitate the reading of these recommendations, they are presented in a user-friendly table format, with a hierarchy of different levels of evidence.(AU)

Hematoma retroperitoneal espontáneo en pacientes con neumonía grave por SARS-CoV-2 / Spontaneous retroperitoneal hematoma in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia

Recientemente se han publicado varios casos de hematomas retroperitoneales espontáneos (Hre) en el contextode infección por SarS-CoV-2. este estudio presenta una revisión sistemática de la literatura con el objetivo deprofundizar en esta infrecuente asociación. Se identificaron 32 casos de Hre, el 28,1 % con enfermedad COVID-19 crítica. el 68,7 % recibió anticoagulacióncon HBpM y el 15,6 % con heparina sódica. La mediana de días hasta el diagnóstico fue de 10,5 (rango de 0-38).en el 31,2 % de los casos se optó por manejo conservador, mientras que otro 31,2 % requirió angioembolización. Se comunicaron 10 exitus (31,2 %), 6 probablemente relacionados con el Hre.existen hipótesis acerca de la relación entre la infección por SarS-CoV-2 y los fenómenos hemorrágicos. Se handescrito dos mecanismos que explicarían la coagulopatía: la unión al receptor aCe2 y la acción directa del virussobre el endotelio vascular. Por otra parte, la disfunción plaquetaria, la trombocitopenia inmune y la respuesta alSIrS, así como los microtraumas secundarios al esfuerzo tusígeno, la ventilación mecánica invasiva o los cambiosposturales, sugieren un origen multicausal del Hre.La literatura sobre esta asociación es escasa. Dado el exceso de morbimortalidad que supone, se considera nece-sario profundizar en su investigación.(AU)

Recently, cases of spontaneous retroperitoneal haematomas (SrH) in the context of SarS-CoV-2 infection havebeen published. this study presents a systematic review with the aim of further investigating this rare association. Thirty-two cases were identified, with a 28,1 % of critical patients. a total of 68,7 % received anticoagulation withLMWH, and a 15,6 % with UFH. the median number of days to diagnosis was 10,5 (0-38). Conservative manage-ment was chosen in 31,2 %, while another 31,2 % required angio-embolisation. ten exitus (31,2 %) were reported,6 related to SrH. There are hypotheses on the link between SarS-CoV-2 infection and haemorrhagic phenomena. two mechanismshave been described that would explain coagulopathy: the binding of SarS-CoV-2 to the aCe2 receptor and itsdirect action on the vascular endothelium. Furthermore, the platelet dysfunction, immune thrombocytopenia andSIrS, added to the endothelial disruption in retroperitoneal vessels, as well as microtrauma secondary to coughstress, invasive mechanical ventilation and/or postural changes, suggest a multicausal origin of SrH. The literature concerning this association is scarce. Given the excess morbidity and mortality involved, it is consid-ered necessary to investigate it further.(AU)

Functional foods and nutraceuticals in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia: Statement of the Spanish Society of Arteriosclerosis 2023. / Alimentos funcionales y nutracéuticos en el tratamiento de la hipercolesterolemia: posicionamiento de la Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis 2023.

In the management of hypercholesterolemia, besides advising a healthy, plant-based diet, it may be useful to recommend functional foods or nutraceutical with cholesterol-lowering properties. Given the progressive increase in the number of these products and their rising use by the population, the Spanish Society of Arteriosclerosis (SEA) has considered it appropriate to review the available information, select the results of the scientifically more robust studies and take a position on their usefulness, to recommend to health professionals and the general population their potential utility in terms of efficacy and their possible benefits and limitations. The following clinical scenarios have been identified in which these products could be used and will be analyzed in more detail in this document: (1) Hypolipidemic treatment in subjects with statin intolerance. (2) Hypolipidemic treatment «a la carte¼ in individuals in primary prevention. (3) Long-term cardiovascular prevention in individuals with no indication for lipid-lowering therapy. (4) Patients with optimized lipid-lowering treatment who do not achieve therapeutic objectives.

Nutritional recommendations in the prevention and treatment of atherogenic dyslipidemia. / Recomendaciones nutricionales en la prevención y tratamiento de la dislipemia aterogénica. Grupo de Trabajo Dislipemia Aterogénica, Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis.

The incorporation of a healthy diet, regular physical exercise and smoking cessation are the initial measures to reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with atherogenic dyslipidemia. In these patients, the nutritional quality of their diet should be improved, replacing foods with a greater atherogenic effect for others with a healthier effect. There is strong evidence that plant-based dietary patterns, low in saturated fatty acids, cholesterol and sodium, with a high content of fiber, potassium and unsaturated fatty acids, are beneficial and reduce the expression of cardiovascular risk factors. This document focuses on the role of nutrition in the prevention and treatment of atherogenic dyslipidemia, providing current evidence to serve as a tool for health professionals in its clinical management. To facilitate the reading of these recommendations, they are presented in a user-friendly table format, with a hierarchy of different levels of evidence.

Biological Effects of Maslinic Acid on Human Epithelial Cells Used in Tissue Engineering.

In the present work, we evaluated the potential of maslinic acid (MA) to improve currently available keratinocyte culture methods for use in skin tissue engineering. Results showed that MA can increase cell proliferation and WST-1 activity of human keratinocytes after 24, 48, and 72 h, especially at the concentration of 5 µg/ml, without affecting cell viability. This effect was associated to a significant increase of KI-67 protein expression and upregulation of several genes associated to cell proliferation (PCNA) and differentiation (cytokeratins, intercellular junctions and basement membrane related genes). When human keratinocytes were isolated from skin biopsies, we found that MA at the concentration of 5 µg/ml significantly increased the efficiency of the explant and the cell dissociation methods. These results revealed the positive effects of MA to optimize human keratinocyte culture protocols for use in skin tissue engineering.

Moderate Consumption of Beer and Its Effects on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health: An Updated Review of Recent Scientific Evidence.

There is growing interest in the potential health-related effects of moderate alcohol consumption and, specifically, of beer. This review provides an assessment of beer-associated effects on cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors to identify a consumption level that can be considered "moderate". We identified all prospective clinical studies and systematic reviews that evaluated the health effects of beer published between January 2007 and April 2020. Five of six selected studies found a protective effect of moderate alcohol drinking on cardiovascular disease (beer up to 385 g/week) vs. abstainers or occasional drinkers. Four out of five papers showed an association between moderate alcohol consumption (beer intake of 84 g alcohol/week) and decreased mortality risk. We concluded that moderate beer consumption of up to 16 g alcohol/day (1 drink/day) for women and 28 g/day (1-2 drinks/day) for men is associated with decreased incidence of cardiovascular disease and overall mortality, among other metabolic health benefits.

Effects of Sodium Chloride-Rich Mineral Water on Intestinal Epithelium. Experimental Study.

Since knowledge concerning the cellular and tissue substrate that explains the therapeutic action of mineral waters is generally very scarce, we address the different effects that Lanjarón-Capuchina mineral water exerts on the intestinal epithelium in an experimental model as a prototype of the sodium chloride-rich mineral waters used in digestive disorders. In the experimental protocol, two groups of five adult Wistar rats received unrestricted mineral water in their diet or mineral water directly into the gastrointestinal tract through a catheter. A third control group was given a standard diet and water ad libitum. Intestinal samples for scanning electron microscopy were analyzed according to standardized methods. The observations carried out by microscope after the administration of the sodium chloride-rich mineral water clearly indicate that the hypertonic action of this mineral water affects the structure of the intestinal epithelium. It modifies the microvilli absorption in terms of the groups of enterocytes and the secretion of goblet cells, but it particularly affects the epithelial renewal process, accelerating and stimulating cell extrusion. The type of extrusion mechanism observed by microscope allows us to affirm that, although this increased after direct administration, it does not generate an epithelial disruption as it occurs in other circumstances with other extrusion modalities.

Fermented dairy foods rich in probiotics and cardiometabolic risk factors: a narrative review from prospective cohort studies.

Probiotic foods, including fermented dairy (FD) products such as yogurt and cheese, naturally contain live microorganisms, but the relationship between the consumption of probiotic foods and health is unclear. The aim of the present narrative review is to integrate the available information on the relationship between the most studied FD products, which are yogurt and cheese, and cardiometabolic risk factors obtained from meta-analysis, systematic reviews of prospective cohort studies (PCSs) and PCSs published up to 2 November 2019. Additionally, the effects identified by randomized controlled trials of less-studied FD products, such as kefir and kimchi, on cardiometabolic risk factors are provided. PCSs have shown that the consumption of cheese, despite its high saturated fat content, is not associated with expected hypercholesterolemia and an increased cardiovascular risk. PCSs have revealed that the total consumption of FD appears to be associated with a lower risk of developing stroke and cardiovascular disease. The consumption of yogurt seems to be associated with a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes. There is a lack of sufficient evidence of a protective relationship between FD or cheese consumption and metabolic syndrome. Moreover, the association of FD, cheese and yogurt with hypertension needs further evidence. In conclusion, the intake of fermented foods containing probiotics, particularly yogurt and cheese (of an undetermined type), opens up new opportunities for the management of cardiometabolic risk factors.

Recomendaciones de manejo del paciente con pie diabético. Curso de instrucción / Management recommendations for diabetic foot patients. Instructional course

El ataque de pie diabético es uno de los desenlaces más fatídicos para el paciente con diabetes, lo que demuestra la importancia del control en una enfermedad que avanza hasta presentar cambios macroscópicos importantes en el miembro inferior. Durante la progresión de la Diabetes, la enfermedad puede derivar en un aumento de la morbilidad e intervenciones invasivas y limitantes para el paciente, de ahí la importancia de la detección e intervención temprana y oportuna de la patología por parte del equipo médico. Estas recomendaciones van dirigida a médicos generales y especialistas en diversas ramas médicas, con el objetivo de enfatizar el cómo se debe realizar el abordaje integral del paciente con pie diabético. Abarcando la prevención, diagnóstico inicial, evaluación de la progresión de la patología, estratificación con las clasificaciones propuestas, y por último el tratamiento según el estadio en el que se encuentre el paciente. Esto con el fin de minimizar desenlaces, intervenciones y complicaciones derivadas de la progresión del pie diabetico. Hablamos de recomendaciones y no de guías debido a la ausencia en un gran número de oportunidades de evidencia científica debidamente estructurada (I y II). Tal vez lo más importante por recalcar en todas estas recomendaciones es recordarle al lector que en los casos de afectación de un pie diabético, siempre se debe tener en cuenta que el pie contralateral también ha estado sometido a la misma enfermedad durante el mismo tiempo y por lo tanto aunque no tenga síntomas se debe considerar igualmente enfermo y se debe examinar también.

Diabetic foot is one of the most fatal outcomes for patients with diabetes; the importance of control in a disease that progresses until presenting important macroscopic changes in the lower limb is absolutely relevant. Along diabetes progression, the disease can lead to increased morbidity and invasive and limiting interventions for the patient, hence the importance of early and timely detection and intervention of the pathology by the medical team. These recommendations are addressed to general practitioners and specialized faculty in various medical branches, emphasizing how a comprehensive approach to the patient with diabetic foot should be carried out. Covering prevention, initial diagnosis, evaluation of the progression of the pathology, stratification with the proposed classifications, and finally the treatment according to the stage in which the patients are, is actually well described herein in order to minimize unsatisfactory outcomes, interventions and complications derived from the progression of diabetic foot. We are talking about recommendations and not guidelines due to the absence in a large number of opportunities of properly structured scientific evidence (I and II). Perhaps, the most important thing to emphasize in all these recommendations is to remind the reader that in cases of treating a diabetic foot, it should always be kept in mind that the contralateral foot is not healthy because it has also been subjected to the same disease, for the same period of time and stressed equally as well. Therefore, even if the contralateral foot does not have symptoms, it should be considered equally ill and should be examined and treated likewise.

Management recommendations for diabetic foot patients. Instructional course / Recomendaciones de manejo del paciente con pie diabético. Curso de instrucción

Diabetic foot is one of the most fatal outcomes for patients with diabetes; the importance of control in a disease that progresses until presenting important macroscopic changes in the lower limb is absolutely relevant. Along diabetes progression, the disease can lead to increased morbidity and invasive and limiting interventions for the patient, hence the importance of early and timely detection and intervention of the pathology by the medical team. These recommendations are addressed to general practitioners and specialized faculty in various medical branches, emphasizing how a comprehensive approach to the patient with diabetic foot should be carried out. Covering prevention, initial diagnosis, evaluation of the progression of the pathology, stratification with the proposed classifications, and finally the treatment according to the stage in which the patients are, is actually well described herein in order to minimize unsatisfactory outcomes, interventions and complications derived from the progression of diabetic foot. We are talking about recommendations and not guidelines due to the absence in a large number of opportunities of properly structured scientific evidence (I and II). Perhaps, the most important thing to emphasize in all these recommendations is to remind the reader that in cases of treating a diabetic foot, it should always be kept in mind that the contralateral foot is not healthy because it has also been subjected to the same disease, for the same period of time and stressed equally as well. Therefore, even if the contralateral foot does not have symptoms, it should be considered equally ill and should be examined and treated likewise.

El ataque de pie diabético es uno de los desenlaces más fatídicos para el paciente con diabetes, lo que demuestra la importancia del control en una enfermedad que avanza hasta presentar cambios macroscópicos importantes en el miembro inferior. Durante la progresión de la Diabetes, la enfermedad puede derivar en un aumento de la morbilidad e intervenciones invasivas y limitantes para el paciente, de ahí la importancia de la detección e intervención temprana y oportuna de la patología por parte del equipo médico. Estas recomendaciones van dirigida a médicos generales y especialistas en diversas ramas médicas, con el objetivo de enfatizar el cómo se debe realizar el abordaje integral del paciente con pie diabético. Abarcando la prevención, diagnóstico inicial, evaluación de la progresión de la patología, estratificación con las clasificaciones propuestas, y por último el tratamiento según el estadio en el que se encuentre el paciente. Esto con el fin de minimizar desenlaces, intervenciones y complicaciones derivadas de la progresión del pie diabetico. Hablamos de recomendaciones y no de guías debido a la ausencia en un gran número de oportunidades de evidencia científica debidamente estructurada (I y II). Tal vez lo más importante por recalcar en todas estas recomendaciones es recordarle al lector que en los casos de afectación de un pie diabético, siempre se debe tener en cuenta que el pie contralateral también ha estado sometido a la misma enfermedad durante el mismo tiempo y por lo tanto aunque no tenga síntomas se debe considerar igualmente enfermo y se debe examinar también.

Encefalopatía transitoria por contraste tras la embolización de la arteria carótida interna previa a la cirugía de carcinoma nasofaríngeo / Transient contrast-induced encephalopathy after internal carotid artery embolisation prior to surgery for nasopharyngeal carcinoma

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Documento de consenso SEA/SEMERGEN 2019. Recomendaciones dietéticas en la prevención cardiovascular / SEA/SEMERGEN consensus document 2019: Dietary recommendations in the prevention of cardiovascular disease

El actual paradigma en las ciencias de la nutrición establece que la unidad nutricional básica no son los nutrientes, sino los alimentos que los contienen (aceites, frutos secos, productos lácteos, huevos, carnes rojas o procesadas, etc.), que actúan como matriz alimentaria en la que los diferentes nutrientes modulan sinérgica o antagónicamente sus efectos sobre diversas vías metabólicas determinantes para la salud y la enfermedad. La alimentación no se basa en nutrientes ni en alimentos aislados sino en complejas mezclas de unos y otros que forman parte de un patrón alimentario concreto, concepto que se ha señalado como el más pertinente para evaluar las asociaciones entre nutrición y salud o enfermedad. Este documento resume las evidencias disponibles sobre la relación existente entre los diferentes alimentos y la salud cardiovascular, y ofrece recomendaciones sencillas para ser implementadas en el consejo dietético que se ofrezca por parte del profesional sanitario

The current paradigm in the nutrition sciences states that the basic nutritional unit is not the nutrients, but the foods that contain them (oils, nuts, dairy products, eggs, red or processed meats, etc.). These act as a food matrix in which the different nutrients synergistically or antagonistically modulate their effects on the various metabolic pathways determining health and disease. Food is not based on nutrients or isolated foods but on complex mixtures of one and the other that are part of a specific food pattern, a concept that has been targeted as the most pertinent to evaluate the associations between nutrition and health or disease. This document presents a summary of the available evidence on the relationship between different foods and cardiovascular health, and offers simple recommendations to be implemented in the dietary advice offered by the health professional

Documento de consenso SEA/SEMERGEN 2019. Recomendaciones dietéticas en la prevención cardiovascular / SEA/SEMERGEN consensus document 2019: Dietary recommendations in the prevention of cardiovascular disease

El actual paradigma en las ciencias de la nutrición establece que la unidad nutricional básica no son los nutrientes, sino los alimentos que los contienen (aceites, frutos secos, productos lácteos, huevos, carnes rojas o procesadas, etc.), que actúan como matriz alimentaria en la que los diferentes nutrientes modulan sinérgica o antagónicamente sus efectos sobre diversas vías metabólicas determinantes para la salud y la enfermedad. La alimentación no se basa en nutrientes ni en alimentos aislados sino en complejas mezclas de unos y otros que forman parte de un patrón alimentario concreto, concepto que se ha señalado como el más pertinente para evaluar las asociaciones entre nutrición y salud o enfermedad. Este documento resume las evidencias disponibles sobre la relación existente entre los diferentes alimentos y la salud cardiovascular, y ofrece recomendaciones sencillas para ser implementadas en el consejo dietético que se ofrezca por parte del profesional sanitario

The current paradigm in the nutrition sciences states that the basic nutritional unit is not the nutrients, but the foods that contain them (oils, nuts, dairy products, eggs, red or processed meats, etc.). These act as a food matrix in which the different nutrients synergistically or antagonistically modulate their effects on the various metabolic pathways determining health and disease. Food is not based on nutrients or isolated foods but on complex mixtures of one and the other that are part of a specific food pattern, a concept that has been targeted as the most pertinent to evaluate the associations between nutrition and health or disease. This document presents a summary of the available evidence on the relationship between different foods and cardiovascular health, and offers simple recommendations to be implemented in the dietary advice offered by the health professional

[SEA/SEMERGEN consensus document 2019: Dietary recommendations in the prevention of cardiovascular disease]. / Documento de consenso SEA/SEMERGEN 2019. Recomendaciones dietéticas en la prevención cardiovascular.

The current paradigm in the nutrition sciences states that the basic nutritional unit is not the nutrients, but the foods that contain them (oils, nuts, dairy products, eggs, red or processed meats, etc.). These act as a food matrix in which the different nutrients synergistically or antagonistically modulate their effects on the various metabolic pathways determining health and disease. Food is not based on nutrients or isolated foods but on complex mixtures of one and the other that are part of a specific food pattern, a concept that has been targeted as the most pertinent to evaluate the associations between nutrition and health or disease. This document presents a summary of the available evidence on the relationship between different foods and cardiovascular health, and offers simple recommendations to be implemented in the dietary advice offered by the health professional.

SEA/SEMERGEN consensus document 2019: Dietary recommendations in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. / Documento de consenso SEA/SEMERGEN 2019. Recomendaciones dietéticas en la prevención cardiovascular.

The current paradigm in the nutrition sciences states that the basic nutritional unit is not the nutrients, but the foods that contain them (oils, nuts, dairy products, eggs, red or processed meats, etc.). These act as a food matrix in which the different nutrients synergistically or antagonistically modulate their effects on the various metabolic pathways determining health and disease. Food is not based on nutrients or isolated foods but on complex mixtures of one and the other that are part of a specific food pattern, a concept that has been targeted as the most pertinent to evaluate the associations between nutrition and health or disease. This document presents a summary of the available evidence on the relationship between different foods and cardiovascular health, and offers simple recommendations to be implemented in the dietary advice offered by the health professional.