Rasgos de personalidad en pacientes migrañosos: estudio multicéntrico utilizando el cuestionario de cribado Salamanca / Personality traits in patients with migraine: a multi-centre study using the Salamanca screening questionnaire

Introducción. La comorbilidad psiquiátrica en migraña es frecuente, y se ha estudiado más la relacionada con trastornos afectivos y ansiedad que los rasgos de personalidad. Objetivo. Estudiar la presencia de rasgos de personalidad en personas con migraña y su relación con la presencia de migraña crónica o abuso de medicación. Pacientes y métodos. Se evalúan pacientes atendidos consecutivamente en cinco centros. Se exploran, mediante las 22 preguntas del cuestionario de cribado Salamanca, 11 rasgos de personalidad agrupados en tres grupos. Se obtuvieron datos referentes a las características demográficas e impacto de la migraña. Resultados. Se incluyeron en el estudio 164 pacientes (134 mujeres, 30 varones), con una edad media de 36,6 ± 12,5 años (rango: 18-78 años). En la mayoría de los pacientes, el impacto de la migraña fue elevado. Los rasgos de personalidad que aparecieron más frecuentemente fueron: ansioso (53,7%), anancástico (44,5%), histriónico (40,9%) y dependiente (32,9%). El riesgo de migraña crónica fue superior en pacientes con el rasgo anancástico (riesgo relativo = 2,06; intervalo de confianza al 95% = 1,07-3,94; p = 0,027). Conclusiones. Hay rasgos de personalidad detectables con el cuestionario Salamanca muy frecuentes en pacientes migrañosos. En nuestra serie, el rasgo anancástico se relaciona con la presencia de migraña crónica (AU)

Introduction. Psychiatric comorbidity is frequent in cases of migraine and research has focused more on that related to affective disorders and anxiety than to personality traits. Aims. To study the presence of personality traits in persons with migraine and how they are related with the presence of chronic migraine or medication abuse. Patients and methods. Patients attended consecutively in five centres were evaluated. The 22 questions in the Salamanca screening questionnaire were used to explore 11 personality traits classified in three groups. Data were obtained concerning demographic characteristics and the impact of migraine. Results. The sample used in the study included 164 patients (134 females and 30 males), with a mean age of 36.6 ± 12.5 years (range: 18-78 years). In most patients, the impact of migraine was high. The personality traits that appeared most frequently ere: anxious (53.7%), anankastic (44.5%), histrionic (40.9%) and dependent (32.9%). The risk of chronic migraine was higher in patients with the anankastic trait (relative risk = 2.06; confidence interval at 95% = 1.07-3.94; p = 0.027). Conclusions. Some of the personality traits that can be detected with the Salamanca questionnaire are very common in patients with migraine. In our series, the anankastic trait is related with the presence of chronic migraine (AU)

[Personality traits in patients with migraine: a multi-centre study using the Salamanca screening questionnaire]. / Rasgos de personalidad en pacientes migrañosos: estudio multicentrico utilizando el cuestionario de cribado Salamanca.

INTRODUCTION: Psychiatric comorbidity is frequent in cases of migraine and research has focused more on that related to affective disorders and anxiety than to personality traits. AIMS: To study the presence of personality traits in persons with migraine and how they are related with the presence of chronic migraine or medication abuse. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients attended consecutively in five centres were evaluated. The 22 questions in the Salamanca screening questionnaire were used to explore 11 personality traits classified in three groups. Data were obtained concerning demographic characteristics and the impact of migraine. RESULTS: The sample used in the study included 164 patients (134 females and 30 males), with a mean age of 36.6 ± 12.5 years (range: 18-78 years). In most patients, the impact of migraine was high. The personality traits that appeared most frequently were: anxious (53.7%), anankastic (44.5%), histrionic (40.9%) and dependent (32.9%). The risk of chronic migraine was higher in patients with the anankastic trait (relative risk = 2.06; confidence interval at 95% = 1.07-3.94; p = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS: Some of the personality traits that can be detected with the Salamanca questionnaire are very common in patients with migraine. In our series, the anankastic trait is related with the presence of chronic migraine.

TITLE: Rasgos de personalidad en pacientes migrañosos: estudio multicentrico utilizando el cuestionario de cribado Salamanca.Introduccion. La comorbilidad psiquiatrica en migraña es frecuente, y se ha estudiado mas la relacionada con trastornos afectivos y ansiedad que los rasgos de personalidad. Objetivo. Estudiar la presencia de rasgos de personalidad en personas con migraña y su relacion con la presencia de migraña cronica o abuso de medicacion. Pacientes y metodos. Se evaluan pacientes atendidos consecutivamente en cinco centros. Se exploran, mediante las 22 preguntas del cuestionario de cribado Salamanca, 11 rasgos de personalidad agrupados en tres grupos. Se obtuvieron datos referentes a las caracteristicas demograficas e impacto de la migraña. Resultados. Se incluyeron en el estudio 164 pacientes (134 mujeres, 30 varones), con una edad media de 36,6 ± 12,5 años (rango: 18-78 años). En la mayoria de los pacientes, el impacto de la migraña fue elevado. Los rasgos de personalidad que aparecieron mas frecuentemente fueron: ansioso (53,7%), anancastico (44,5%), histrionico (40,9%) y dependiente (32,9%). El riesgo de migraña cronica fue superior en pacientes con el rasgo anancastico (riesgo relativo = 2,06; intervalo de confianza al 95% = 1,07-3,94; p = 0,027). Conclusiones. Hay rasgos de personalidad detectables con el cuestionario Salamanca muy frecuentes en pacientes migrañosos. En nuestra serie, el rasgo anancastico se relaciona con la presencia de migraña cronica.

Degeneración corticobasal / Corticobasal degeneration

La degeneración corticobasal (DCB) es un proceso neurodegenerativo lentamente progresivo, de inicio en la edad adulta que se presenta típicamente con parkinsonismo asimétrico y disfunción cognitiva. Actualmente, se clasifica como una taupatía. Los hallazgos neuropatológicos muestran una importante pérdida neuronal cortical que hasta fases muy avanzadas de la enfermedad es de predominio asimétrico y multifocal, más a menudo en las regiones frontalesparietales. Es un síndrome de una gran diversidad clínica cuya evolución estará marcada por la asimetría de los principales síntomas. El trastorno cognitivo puede ser una forma habitual de presentación identificándose un espectro de fenotipos clínicos dependiendo de la topografía del área degenerativa. Típicamente, se caracteriza por marcada rigidez e hipocinesia, distonía de predominio en una extremidad, mioclonías corticales reflejas, piramidalismo y temblor grosero postural o de acción. También destacan los déficits apráxicos, el déficit sensitivo cortical y el denominado fenómeno del miembro ajeno que aunque menos habitual cuando aparece es característico. El diagnóstico es fundamentalmente clínico, en base a los criterios diagnósticos del síndrome corticobasal propuestos en el año 2003 y con el apoyo de las pruebas las complementarias. El diagnóstico diferencial debería considerarse con los Parkinson-Plus así como con las demencias degenerativas primarias con predominio de síntomas frontales y/o temporales, en especial, con la PSP y la demencia fronto-temporal .La DCB progresa en 3-15 años hacia la muerte del individuo, normalmente como consecuencia de complicaciones derivadas de la inmovilidad (AU)

Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative process, which begins in adulthood and typically presents with asymmetrical parkinsonism and cognitive dysfunction. It is currently classified as a tauopathy. Neuropathological findings show an important loss of cortical neurons that is predominantly asymmetrical and multifocal until very advanced phases of the disease, more often in the frontal-parietal regions. It is a syndrome with a wide clinical diversity and a progression that will be marked by the asymmetry of the main symptoms. Cognitive disorder may be a common presenting symptom and a range of clinical phenomena have been identified, depending on the topography of the degenerative area. It is typically characterised by a marked rigidity and hypokinesia, dystonia with predominance in one extremity, cortical reflex myoclonus, pyramidal signs and postural or action coarse tremor. Also prominent are apraxic deficits, cortical sensory deficit and the so-called alien limb phenomenon, which, although less frequent, is considered characteristic when it does appear. Diagnosis is fundamentally clinical and based on the diagnostic criteria of corticobasal syndrome put forward in the year 2003 and with the support of complementary tests. Differential diagnosis should be considered with Parkinson-Plus as well as with the primary degenerative dementias with predominance of frontal and/or temporal symptoms, more especially with PSP and fronto-temporal dementia. CBD progresses in 3-15 years towards the death of the individual, normally as a consequence of complications deriving from immobility (AU)

¿Siringomielia postraumática o por descenso amigdalar? Réplica / Post-traumatic syringomyelia or caused by tonsillar descent? Reply

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Siringomielia postraumática en una mujer joven / No disponible

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Cefalea hípnica: características de una serie de 13 nuevos casos y propuesta de modificación de los criterios diagnósticos / Hypnic headache: characteristics of a series of 13 new cases and proposal for modification of the diagnostic criteria

Introducción. La cefalea hípnica es una entidad infrecuente, de la que se han descrito hasta el momento casi 150 casos. La segunda edición de la Clasificación Internacional de Cefaleas (CIC-2) ha establecido los criterios diagnósticos de estaentidad, si bien algunos de ellos pueden considerarse excesivamente rigurosos.Objetivos. Presentar una serie de 13 nuevos casos de cefalea hípnica atendidos en una consulta de cefaleas de un hospitalterciario y analizar su adecuación a los criterios diagnósticos de la CIC-2. Pacientes y métodos. Entre enero de 2008 y enero de 2011, 13 pacientes (11 mujeres y 2 varones), de los 1.180 atendidosen la mencionada consulta (1,1%), fueron diagnosticados de cefalea hípnica. Se evalúan las características del dolor y larespuesta al tratamiento profiláctico. Resultados. La edad al inicio del cuadro fue de 56,7 ± 9,3 años (rango: 40-76 años); en dos pacientes (15,4%) fue anteriora los 50 años. El número mensual de noches sintomáticas era de 14,5 ± 7,6 (rango: 5-25); en siete casos (53,8%) fueron menos de 15 noches. Todos los pacientes presentaban un único episodio por noche, con una duración media de 53,8 ± 24,6 minutos (rango: 25-120 minutos). El 30,7% de los pacientes no describía su dolor como sordo. El 61,5% cumplía en su totalidad los criterios diagnósticos de la CIC-2.Conclusiones. Las características de nuestra serie son similares a otras recientemente publicadas. Proponemos que los próximos criterios de la CIC incluyan la posibilidad de que el dolor no sea sordo y que aparezca menos de 15 noches al mes; el límite inferior de edad de inicio podría rebajarse a 40 años (AU)

Aims. Introduction. Hypnic headache is a rare condition, since less than 150 cases have been reported to date. The second edition of the International Headache Classification (IHC2) has set out the diagnostic criteria of this condition, although some of them can be considered excessively strict. To present a series of 13 new cases of hypnic headache that were dealt with in the headache unit of a tertiary hospital and to analyse how well they fit the diagnostic criteria of the IHC2. Patients and methods. Between January 2008 and January 2011, 13 patients (11 females and 2 males), out of a total of 1180 who visited the above-mentioned service (1.1%), were diagnosed with hypnic headache. The characteristics of thepain and the response to prophylactic treatment were evaluated. Results. The age of onset of the clinical signs and symptoms was 56.7 ± 9.3 years (range: 40-76 years); in two patients(15.4%) it was prior to the age of 50. The number of symptomatic nights per month was 14.5 ± 7.6 (range: 5-25); in sevencases (53.8%) the number was less than 15 nights. All the patients presented one single episode per night, with a mean duration of 53.8 ± 24.6 minutes (range: 25-120 minutes). Thirty point seven per cent of the patients did not describe their pain as dull. Sixty-one point five per cent satisfied all the IHC2 diagnostic criteria. Conclusions. The characteristics of our series were similar to others that have recently been published. We propose thatthe next criteria in the IHC should include the possibility of the pain not being dull and that it occurs on fewer than 15 nights per month. The lower limit for the age of onset could be reduced to 40 years (AU)

[Hypnic headache: characteristics of a series of 13 new cases and proposal for modification of the diagnostic criteria]. / Cefalea hípnica: características de una serie de 13 nuevoscasos y propuesta de modificación de los criterios diagnósticos.

INTRODUCTION: Hypnic headache is a rare condition, since less than 150 cases have been reported to date. The second edition of the International Headache Classification (IHC2) has set out the diagnostic criteria of this condition, although some of them can be considered excessively strict. AIMS: To present a series of 13 new cases of hypnic headache that were dealt with in the headache unit of a tertiary hospital and to analyse how well they fit the diagnostic criteria of the IHC2. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 2008 and January 2011, 13 patients (11 females and 2 males), out of a total of 1180 who visited the above-mentioned service (1.1%), were diagnosed with hypnic headache. The characteristics of the pain and the response to prophylactic treatment were evaluated. RESULTS: The age of onset of the clinical signs and symptoms was 56.7 ± 9.3 years (range: 40-76 years); in two patients (15.4%) it was prior to the age of 50. The number of symptomatic nights per month was 14.5 ± 7.6 (range: 5-25); in seven cases (53.8%) the number was less than 15 nights. All the patients presented one single episode per night, with a mean duration of 53.8 ± 24.6 minutes (range: 25-120 minutes). Thirty point seven per cent of the patients did not describe their pain as dull. Sixty-one point five per cent satisfied all the IHC2 diagnostic criteria. CONCLUSIONS: The characteristics of our series were similar to others that have recently been published. We propose that the next criteria in the IHC should include the possibility of the pain not being dull and that it occurs on fewer than 15 nights per month. The lower limit for the age of onset could be reduced to 40 years.

Cefalea numular: aclarando conceptos. Réplica / Nummular headache: shedding light on some concepts. Reply

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[Epicrania fugax: the clinical characteristics of a series of 18 patients]. / Epicrania fugax: características clínicas de una serie de 18 pacientes.

INTRODUCTION: Epicrania fugax is a recently reported condition consisting in brief painful paroxysms that begin in the posterior regions of the brain and irradiate towards the ipsilateral eye, nose or temple. AIMS: To present 18 cases of epicrania fugax from a monographic headache centre in a tertiary hospital and to analyse their demographic and clinical features, as well as the indication and response to prophylactic treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between March 2008, when epicrania fugax was first reported, and March 2011, of a total of 1210 patients who were attended in that service (1.48%), 18 (12 females and 6 males) were diagnosed as suffering from this condition. Six of these cases had been published earlier. RESULTS: The mean age at onset was 42.5 ± 17.7 years (range: 23-82 years). They presented painful paroxysms that began in the occipital (n = 11; 61.1%), parietal (n = 6; 33.3%) or parieto-occipital (n = 1; 5.6%) regions and irradiated towards the ipsilateral eye (n = 12; 66.6%) or temple (n = 6; 33.3%); the whole process lasted less than 15 seconds. Most of them described the pain as lancinating or stabbing. In 10 cases (55.5%) a pain remained in the area where the paroxysms began, which in 6 cases (33.3%) was limited to a well-defined circular area and met the criteria for classification as nummular headache. In 12 cases (66.6%), prophylactic treatment was used, above all lamotrigine and gabapentin, with varying results. CONCLUSION: Our aim is to back the proposal of epicrania fugax as a new syndrome with a well-defined clinical spectrum. It does not appear to be an exceptional condition and further knowledge about it will probably give rise to the description of new series. Treatment is often necessary and, although further information and experience are needed, gabapentin and lamotrigine both play a promising role.

Cefalea numular y clavo histérico. Réplica / Numular headache and clavus hystericus. Reply

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[Nummular headache: clinical features and therapeutic experience in a series of 30 new cases]. / Cefalea numular: caracteristicas clinicas y experiencia terapeutica en una serie de 30 nuevos casos.

INTRODUCTION: Nummular headache (NH) is a mild or moderate pain, located in a small, well circumscribed, rounded or elliptical area. Temporal pattern is variable and pain exacerbations have been described. AIM. To analyze clinical characteristics and therapy requirement and response in a series of patients attended due to NH in a headache outpatient office. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 30 patients (18 females, 12 males) diagnosed as NH. We considered demographic and nosological characteristics, temporal pattern, presence and intensity of exacerbations, and requirement of symptomatic or preventive therapies. RESULTS: Age at onset 49.2 ± 18.1 years (range: 21-79 years). Two of the patients presented a bifocal NH and we analyzed 32 areas, 28 rounded and 4 elliptical. Diameter: 4.7 ± 1.1 cm. Regarding locations occipital (10 areas, 31.3%), parietal (9 areas, 28.1%) and frontal (6 areas, 18.8%). Pain intensity of 5.2 ± 1.8 on a ten-point visual analogical scale. Regarding temporal profile, in 18 areas (56.3%) was chronic, in 5 (15.6%) episodic and undefined due to a scarce time from onset in 9 (28.1%). In 16 areas (50%) pain exacerbations lasting from 3 seconds to 15 minutes occurred. Nine (30%) patients did not improve with symptomatic drugs, and at least one preventative was prescribed in 23 (76.6%) patients without consistent effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: NH is not an uncommon diagnosis in an outpatient headache office. In our series, basal pain intensity is moderate and symptomatic drugs commonly provide no relief. So, patients frequently need a preventive therapy.

Cefalea numular: características clínicas y experiencia terapéutica en una serie de 30 nuevos casos / Nummular headache: clinical features and therapeutic experience in a series of 30 new cases

Introducción. La cefalea numular (CN) es un dolor continuo de leve a moderada intensidad, presente en una zona bien delimitada, de pequeño tamaño y forma circular o elíptica. El patrón temporal es variable, y se han descrito remisiones espontáneas y exacerbaciones dolorosas. Objetivo. Analizar las características clínicas y la respuesta al tratamiento en una serie de pacientes con CN en una consulta monográfica de cefaleas. Pacientes y métodos. Se diagnosticó CN a 30 pacientes (18 mujeres y 12 varones). Consideramos las características demográficas y nosológicas, el patrón temporal, la presencia y las características de exacerbaciones y la respuesta al tratamiento sintomático y preventivo. Resultados. Edad de inicio: 49,2 ± 18,1 años (rango: 21-79 años). Dos pacientes presentaban dos focos de dolor, por lo que analizamos 32 áreas dolorosas, 28 circulares y 4 elípticas. Diámetro: 4,7 ± 1,1 cm. Localizaciones más frecuentes: occipital (10 áreas, 31,3%), parietal (9 áreas, 28,1%) y frontal (6 áreas, 18,8%). Intensidad del dolor: 5,2 ± 1,8 en la escala analógica visual. Respecto al patrón temporal, fue continuo en 18 áreas (56,3%), episódico con remisiones espontáneas en 5 (15,6%) e indefinido debido al escaso tiempo transcurrido desde el inicio en 9 áreas (28,1%). Hubo exacerbaciones dolorosas en 16 áreas (50%) con duración de entre 3 segundos y 15 minutos. Nueve pacientes (30%) no mejoraron con el tratamiento sintomático y 23 (76,6%) requirieron al menos un tratamiento preventivo sin respuesta consistente. Conclusiones. La CN no es un diagnóstico inusual en una consulta monográfica de cefaleas. En nuestra serie el dolor basal es de intensidad moderada y en ocasiones el tratamiento sintomático no es eficaz, de forma que con frecuencia es necesario un tratamiento preventivo (AU)

Introduction. Nummular headache (NH) is a mild or moderate pain, located in a small, well circumscribed, rounded or elliptical area. Temporal pattern is variable and pain exacerbations have been described. Aim. To analyze clinical characteristics and therapy requirement and response in a series of patients attended due to NH in a headache outpatient office. Patients and methods. 30 patients (18 females, 12 males) diagnosed as NH. We considered demographic and nosological characteristics, temporal pattern, presence and intensity of exacerbations, and requirement of symptomatic or preventive herapies. Results. Age at onset 49.2 ± 18.1 years (range: 21-79 years). Two of the patients presented a bifocal NH and we analyzed 32 areas, 28 rounded and 4 elliptical. Diameter: 4.7 ± 1.1 cm. Regarding locations occipital (10 areas, 31.3%), parietal (9 areas, 28.1%) and frontal (6 areas, 18.8%). Pain intensity of 5.2 ± 1.8 on a ten-point visual analogical scale. Regarding temporal profile, in 18 areas (56.3%) was chronic, in 5 (15.6%) episodic and undefined due to a scarce time from onsetin 9 (28.1%). In 16 areas (50%) pain exacerbations lasting from 3 seconds to 15 minutes occurred. Nine (30%) patients did not improve with symptomatic drugs, and at least one preventative was prescribed in 23 (76.6%) patients without consistent effectiveness. Conclusions. NH is not an uncommon diagnosis in an outpatient headache office. In our series, basal pain intensity is moderate and symptomatic drugs commonly provide no relief. So, patients frequently need a preventive therapy (AU)