Salud mental y salud pública en España: vigilancia epidemiológica y prevención / Mental health and public health in Spain: epidemiological surveillance and prevention

Este documento destaca aspectos de la salud mental de interés en salud pública según una reunión de profesionales. La prevención primaria (más factible en daño cerebral traumático, depresión por estrés sociolaboral o económico, conductas adictivas en jóvenes y trastornos de incidencia creciente) habría de completarse con prevención secundaria y terciaria. La vigilancia según el esquema de las enfermedades crónicas (estudios de encuestas, publicaciones científicas, etc.) priorizaría la depresión, el suicidio, las adicciones y las patologías del espectro autista, así como los pacientes crónicos complejos. Serian abordajes específicos: 1) El estudio de diagnósticos al alta hospitalaria y de causas de muerte para trastornos mayores, suicidios, tentativas de suicidio, nuevos pacientes psicóticos y trastornos de personalidad y de conducta alimentaria en adolescentes y jóvenes. 2) La identificación de una red clínica de salud mental de base poblacional capaz de revelar determinados eventos centinela: ejemplo de Italia. 3) La realización de encuestas sobre determinadas problemáticas en población asistida (AU)

This document highlights aspects of mental health of interest in Public Health, as identified in a meeting of health professionals. Primary prevention (most feasible in traumatic brain injury, depression induced by socio-occupational or financial stress, addictive behaviours among adolescents and young adults, and disorders in which incidence is on the increase) would have to be completed with secondary and tertiary prevention. Surveillance patterned on that of chronic diseases (survey studies, scientific papers, etc.) would prioritise depression, suicide, addictions, autism spectrum disorders and complex chronic patients. This would entail specific approaches such as: 1) The study of hospital discharge diagnoses and causes of death for major disorders, suicides, attempted suicide, new psychotic patients, and personality and eating disorders among adolescents and youth. 2) The identification of a population-based, clinical mental-health networks capable of pinpointing certain sentinel events, as for example in Italy. 3) The undertaking of surveys of certain problem areas in the population requiring assistance (AU)

ICF disability measured by WHO-DAS II in three community diagnostic groups in Madrid, Spain / Discapacidad CIF, según WHODAS-2, en tres grupos diagnósticos de atención primaria en un Área de Salud del sur de Madrid, España

Objective: The planning, provision and monitoring of medical and support services for patient groups with chronic ailments may require disability assessment and registration. The purpose of this study was to assess disability in three groups of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic heart failure (CHF) or stroke. Methods: Convenience samples of consecutive patients diagnosed with COPD (102), CHF (99), and stroke (99) were taken from 1,053 primary care users in the southern area of the autonomous region of Madrid. The patients were informed of the study and were assessed in their homes by trained field workers using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II (WHO-DAS II). Results: None of the groups had patients with extreme disability on their global WHO-DAS II scores. The prevalence of severe disability differed among the groups and was highest for stroke and CHF (33.33% and 29.29%, respectively) and lowest for COPD (14.71%). The three groups shared two similar traits, namely, a higher prevalence of disability among women than men, and a specific pattern by domain, with the highest prevalence of severe/extreme limitations being found in household life activities and mobility. Severe restrictions in Social Participation were more frequent in patients with stroke and CHF. The group with moderate disability according to the global WHODAS II score (n=94) showed a high prevalence of severe limitations in mobility, life activities and self-care. Conclusions: Disability among non-institutionalized persons with COPD, CHF and stroke is frequent and shows gender- and domain-related patterns similar to those described in a population-based study performed using the WHO-DAS II in elderly persons in Spain. ICF-validated disability categories could be useful in epidemiological surveys, individual assessments and primary care data monitoring systems (AU)

Objetivo: La planificación, prestación y monitorización de servicios sociales y sanitarios a pacientes con trastornos crónicos puede requerir evaluación y registro de su discapacidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la discapacidad de tres grupos de pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva (ICC) o ictus. Métodos: Pacientes con EPOC (102), ICC (99) e ictus (99), vistos consecutivamente, identificados de una lista de 1053 usuarios de atención primaria en el sur de la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid, España. Tras ser informados, fueron evaluados en sus casas por entrevistadores entrenados utilizando WHODAS-2. Resultados: No hubo casos de discapacidad extrema, pero las tres poblaciones mostraron prevalencias de discapacidad grave según WHODAS-2 total, más altas en ictus e ICC (33,33% y 29,29%, respectivamente) y menores en EPOC (14,71%). Los grupos compartían un patrón de discapacidad más alta en mujeres y otro específico por dominios, con prevalencias más altas de discapacidad grave/extrema en actividades domésticas y movilidad. La participación social estaba más restringida en ictus e ICC. El grupo con discapacidad moderada en WHODAS-2 global (94 enfermos) mostraba prevalencias altas de discapacidad grave en movilidad, actividades diarias domésticas y autocuidado. Conclusiones: La discapacidad en personas no institucionalizadas con EPOC, ICC e ictus es frecuente, con patrones por sexo y dominio similares a los descritos en España con WHODAS-2 en un estudio poblacional de personas de edad avanzada. Las categorías CIF de discapacidad podrían utilizarse en encuestas epidemiológicas y evaluaciones individuales, así como en sistemas de información orientados a la monitorización de la discapacidad en atención primaria (AU)

Medical, environmental and personal factors of disability in the elderly in Spain: a screening survey based on the International Classification of Functioning / Factores médicos, ambientales y personales de discapacidad en las personas mayores en España: un estudio de detección basado en la Clasificación Internacional del Funcionamiento

Objectives: The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) advocates a multifactorial and multifaceted conceptualization of disability. The objective of this study was to ascertain major medical, environmental and personal determinants of severe/extreme disability among the elderly population in Spain. The assessment scheme was consistent with the ICF model of disability. Methods: Nine populations contributed probabilistic or geographically-defined samples following a two-phase screening design. The Mini-Mental State Examination and the 12-item version of the World Health Organization-Disability Assessment Schedule, 2nd ed. (WHO-DAS II), were used as cognitive and disability screening tools, respectively. Positively screened individuals underwent clinical work-up for dementia and were administered the 36-item version of the WHO-DAS II to estimate ICF disability levels. We used logistic regression for the purposes of data combination, adjusted for age and sex in all analyses. Results: The sample was composed of 503 participants aged ≥ 75 years. Alzheimer¿s disease and depression were highly predictive of severe/extreme disability (OR: 17.40, 3.71). Good access to social services was strongly associated with a low level or absence of disability (OR: 0.05 to 0.18). Very difficult access to services and having dementia or another psychiatric disorder were associated with an increase in disability (OR: 66.06). There was also a significant interaction effect between access to services and neurological disorders (OR: 12.74). Conclusions: Disability is highly prevalent among the Spanish elderly and is influenced by medical, social and personal factors. Disability could potentially be reduced by ensuring access to social services, preventing dementia and stroke, and treating depression (AU)

Objetivos: La Clasificación Internacional del Funcionamiento, la Discapacidad y la Salud (CIF) propone un enfoque multifactorial de la discapacidad. El presente estudio analiza los principales determinantes médicos, ambientales y personales de la discapacidad grave y extrema en población anciana española siguiendo una evaluación congruente con el modelo CIF. Métodos: Nueve poblaciones aportaron muestras probabilísticas o definidas geográficamente siguiendo un diseño de cribado. Se usaron el Minimental State Examination y el World Health Organization-Disability Assessment Schedule, 2nd ed. (WHO-DAS II, 12 ítems), como cribados cognitivo y de discapacidad, respectivamente. Se evaluaron la presencia de demencia y los grados de discapacidad de la CIF usando la escala WHO-DAS II (36 ítems) entre los positivos al cribado. Los datos se combinaron usando regresión logística, ajustando por edad y sexo en todos los análisis. Resultados: Participaron 503 sujetos de 75 y más años de edad. Los individuos con enfermedad de Alzheimer y/o depresión tenían una mayor probabilidad de presentar discapacidad grave o extrema (OR: 17,40, 3,71). El acceso a los servicios sociales tuvo un efecto protector (OR: 0,05 a 0,18), mientras que el acceso «muy difícil» y la presencia de demencia u otro trastorno psiquiátrico se asociaron a un incremento de la discapacidad (OR: 66,06). Hubo una interacción significativa entre acceso a servicios y diagnóstico neurológico (OR: 12,74). Conclusiones: La discapacidad es altamente prevalente entre los ancianos españoles y está muy asociada a factores médicos, sociales y personales. La accesibilidad a los servicios sociales, la prevención de la demencia y del infarto cerebral, y el tratamiento de la depresión, pueden reducir la discapacidad entre los ancianos españoles (AU)

Producción científico-profesional española sobre discapacidad según el modelo CIF. Revisión de la literatura, 2001-2011 / Scientific-professional production on the ICF disability model in Spain. A literature review (2001-2010)

Objetivos: Cuantificar la utilización de la Clasificación Internacional del Funcionamiento, Discapacidad y Salud (CIF) en España a partir de publicaciones, y compararla con la de otros países europeos. Métodos: Revisión de la literatura relativa a publicaciones periódicas nacionales e internacionales con participación de investigadores españoles, desde mayo de 2001 hasta junio de 2010. Resultados: Se encontraron 47 publicaciones, con un incremento anual reciente de las de lengua inglesa. Predominaron las publicaciones periódicas teóricas (53,1%) y las especialidades de revistas de salud mental, rehabilitación y discapacidad, con medio o bajo factor de impacto. El 27,6% utilizan el instrumento WHODAS-II. Son más frecuentes los estudios en adultos con enfermedad mental. En relación a otros países europeos, y por referencias Medline, España ocupa el quinto lugar. Conclusiones: Esta revisión sugiere que la aplicación efectiva de la CIF en España es limitada, aunque rápidamente creciente la de carácter científico, referida sobre todo al marco conceptual y diagnóstico en distintos contextos clínicos, de rehabilitación y poblacionales, con escasa aplicación en servicios y una considerable incardinación internacional (AU)

Objectives: To quantify the use of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) in Spain on the basis of published reports, and to compare this use with that in other European countries. Methods: We reviewed the scientific literature published by, or with the participation of, authors having Spanish institutional affiliations in Spanish or international journals between May 2001 and June 2010. Results: A total of 47 papers were identified, with a recent annual increase in those published in English. There was a predominance of theoretical journals (53.1%) and those specializing in mental health, rehabilitation and disability, with a medium or low impact factor. The World Health Organization-Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS-II) was used in 27.6% of publications. Most studies addressed adult populations with mental illness. Spain ranked midway in the table of European countries (fifth by Medline references). Conclusions: This review suggests that the effective application of the ICF in Spain is limited but is increasing and is internationally co-ordinated. The main fields of application are theoretical and diagnostic, in various clinical, rehabilitation and population-based contexts and, to a much lesser extent, in health services (AU)

Spatial distribution of Parkinson's disease mortality in Spain, 1989-1998, as a guide for focused aetiological research or health-care intervention.

BACKGROUND: Aetiologically, genetic and environmental factors having an uneven spatial distribution may underlie Parkinson's disease (PD). Undiagnosis of PD in selected regions might have limited access to treatment with levodopa and simultaneously, if present at death, determined PD underreporting at the death record. The purpose of this study was to describe and analyse municipal mortality due to PD in Spain in aetiological and interventional perspective. METHODS: PD mortality at a municipal level was modelled using the Besag-York- Molliè autoregressive spatial model, combining demographic information with cause-of-death diagnostic data (International Classification of Diseases 9th Revision (ICD-9) code 332.0). Municipal relative risks (RRs) were independently estimated for women, men and both sexes, and plotted on maps depicting smoothed RR estimates and the distribution of the posterior probability of RR>1. RESULTS: A south-north gradient, with large geographical areas suggesting clustered towns with high mortality, was seen in Asturias, the Basque Country, Balearic Islands and, particularly, in the Lower Ebro valley around Tarragona. Similarly, there was a suggestion that lowest mortality was clustered in the south-east and south-west. We identified some isolated or clustered municipalities with high mortality that were situated near industrial plants reported to be associated with environmental xenobiotic emissions. However, the same pattern was also observed for some cities with low mortality. CONCLUSION: Municipal PD mortality in Spain was unevenly distributed. Patterns were roughly similar to reported provincial PD mortality and use of levodopa. While the overall pattern appears to result from spatially selective PD undiagnosis, and can not be ascribed to industrial emissions, it can not be excluded that selected "hot spots" reflect genetic factors and/or environmental exposures inducing parkinsonism. A few municipal populations, located in low-mortality-risk areas in the vicinity of polluting plants or registering high excess PD mortality, might constitute a priority for conducting direct etiological studies. Additionally, interventions aimed to reduce potential PD undiagnosis might be most appropriate in the South.

Validación de la Escala de Independencia Funcional / Validation of the Functional Independence Scale

Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad psicométrica de un instrumento diseñado para medir la independencia funcional (Escala de Independencia Funcional, EIF) en varios dominios de actividades de la vida diaria y ser aplicado por entrevistadores entrenados no expertos en el ámbito sanitario. El estudio se realizó en población mayor no institucionalizada residente en la Comunidad de Madrid. Métodos: Estudio transversal de validación. Se aplicaron la EIF, el test de Pfeiffer, la subescala de depresión de la Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, un indicador de comorbilidad, el Índice de Barthel y el EQ-5D, a población residente en medio comunitario (n=500) y a pacientes ambulatorios en medio hospitalario (n=100) de edad ≥65 años. Se analizaron los siguientes atributos psicométricos de la EIF: aceptabilidad, asunciones escalares, consistencia interna, validez de constructo y precisión. Resultados: La escala resultó totalmente computable en el 94,3% de los sujetos, con efecto techo (60,65%) y sin efecto suelo (0,22%) en el medio comunitario. En el medio hospitalario no se evidenció efecto suelo ni techo. La escala mostró asunciones escalares satisfactorias y elevada consistencia interna (correlaciones ítem-total: 0,57¿0,91; alfa de Cronbach: 0,94), así como una estructura multidimensional (tres factores; 74,3% de la varianza). Los índices de validez convergente, interna y para grupos conocidos, al igual que la precisión (error estándar de la medida: 2,49; intervalo de confianza del 95%: 4,88) resultaron satisfactorios. Conclusiones: En suma, la EIF es una escala de uso sencillo con atributos métricos apropiados, y su aplicación por parte de personal no sanitario resulta útil para muestras amplias de individuos mayores no institucionalizados(AU)

Objective: To assess the psychometric quality of an instrument designed to measure functional independence (Functional Independence Scale [FIS]) in several activities of daily living domains and to be applied by trained non-health-related interviewers. The study was carried out in the autonomous region of Madrid in community-dwelling elders. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional validation study. In addition to the FIS, Pfeiffer's questionnaire, the Depression Subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Comorbidity Index, the Barthel Index, and EQ-5D were used. These measures were cross-sectionally applied to community-dwelling elders (n=500) and outpatients in a general hospital (n=100) aged ≥65 years. The following FIS psychometric attributes were analyzed: acceptability, scaling assumptions, internal consistency, construct validity, and precision. Results: A fully computable FIS total score was obtained in 94.3% of the subjects. A ceiling effect (60.65%), but no floor effect (0.22%) was evident in the community-dwelling elders. No floor or ceiling effects were detected in the hospital sample. Scaling assumptions and internal consistency were satisfactory (item-total correlations: 0.57¿0.91; Cronbach's alpha: 0.94). Factor analysis identified three factors that explained 74.3% of the variance. Indexes of convergent, internal, and known-groups validity were satisfactory. The scale's precision, determined by the standard error of measurement (2.49; 95%CI=4.88), was also satisfactory. Conclusion: The FIS is an easy-to-use instrument with appropriate metric attributes. This scale can be usefully applied in broad samples of non-institutionalized elders by non-health related personnel(AU)

Prevención de la dependencia en las personas mayores / Preventing dependency in the elderly

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